A film ( English film - film), as well as cinema, motion picture, television movie, motion picture is a separate work of cinema art . Technologically, a film is a collection of moving images ( editing frames) connected by a single plot [1] . Each editing frame consists of a sequence of photographic or digital still images ( frames ), on which individual phases of movement are fixed. The film, as a rule, has a soundtrack .
At the beginning of the 20th century, it was customary in Russia to say βfilmβ (in the feminine gender [2] ), and, in addition to the usual meaning, this word referred to film [3] .
The area of ββhuman activity associated with the creation and reproduction of films is called cinema . Cinema includes the scope of the film as one of the areas of art ( film art ), ( film technology ), as well as the film industry . Films are created by recording moving images of the surrounding world using movie cameras or digital movie cameras , and are also made from individual images using animation or special effects .
Watching movies is part of modern culture. Heroes of popular films and actors who play them often become famous, and their images are recognizable. Especially for mass viewing of movies, cinemas are being built. Typically, a film is 90-120 minutes (1.5-2 hours). At home, to watch movies, a TV with a video player connected to it is traditionally used; in recent years, a personal computer, a smartphone and other electronic video playback devices have been increasingly used for these purposes.
History
The birth of cinema in a form close to what we can observe now took place on December 28, 1895 , when the first cinema was held on Kapucinok Boulevard in one of the halls of the Grand Cafe .
The first step towards cinema was taken in 1685 , when the βmagic lanternβ was invented - the camera obscura .
The second step to cinema was made in 1832 by Michael Faraday and his friend Max Roger . All of Europe tried to invent an apparatus to revive the drawing. The Faraday device was called a phenacystiscope . A number of consecutive pictures were attached to the apparatus. The scientist Joseph Plateau was involved in the decomposition of motion into phases (for example, the movement of man). When Faraday received these works in his hands, until the completion of the phenacystiscope, he had very little left.
The third step took place in 1877. It became possible thanks to the work of Louis Daguerre and Jose Niepce . California Governor Leland Stanford and photographer Edward Maybridge conducted one interesting experiment. Leland loved horses, and argued with Maybridge on the subject of "tearing off a horse's legs during a gallop or not." They purchased 60 cameras and placed them on both sides of the treadmill (30 cameras each). Opposite them, booths were installed in which people controlling cameras were located. A lace was pulled between the camera and the booth. When the horse moved to a gallop and found itself on the segment where the cameras were installed, she touched the thread with her foot, after which the camera was triggered and an image of one of the phases of the horseβs movement was obtained. This was the first attempt to decompose the movement into phases [4] .
Movie Classification
Classification of films by the degree of documentary (reliability) of the video material:
- Fiction , pseudo-documentary
- Documentary (or non-fiction), documentary-fiction
- Popular science films (or educational films)
Fiction movies are usually classified according to the following criteria:
- by screen time
- by the number of episodes
- in relation to the source (the source of the script or idea of ββthe film)
- by audiovisual series, art form
- on an innovative approach, degree of innovation
- by consumer (target audience of the film, audience segment of the market), including classification by volume (mass) and age of the audience
- by manufacturer
- in the main genres of drama
- according to the goals of the authors
Classification of films by screen time:
- Short film
- Feature film
Classification of films by the number of episodes:
- One-part film
- Small-scale film - 2-3 episodes
- A serial film (mini-movie series) - 4β9 episodes
- Movie series - 10-15 episodes
- TV series - more than 15 episodes
- Newsreel - more than 15 issues
Classification of films in relation to the source (the source of the script or idea of ββthe film):
- Screen adaptation of works of art of other genres - literature, computer games, comics
- Various types of continuation of the original film: sequel , prequel , spin-off and more
- Remake (re-release of the film) and reboot (film that ignores the plots of previous films of this series)
Classification of films by audiovisual series, art form:
- Sound:
- Silent movie , including stylized
- Talkies
- Picture:
- Black and white cinema , including stylized
- Color cinema
- Animation:
- Animated (animated) films
- Animated films
- Musical films , including those with choreography elements
- Films in verse
- Other
Classification of films by innovative approach, degree of innovation:
- Experimental cinema , including avant-garde cinema
- Traditional movie
Classification of films by consumer (target audience of the film, audience segment of the market):
- Classification by audience mass:
- mass cinema ( blockbusters )
- arthouse ( elite films)
- Classification by audience age:
- age-specific cinema with restrictions on the age of the viewer (usually erotica, horror, thrillers, crime films), which is aimed at an adult audience
- family movies designed for a wide audience
- child- oriented cinema
Classification of films by manufacturer:
- Professional movie
- Amateur movie .
Classification of films by major genres of drama:
- Tragedy
- Comedy
- Tragicomedy
The classification of feature films by genre and subgenre is given in the article β Feature film genres β.
Classification of films by the authorβs goals (for what purpose?):
- Artistic interests - independent or auteur cinema ( underground in cinema)
- Commercial interests - commercial cinema ( mainstream cinema), including cinema commissioned by commercial companies that are not part of the film business ( advertising cinema )
- Social and political interests (commissioned by the ruling elite, political parties, public and religious associations) - propaganda cinema , ideological cinema :
- patriotic cinema - a sense of patriotism, a sense of civic identity
- social cinema - humanistic feelings, compassion, the formation of attitudes towards problems of society
- religious cinema - religious feelings
- Mixed interests
Movie
Cinema film is a sequence of photographic images taken at a certain frequency on a film using a special device (movie camera) and designed for projection (with the same frequency) onto the screen. There are narrow-film (amateur) films shot on films of 8 or 19 mm wide, and professional films shot on 16 or 35 mm film with a regular lens or using a special wide-format nozzle that allows you to change the aspect ratio without changing the size of the cameraβs frame and film projector . Initially, the movie was βdumbβ , that is, it represented a sequence of frames shot on a black and white film. "Great Mute" was shown in cinemas to the accompaniment of a taper . Improving technology has allowed recording sound on film (optical recording) or magnetic tape deposited on a positive film - in the late 1930s the era of sound cinema began. In addition, a color photo and film film appeared.
Film production - the vast majority of films are created by teams of creative workers and technical specialists at specialized film studios using a variety of film technology in the process of staging, shooting in film studios , on-site platforms and so on. In addition, films for scientific, technical and educational purposes are often produced in film laboratories of research institutes and educational institutions. Amateur - films that are shot by individual film enthusiasts, as well as at amateur film studios created at clubs, educational institutions and enterprises [1] .
Panoramic movie
Further development of the quality of the cinema image is associated with the appearance in the early 1950s of panoramic cinema systems , which received great popularity among viewers, but expensive and unsuitable for wide distribution. Panoramic cinema - cinematic systems with a very large aspect ratio of a strongly curved screen. A characteristic feature of panoramic cinema was a very large horizontal viewing angle that exceeded the human field of view and made it possible to make the borders of the screen inconspicuous [5] . Such systems for shooting films use the separation of the image into several parts and, as a rule, several films . In the USSR and the rest of the world, such formats were not widely used due to their high cost and incompatibility with the mass cinema network. A small number of films shot by panoramic technologies, both here and abroad, were most often reprinted onto wide film formats for demonstration in traditional movie theaters .
Cinema Panorama (USSR, 1957)
The Soviet βCinema Panoramaβ was developed at the Moscow Scientific and Research Film and Photo Institute (NIKFI) on the basis of the βCineramaβ system under the leadership of E. M. Goldovsky and was presented in 1957 [5] . In some countries where Soviet films filmed under this system were shown, it was called Soviet Cinerama . The first cinema to use this technology was the Mir cinema in Moscow on Tsvetnoy Boulevard , building 11, next to the famous circus, opened in February 1958 . At the time of the opening, it was the largest in Europe, and by the size of the screen (200 m 2 ) - the largest in the world. It accommodated 1220 spectators, and its screen, with seats in the front rows, had visible angular dimensions of 146 Β° horizontally and 78 Β° vertically [6] .
Subsequently, the cinema was converted to show widescreen cinema [7] .
Widescreen Movie
Widescreen cinema is a kind of cinematic systems based on the use of film with a width exceeding the standard 35 mm [8] (most often from 50 to 70 mm [9] ). Large-format movie systems are distinguished by a large frame area that does not require strong magnification and allows you to get high-quality images on large screens [10] . Wide formats were developed as a replacement for expensive panoramic cinema, and with a comparable frame area give a seamless image without joints. Wide-format systems that use 70-mm-wide film with a frame occupying a height of 5 perforations and wide-screen [11] aspect ratio of 2.2: 1 (5/70 format) are most widely used. The modern look of large-format cinema is regulated by the ISO 2467: 2004 standard [12] in accordance with the recommendations and standards of SMPTE . Currently, wide-format cinema uses 65-mm-wide film and spherical ( axially symmetric ) optics for shooting, and 70-mm-wide film is used for printing films [13] .
Contrary to a widespread misconception, the appearance of a wide film film on the market was initially not associated with attempts to increase the resolution , but mainly as a way of placing an optical phonogram on a single image carrier [14] . Widescreen movie systems began to evolve with the advent of sound cinema. The sound quality then depended on the width of the track, and on a standard 35 mm film, the frame, if the width of the phonogram was too large, became square. The problem was solved by a wide film on which phonograms of any width could be printed, as well as a wide-screen image of a large area. Attempts to create widescreen cinema have been made since the first days of the cinema, but widescreen cinema was only put into practical use since the mid 50s of the 20th century, after the experience of shooting and showing 35mm widescreen films using anamorphic optics showed that the gain in image size achieved at the cost of some deterioration in its quality. The creation of large-format cinema marked a new stage in the development of cinema, characterized by a significant increase in the size of the screen image without deteriorating its quality, achieved through the use of film doubled (compared to normal) width and a system of 6-channel stereo recording and sound reproduction. In some systems of large-format cinema, along with a wide film strip, image anamorphy is simultaneously used [9] .
Amateur movie
Amateur cinema ( cinematography ) is a hobby or one of the types of amateur art using the methods and means of cinema . In the era of the first experiments in the field of cinema, there was no strict division into amateur and professional. Thus, the naming (including self-name) of one or another collective (group) of film enthusiasts, as well as the assignment of one or another equipment to film amateur until about the 1920s, was arbitrary. Gradually, by the 1970s , there was a classification that categorized films of a width of 35 mm and more as professional, for showing a large number of viewers in cinemas , and a narrower one (except for television production) as amateur. This need was dictated, in particular, by the indicator of the permissible luminous flux (respectively, and the maximum screen size), depending on the size of the frame on the film. Such a division also determined significantly smaller overall dimensions of amateur equipment and its optics. That is how the films produced in the world, film cameras , projectors and editing tables were positioned (in particular, in terms of mass production and price scale ). Amateur cinema exists in many countries and appeared almost simultaneously with professional cinema , attracting the attention of creative people with new, previously non-existent visual opportunities. As for amateur photography, as a result, an entire industry emerged and developed, focused on narrow-film, small-format, low-budget cinema.
A significant part of the film enthusiastβs costs (both material and temporary) for the film is film and its chemical-photographic processing. The desire to reduce these costs determines the main features of amateur cinema.
- In contrast to the film rental industry, which initially implies the production of several copies of the film and therefore uses negative film, the vast majority of amateur films were shot on black and white and color reversed film , with the receipt of a single copy of the film directly in a positive form. In the USSR, narrow negative and positive film was on sale a rarity. Photocopiers for film enthusiasts were produced in small batches (for example, KAU-16 [15] ) and were available only to amateur associations. In addition, βEkranβ movie cameras suitable for contact printing of 8-mm films were produced, however, the complexity of the technology and the inevitable loss of image quality in a small format made amateur printing exotic.
- In the USSR, home amateur cinema was shot, as a rule, on a film of the format β 8 mm β or β Super-8 β (β 8 mm type C β). To increase the length of the film, a 16 mm film was produced with double perforation (on both edges), which was designated β2 Γ 8 mmβ. after exposure, the film in the movie camera was recharged (turned over). To protect against erroneous re-exposure, the inscription β1/2 exβ was perforated on the inner end of the 10-meter film roll. After exposure of both sides of the double film, it was developed, and then cut along with a special cutter and wound onto 8 mm reels (which were also produced for winding magnetic tape with a width of 6.25 mm, and then 6.3 mm for household reel tape recorders) . The 16 mm film was used mainly in mugs and clubs. ΠΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ:
- ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ,
- Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ,
- Π±Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ,
- ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ,
- Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ.
- ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ 8-ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°),
- ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ (ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ),
- ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°,
- ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 8-ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²,
- ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ (ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Ρ) Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ²,
- ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²),
- ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ).
Π‘ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² , Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π° ΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ
ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ β ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΒ» ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ. Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ , Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ . ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°, Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡ, ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ
Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΜΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ ) β ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ , ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ° [16] . ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² . Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Β«ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΒ». ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π°. Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ 4:3 (1,33:1), Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ 16:9 (1,78:1), Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2,39:1. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ, (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ) Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1960-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° . ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ β ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΜΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ . Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ΅Β» ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² β Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ·Π°, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Β«ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΒ» ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ
ΠΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΜΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ ) β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ-, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°).
ΠΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ
ΠΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ (ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΠ΅Ρ. δια β ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°, Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Β» , ΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π». film β ΡΠΎΡΠΎ- ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ) β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 35-ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ , ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·. Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ² Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° β 18Γ24 ΠΌΠΌ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 1 ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ . ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ (ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ β ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅Π½Π³ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Β«Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊΒ» β Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π΅. ΠΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ). Π‘ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Β«Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊΒ» ΠΈ Β«Π Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠΎΒ», Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊ Β«ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π³-500Β».
Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ .
ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ
ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ β Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ( ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ) ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ( ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈ , ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ , ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ , Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΜΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π. ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΡΠΈ ΠΠ°Π³Π΅ΡΠ° . Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ Π. Π€. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ β ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π» ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ - ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ , ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π² Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ . ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΜΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Ρ, ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ , ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ . Π Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±Π΅Π»Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Β«ΠΠ-3ΠΒ», Β«ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠ°Ρ-200Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠ°Ρ-300Β» Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ 150, 200 ΠΈ 300 Π»ΠΈΠ½/ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ [17] . ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ . ΠΠ»Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ (Β«ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΒ» β Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΒ» β Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²) [18] .
See also
- Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ
- ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
- ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
- ΠΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
- ΠΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
- ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
- Cinema
- Video
Notes
- β 1 2 Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ . Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ.
- β Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, 1976 , Ρ. 646.
- β ΠΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° Π¦Π΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ 57.
- β ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π. Π. Β«ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉΒ»
- β 1 2 Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠΊ, Π. Π. ΠΠ΅Π»Π»Ρ. Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° / Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ. β Π. ,: Β« ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Β», 1979. β Π‘. 38β48. β 440 Ρ.
- β ΠΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° // ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ . β 1988. β β 4 . β Π‘. 33β35 .
- β ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ . ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡ Β«ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Β» (2006). ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 12 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 12 Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡΠ° 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠΊ, Π. Π. ΠΠ΅Π»Π»Ρ. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» I. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° // Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° / Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ. β Π. ,: Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ», 1979. β Π‘. 25β34. β 440 Ρ.
- β 1 2 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ . Π. Π. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ.
- β Relative Frame Dimensions (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . The American WideScreen Museum. ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 12 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 18 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Aspect ratios (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . The Letterbox and Widescreen Advocacy Page. ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 9 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 18 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β ISO 2467:2004 (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . ANSI . ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 21 Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡΠ° 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 3 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ . Kodak . ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 9 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 10 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π° III // ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ . - 1st ed. β Π. ,: Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ», 1971. β Π‘. 56. β 220 Ρ.
- β Π. ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³, Π. ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ / Π. Π. Π¨Π΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ½. β Π. ,: Β«ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΒ», 1977. β Π‘. 252. β 368 Ρ.
- β ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ², 1975 , Ρ. 26.
- β Π Π°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Β«Π€ΠΎΡΠΎ-65Β» Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ 100 Π»ΠΈΠ½/ΠΌΠΌ.
- β ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ . Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ±Π°ΡΡΡ.
Literature
- Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ² . ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° / Π. Π‘. ΠΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°. β 2-Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄.. β Π. : Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ», 1975. β 448 Ρ. - 5,000 copies.
- Π ΠΎΠ·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π. Π., Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π. Π. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. β Π.,: Β« Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ Β», 1976. β Π‘. 646. β 696 Ρ. .
- ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π. Π., ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅, Β«Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΒ», 1973, β 4.
- ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π΄. Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°, Π., 1973.