Samuel (Sam) Loyd ( Eng. Samuel Loyd , January 31, 1841 , Philadelphia - April 10, 1911 , New York ) - American chess player , chess composer and author of puzzles .
| Samuel Loyd | |
|---|---|
| Samuel loyd | |
 Samuel (Sam) Loyd | |
| Date of Birth | January 31, 1841 |
| Place of Birth | Philadelphia , USA |
| Date of death | April 10, 1911 (70 years old) |
| Place of death | New York , USA |
| Citizenship |  |
| Occupation | puzzle and chess composer |
| Site | |
Loyd's authorship is mistakenly attributed to the game " 15 ".
Content
Biography
Loyd was born into a family estate agent. When Sam was three years old, the family moved to New York . Loyd quickly learned to play chess and from the age of fourteen began to compose and publish chess problems in newspapers [1] . At sixteen, Loyd became the editor of the task department in The Chess Monthly , one of the editors of which was the great chess player Paul Morphy [1] . After school, he realized that compiling tasks and puzzles can be a major source of livelihood [2] . In 1871, Loyd invented a cardboard puzzle, which he sold to the legendary American entrepreneur Barnum for ten thousand dollars [3] . In the future, his puzzles were a huge success. In 1878, Loyd published the book Chess Strategy , which included 500 of his tasks. In 1907-1910, Loyd published Our Puzzle Magazine , in which he published his tasks.
Loyd was a big tangram enthusiast and published a book entirely dedicated to this game: Sam Loyd's Book of Tangram Puzzles [4] . Loyd also claimed to be the inventor of the game " Fifteen ", but now Noah Chapman is considered to be the author of the fads [5] .
The book Encyclopedia of Puzzles [6] was published in 1914, after the death of Loyd, by his son Walter, who changed his name to Sam.
Known Tasks
Karl XII in Bender
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In the task, a historical anecdote is played out about a case that allegedly took place in 1713 . Surrounded by the Turks in a camp near Bender, the Swedish king Karl XII [1] , playing white, announced that he would checkmate in three moves as follows:
- 1.L: g3 (with the threat of 2.Rh3 + and 3.g4 #) 1 ... C: g3 2.Kf3 and 3.g4 #
But then a Turkish bullet shot down a white horse. Then Karl said that he checkmated in four moves:
- 1.hg Be3 2.Lg4 Bg5 (it was also possible, for example, 1 ... Bb6 and 2 ... Bd8) 3.Rh4 + C: h4 4.g4 #
But here another Turkish bullet knocked down the h2-pawn. Carl declared the remaining pieces in five moves:
- 1. Rb7 Ce3 2. Rb1 Cg5 3. Rh1 + Ch4 4. Rh2 !! gh (the only possible move) 5. g4 #
- or 1 ... Cg1 2.Lb1 Ch2 3.Le1 Kph4 4. Kpg6 and 5. Le4 # .
Excelsior
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The task is named after the Longfellow poem "Excelsior!" The word "excelsior" ( lat. Excelsior - a comparative degree from excelsus "high" ) in this case means "higher and higher." According to legend, one acquaintance of Loyd was known for always determining which figure would checkmate in the main solution. Lloyd composed this task and suggested that he indicate a pawn or piece that would definitely not be a mat. A friend pointed to a pawn on b2, which actually puts a checkmate. In the composition, the theme of the pawn march has since become independent [7] .
Decision:
- 1.b4!
- With the threat of 2. Rf5 and 3. Rf1 # or 2. Rd5 and 3. Rd1 # (at 2 ... Rc5 3.bc and checkmate next move). 1. Rf5 is immediately impossible because of the answer 1 ... Rc5 with a bunch of white rooks.
- One of the side options: 1 ... L: c2 2.K: c2! a2 3.Rd5 (or Rf5) a1F 4.K: a1 and 5.Ld1 # (or Rf1 #).
- 1 ... Rc5 + 2.bc!
- With the threat of 3.Rb1 #.
- 2 ... a2 3.c6!
- Again with threats 4. Rf5 and 5. Rf1 # or 4. Rd5 and 5. Rd1 #.
- 3 ... Bc7
- The only protection against 4.Lf5 and 4.Ld5 at the same time. On 4. Rd5 it follows C: g3 5. Rd1 + Ce1, and on 4. Rf5 Black answers 4 ... Bf4.
- 4.cb and any answer mat 5.baF or 5.baС .
- With the threat of 2. Rf5 and 3. Rf1 # or 2. Rd5 and 3. Rd1 # (at 2 ... Rc5 3.bc and checkmate next move). 1. Rf5 is immediately impossible because of the answer 1 ... Rc5 with a bunch of white rooks.
Chase of Love
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One of the most famous tasks in the world that has caused a myriad of imitations [8] . She got her motto “The Pursuit of Love” ( English The Love Chase ) for illustrating the persistent and successful pursuit of the white queen for the black officer (from the English - “bishop”).
Decision:
- 1.Ff1!
- Threat 2.Fb1
- 1 ... Cb2 (h6, h5) 2. Фb1 (threat 3.Ф: h7 #), 2 ... g6 3.Ф: С #,
- 1 ... Cc3 (Bd4) 2.Fd3 g6 3.F: C #,
- 1 ... Ce5 (Bf6) 2.Ff5 g6 3.F: C #,
- 1 ... g3 2.Kg6 + hg 3.Qh3 #
See also
- Cooperative mat
- Asterisk (chess)
Literature
- Chess: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.E. Karpov . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990. - S. 220. - 624 p. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-005-3 .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Gardner M. Sam Loyd: The Greatest American Puzzle Game. // Hexaflexagons and Other Mathematical Diversions. - M .: Mir, 1971. - 511 p.
- ↑ Loyd's Biography on the website of the University of St Andrews (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment July 10, 2008. Archived on September 7, 2010.
- ↑ Timeline of Loyd's Life (Link unavailable) . Date of treatment July 10, 2008. Archived on October 7, 2011.
- ↑ Sam Loyd's Book of Tangram Puzzles.— ISBN 0-486-22011-7
- ↑ Slocum D., Sonneveld D. The 15 Puzzle.— ISBN 1-890980-15-3
- ↑ Sam Loyd's Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles, Tricks and Conundrums with Answers.— New York: The Lamb Publishing Co./Morningside Press, 1914. — ISBN 0-923891-78-1 .
- ↑ Shashin B.S. Pawns - the soul of chess. - M.: Physical education and sport, 1982.— 72 pp. - ch. eight
- ↑ Vladimirov Ya. G. 1000 chess problems. — M.: AST / Astrel, 2007.- p. 374-375.— ISBN 978-5-17-008347-3 , ISBN 978-5-271-11436-6
Links
- Loyd Site
- Materials about Loyd on the website of the University of St. Andrews
- Scans of Loyd's Book Encyclopedia of Puzzles (English)
- S. Loyd's compositions on a PDB server