Clever Geek Handbook
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Film

16 mm Bolex camera.
File: Charlie Chaplin, the Marriage Bond.ogv Play media file
Trailer of Charlie Chaplin 's silent film The Bond (1918)

A film ( English film - film), as well as cinema, motion picture, television movie, motion picture is a separate work of cinema art . Technologically, a film is a collection of moving images ( editing frames) connected by a single plot [1] . Each editing frame consists of a sequence of photographic or digital still images ( frames ), on which individual phases of movement are fixed. The film, as a rule, has a soundtrack .

At the beginning of the 20th century, it was customary in Russia to say β€œfilm” (in the feminine gender [2] ), and, in addition to the usual meaning, this word referred to film [3] .

The area of ​​human activity associated with the creation and reproduction of films is called cinema . Cinema includes the scope of the film as one of the areas of art ( film art ), ( film technology ), as well as the film industry . Films are created by recording moving images of the surrounding world using movie cameras or digital movie cameras , and are also made from individual images using animation or special effects .

Watching movies is part of modern culture. Heroes of popular films and actors who play them often become famous, and their images are recognizable. Especially for mass viewing of movies, cinemas are being built. Typically, a film is 90-120 minutes (1.5-2 hours). At home, to watch movies, a TV with a video player connected to it is traditionally used; in recent years, a personal computer, a smartphone and other electronic video playback devices have been increasingly used for these purposes.

History

The birth of cinema in a form close to what we can observe now took place on December 28, 1895 , when the first cinema was held on Kapucinok Boulevard in one of the halls of the Grand Cafe .

The first step towards cinema was taken in 1685 , when the β€œmagic lantern” was invented - the camera obscura .

The second step to cinema was made in 1832 by Michael Faraday and his friend Max Roger . All of Europe tried to invent an apparatus to revive the drawing. The Faraday device was called a phenacystiscope . A number of consecutive pictures were attached to the apparatus. The scientist Joseph Plateau was involved in the decomposition of motion into phases (for example, the movement of man). When Faraday received these works in his hands, until the completion of the phenacystiscope, he had very little left.

The third step took place in 1877. It became possible thanks to the work of Louis Daguerre and Jose Niepce . California Governor Leland Stanford and photographer Edward Maybridge conducted one interesting experiment. Leland loved horses, and argued with Maybridge on the subject of "tearing off a horse's legs during a gallop or not." They purchased 60 cameras and placed them on both sides of the treadmill (30 cameras each). Opposite them, booths were installed in which people controlling cameras were located. A lace was pulled between the camera and the booth. When the horse moved to a gallop and found itself on the segment where the cameras were installed, she touched the thread with her foot, after which the camera was triggered and an image of one of the phases of the horse’s movement was obtained. This was the first attempt to decompose the movement into phases [4] .

Movie Classification

Classification of films by the degree of documentary (reliability) of the video material:

  • Fiction , pseudo-documentary
  • Documentary (or non-fiction), documentary-fiction
  • Popular science films (or educational films)

Fiction movies are usually classified according to the following criteria:

  • by screen time
  • by the number of episodes
  • in relation to the source (the source of the script or idea of ​​the film)
  • by audiovisual series, art form
  • on an innovative approach, degree of innovation
  • by consumer (target audience of the film, audience segment of the market), including classification by volume (mass) and age of the audience
  • by manufacturer
  • in the main genres of drama
  • according to the goals of the authors

Classification of films by screen time:

  • Short film
  • Feature film

Classification of films by the number of episodes:

  • One-part film
  • Small-scale film - 2-3 episodes
  • A serial film (mini-movie series) - 4–9 episodes
  • Movie series - 10-15 episodes
  • TV series - more than 15 episodes
  • Newsreel - more than 15 issues

Classification of films in relation to the source (the source of the script or idea of ​​the film):

  • Screen adaptation of works of art of other genres - literature, computer games, comics
  • Various types of continuation of the original film: sequel , prequel , spin-off and more
  • Remake (re-release of the film) and reboot (film that ignores the plots of previous films of this series)

Classification of films by audiovisual series, art form:

  • Sound:
    • Silent movie , including stylized
    • Talkies
  • Picture:
    • Black and white cinema , including stylized
    • Color cinema
  • Animation:
    • Animated (animated) films
    • Animated films
  • Musical films , including those with choreography elements
  • Films in verse
  • Other

Classification of films by innovative approach, degree of innovation:

  • Experimental cinema , including avant-garde cinema
  • Traditional movie

Classification of films by consumer (target audience of the film, audience segment of the market):

  • Classification by audience mass:
    • mass cinema ( blockbusters )
    • arthouse ( elite films)
  • Classification by audience age:
    • age-specific cinema with restrictions on the age of the viewer (usually erotica, horror, thrillers, crime films), which is aimed at an adult audience
    • family movies designed for a wide audience
    • child- oriented cinema

Classification of films by manufacturer:

  • Professional movie
  • Amateur movie .

Classification of films by major genres of drama:

  • Tragedy
  • Comedy
  • Tragicomedy

The classification of feature films by genre and subgenre is given in the article β€œ Feature film genres ”.

Classification of films by the author’s goals (for what purpose?):

  • Artistic interests - independent or auteur cinema ( underground in cinema)
  • Commercial interests - commercial cinema ( mainstream cinema), including cinema commissioned by commercial companies that are not part of the film business ( advertising cinema )
  • Social and political interests (commissioned by the ruling elite, political parties, public and religious associations) - propaganda cinema , ideological cinema :
    • patriotic cinema - a sense of patriotism, a sense of civic identity
    • social cinema - humanistic feelings, compassion, the formation of attitudes towards problems of society
    • religious cinema - religious feelings
  • Mixed interests

Movie

Cinema film is a sequence of photographic images taken at a certain frequency on a film using a special device (movie camera) and designed for projection (with the same frequency) onto the screen. There are narrow-film (amateur) films shot on films of 8 or 19 mm wide, and professional films shot on 16 or 35 mm film with a regular lens or using a special wide-format nozzle that allows you to change the aspect ratio without changing the size of the camera’s frame and film projector . Initially, the movie was β€œdumb” , that is, it represented a sequence of frames shot on a black and white film. "Great Mute" was shown in cinemas to the accompaniment of a taper . Improving technology has allowed recording sound on film (optical recording) or magnetic tape deposited on a positive film - in the late 1930s the era of sound cinema began. In addition, a color photo and film film appeared.

Film production - the vast majority of films are created by teams of creative workers and technical specialists at specialized film studios using a variety of film technology in the process of staging, shooting in film studios , on-site platforms and so on. In addition, films for scientific, technical and educational purposes are often produced in film laboratories of research institutes and educational institutions. Amateur - films that are shot by individual film enthusiasts, as well as at amateur film studios created at clubs, educational institutions and enterprises [1] .

Panoramic movie

Further development of the quality of the cinema image is associated with the appearance in the early 1950s of panoramic cinema systems , which received great popularity among viewers, but expensive and unsuitable for wide distribution. Panoramic cinema - cinematic systems with a very large aspect ratio of a strongly curved screen. A characteristic feature of panoramic cinema was a very large horizontal viewing angle that exceeded the human field of view and made it possible to make the borders of the screen inconspicuous [5] . Such systems for shooting films use the separation of the image into several parts and, as a rule, several films . In the USSR and the rest of the world, such formats were not widely used due to their high cost and incompatibility with the mass cinema network. A small number of films shot by panoramic technologies, both here and abroad, were most often reprinted onto wide film formats for demonstration in traditional movie theaters .

Cinema Panorama (USSR, 1957)

The Soviet β€œCinema Panorama” was developed at the Moscow Scientific and Research Film and Photo Institute (NIKFI) on the basis of the β€œCinerama” system under the leadership of E. M. Goldovsky and was presented in 1957 [5] . In some countries where Soviet films filmed under this system were shown, it was called Soviet Cinerama . The first cinema to use this technology was the Mir cinema in Moscow on Tsvetnoy Boulevard , building 11, next to the famous circus, opened in February 1958 . At the time of the opening, it was the largest in Europe, and by the size of the screen (200 m 2 ) - the largest in the world. It accommodated 1220 spectators, and its screen, with seats in the front rows, had visible angular dimensions of 146 Β° horizontally and 78 Β° vertically [6] .

Subsequently, the cinema was converted to show widescreen cinema [7] .

Widescreen Movie

 
NIKFI Film Copy Frame

Widescreen cinema is a kind of cinematic systems based on the use of film with a width exceeding the standard 35 mm [8] (most often from 50 to 70 mm [9] ). Large-format movie systems are distinguished by a large frame area that does not require strong magnification and allows you to get high-quality images on large screens [10] . Wide formats were developed as a replacement for expensive panoramic cinema, and with a comparable frame area give a seamless image without joints. Wide-format systems that use 70-mm-wide film with a frame occupying a height of 5 perforations and wide-screen [11] aspect ratio of 2.2: 1 (5/70 format) are most widely used. The modern look of large-format cinema is regulated by the ISO 2467: 2004 standard [12] in accordance with the recommendations and standards of SMPTE . Currently, wide-format cinema uses 65-mm-wide film and spherical ( axially symmetric ) optics for shooting, and 70-mm-wide film is used for printing films [13] .

Contrary to a widespread misconception, the appearance of a wide film film on the market was initially not associated with attempts to increase the resolution , but mainly as a way of placing an optical phonogram on a single image carrier [14] . Widescreen movie systems began to evolve with the advent of sound cinema. The sound quality then depended on the width of the track, and on a standard 35 mm film, the frame, if the width of the phonogram was too large, became square. The problem was solved by a wide film on which phonograms of any width could be printed, as well as a wide-screen image of a large area. Attempts to create widescreen cinema have been made since the first days of the cinema, but widescreen cinema was only put into practical use since the mid 50s of the 20th century, after the experience of shooting and showing 35mm widescreen films using anamorphic optics showed that the gain in image size achieved at the cost of some deterioration in its quality. The creation of large-format cinema marked a new stage in the development of cinema, characterized by a significant increase in the size of the screen image without deteriorating its quality, achieved through the use of film doubled (compared to normal) width and a system of 6-channel stereo recording and sound reproduction. In some systems of large-format cinema, along with a wide film strip, image anamorphy is simultaneously used [9] .

Amateur movie

 
Amateur Quartz-M movie camera for 2 Γ— 8 mm film with conventional perforation
 
Amateur movie camera " Quartz-2 Γ— 8C-3 " for a double 8-mm film with perforation type "Super"
 
β€œ Krasnogorsk-2 ” movie camera for 16 mm film

Amateur cinema ( cinematography ) is a hobby or one of the types of amateur art using the methods and means of cinema . In the era of the first experiments in the field of cinema, there was no strict division into amateur and professional. Thus, the naming (including self-name) of one or another collective (group) of film enthusiasts, as well as the assignment of one or another equipment to film amateur until about the 1920s, was arbitrary. Gradually, by the 1970s , there was a classification that categorized films of a width of 35 mm and more as professional, for showing a large number of viewers in cinemas , and a narrower one (except for television production) as amateur. This need was dictated, in particular, by the indicator of the permissible luminous flux (respectively, and the maximum screen size), depending on the size of the frame on the film. Such a division also determined significantly smaller overall dimensions of amateur equipment and its optics. That is how the films produced in the world, film cameras , projectors and editing tables were positioned (in particular, in terms of mass production and price scale ). Amateur cinema exists in many countries and appeared almost simultaneously with professional cinema , attracting the attention of creative people with new, previously non-existent visual opportunities. As for amateur photography, as a result, an entire industry emerged and developed, focused on narrow-film, small-format, low-budget cinema.

A significant part of the film enthusiast’s costs (both material and temporary) for the film is film and its chemical-photographic processing. The desire to reduce these costs determines the main features of amateur cinema.

  • In contrast to the film rental industry, which initially implies the production of several copies of the film and therefore uses negative film, the vast majority of amateur films were shot on black and white and color reversed film , with the receipt of a single copy of the film directly in a positive form. In the USSR, narrow negative and positive film was on sale a rarity. Photocopiers for film enthusiasts were produced in small batches (for example, KAU-16 [15] ) and were available only to amateur associations. In addition, β€œEkran” movie cameras suitable for contact printing of 8-mm films were produced, however, the complexity of the technology and the inevitable loss of image quality in a small format made amateur printing exotic.
  • In the USSR, home amateur cinema was shot, as a rule, on a film of the format β€œ 8 mm ” or β€œ Super-8 ” (β€œ 8 mm type C ”). To increase the length of the film, a 16 mm film was produced with double perforation (on both edges), which was designated β€œ2 Γ— 8 mm”. after exposure, the film in the movie camera was recharged (turned over). To protect against erroneous re-exposure, the inscription β€œ1/2 ex” was perforated on the inner end of the 10-meter film roll. After exposure of both sides of the double film, it was developed, and then cut along with a special cutter and wound onto 8 mm reels (which were also produced for winding magnetic tape with a width of 6.25 mm, and then 6.3 mm for household reel tape recorders) . The 16 mm film was used mainly in mugs and clubs. Π”ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ высокой ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, Π΅Ρ‘ большими Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ вСсом, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ большСй ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ.

Для домашнСго ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ приобрСсти:

  • ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ с запасом ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ кассСтами ,
  • Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² для Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ‡Ρ‘Ρ€Π½ΠΎ-Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΡƒΡŽ посуду ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ ,
  • Π±Π°Ρ‡ΠΎΠΊ для проявки ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ,
  • ΡΡƒΡˆΠΈΠ»ΠΊΡƒ для ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ,
    • Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° доступна цСнтрализованная ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ.
  • Ρ€Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊ для ΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ (Ссли ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ двойная 8-ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ°),
  • ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ стол для просмотра отснятого Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ склСйки Π΅Π³ΠΎ (ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° для этой Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ использовали ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ стёкла с Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ),
  • ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ для Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ смонтированного Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°,
  • синхронизатор ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ для озвучивания 8-ΠΌΠΌ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²,
  • ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈ пСрСносной сворачиваСмый экран (Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ бСлая простыня) для дСмонстрации отснятых ΡˆΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ²,
  • станок для ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² (Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ изготавливался ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²),
  • прСсс для склСйки ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ стали Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ скотч Π² кассСтах ).

Π‘ массовым распространСниСм Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² , Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° видСокассСты. Π’ настоящСС врСмя Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ вытСснило ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ, Π° ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ узкая ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ.

Π’ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ

Π’ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ β€” ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°, снятая Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ΅, Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π΅ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹. Π’ настоящСС врСмя вмСсто ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚Π²Ρ‘Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ТёсткиС диски. ΠŸΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΒ» относится Π² большСй ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ ΠΊ Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρƒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°ΠΌ. Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, снимаСмыС ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ отличаСтся использованиСм Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стандартов изобраТСния , Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС высокой чёткости . Однако, Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… случаях Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ условна, Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Ρ‹, снятыС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ° с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², сопоставимых ΠΏΠΎ тСхничСскому качСству с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. МногиС нСзависимыС кинСматографисты ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.

Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ

 
Π‘Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (4:3)
 
Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° EIA (4:3)

Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ тСлСвизио́нный Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ ) β€” ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ , снятый ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ для ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ . ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ создании Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ тСхничСскиС возмоТности тСлСвидСния ΠΈ особСнности восприятия тСлСзритСлями изобраТСния Π½Π° экранС Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ€Π° [16] . Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹. ВскорС Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρƒ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² . Π’ процСссС производства Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π° опрСдСлённая тСлСвизионная спСцифика, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, собствСнно, ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ появлСнию понятия Β«Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΒ». Π’Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π² производствС Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ экрана. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ распространённым ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ сторон экрана всё Π΅Ρ‰Ρ‘ остаётся Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ полноэкранноС 4:3 (1,33:1), Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ тСлСвидСния высокого Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΡ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ 16:9 (1,78:1), Π² киноиндустрии самым популярным Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ являСтся ΡΡƒΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΡ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2,39:1. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ тСлСэкран Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ мСньшС киноэкрана, Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² мСньшим числом ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ отсутствиСм высокодСтализированных ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ, (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€) Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1960-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· слияния тСлСвидСния ΠΈ классичСского ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π° . НаиболСС часто Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ состоит ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ дСмонстрируСмых Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ врСмя частСй β€” сСрий. Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ с бо́льшим количСством сСрий принято Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ тСлСсСриалами . Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ тСлСсСриалам Π² частности свойствСнно спСцифичноС «растянутоС» повСствованиС. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ΅ соврСмСнных Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π² эфирной сСткС Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² β€” Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ³ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π΅ дСлаСтся ΠΏΠ°ΡƒΠ·Π°, ΠΈ послС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ‹ слСдуСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ с нСбольшим Β«ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΒ» ΡΡŽΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π°.

ΠœΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ

ΠœΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΜΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ ) β€” это ряд рисунков, Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ срСдств рисования, Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ, снятый ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· пластилина ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… носитСлСй (ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ-, Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€Π°) ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ для ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅, ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° экранС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°. Как ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ часа).

Π”ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ

 
Π›ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏ студии Β«Π”ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΒ»

Π”ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ (ΠΎΡ‚ Π³Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡. δια β€” приставка, здСсь ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Β«ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π°Β» , ΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π». film β€” Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ- ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ° ) β€” ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° стандартной ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 35-ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ΅ , ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ тСматичСски связаны Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, снабТСны тСкстом (ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ ), ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Ρ‹ Π² ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ рассказ. ЀактичСски Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ β€” это Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ² Π±Π΅Π· Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ. ΠšΠ°Π΄Ρ€Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎ связаны ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ собой, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ позволяСт ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ порядок ΠΈΡ… дСмонстрации β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° являСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Ρ‹Π΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° β€” 18Γ—24 ΠΌΠΌ. Π”Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 1 ΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ просмотра Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° большом экранС позволяла Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ доступным ΡˆΠΎΡƒ, особСнно популярным Ρƒ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ вслух. Π—Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ совСтского Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Π² БША. НСбольшоС количСство Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ со Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ сопровоТдСниСм Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π΅ (ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡƒΡˆΠΊΠ°Ρ…) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… пластинках β€” ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ с воспроизвСдСниСм грампластинки с дикторским тСкстом ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ сопровоТдСниСм. Π’ настоящий ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π² России ΠΈ Π² Π’Π΅Π½Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС Π½Π° русском языкС. Π—Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ для Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° «БвСтлячок» β€” Π² ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Π΅. Π”ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² послСднСС врСмя Π² России, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ старых ΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ качСством (ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ высоким контрастом). Π‘ распространСниСм Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ видСозаписи Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ практичСски Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· употрСблСния. Однако Π² послСднСС врСмя интСрСс ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°ΠΌ снова вырос ΠΈ сСйчас Π² ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ «БвСтлячок» ΠΈ Β«Π Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠΎΒ», Π° Π² БСлоруссии продолТаСтся выпуск «ПСлСнг-500Β».

Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° являСтся ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ .

ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ

ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ β€” Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ΅ с ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ располоТСниСм ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ряда ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ фотокопия Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², рукописСй, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅, выполнСнная со Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ΅. Π’ свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ, процСсс получСния ( копирования ) фотографичСским способом ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² дСсятки ΠΈ сотни Ρ€Π°Π· изобраТСния с Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… носитСлСй ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ( Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠΈ , рукописи , рисунки , Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΜΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .

ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΊ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Ρƒ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ связаны с ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ изготовитСля оптичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π”. ДансСра ΠΈ французского Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π° Π›ΡƒΠΈ Π”Π°Π³Π΅Ρ€Π° . Π’ России большая заслуга Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ‚ Π•. Π€. Буринскому β€” ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΈΠ· основополоТников судСбной ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ. Научно-тСхничСский прогрСсс Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π» Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠ° Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ - тСхничСской ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… носитСлях, обусловил ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ использованиС ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° производствС, Π² Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠ΅, Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ дСлопроизводствС . ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сокращаСт Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‰, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ поврСТнСния Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, обСспСчиваСт Π±ΠΎΜΠ»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΡŽ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Благодаря ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ появляСтся Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹, ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ транспортныС расходы. Для фотографирования Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ спСциализированныС Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ , ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ с высокой Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ . Π’ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  для ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Ρ‡Ρ‘Ρ€Π½ΠΎ-бСлая нСгативная Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ° Β«ΠœΠ—-3Π›Β», Β«ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚-200Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚-300Β» с Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ 150, 200 ΠΈ 300 Π»ΠΈΠ½/ΠΌΠΌ соотвСтствСнно [17] . Для просмотра ΠΈ получСния ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ носитСлС ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ создании ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ примСняСтся элСктрографичСский ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ . Для хранСния носитСлСй, ΠΈΡ… быстрого поиска ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-поисковыС систСмы (Β«Π˜Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡΒ» β€” для ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΈ «Поиск» β€” для Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²) [18] .

See also

  • Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ
  • Π”ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
  • Научно-популярноС ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
  • Π˜Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
    • Π–Π°Π½Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ
  • ΠΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
  • Cinema
  • Video

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 Ѐильм β€” ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΈΠ· Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠΉ совСтской энциклопСдии . Π•. А. Π˜ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ.
  2. ↑ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΡŒ трудностСй русского языка, 1976 , с. 646.
  3. ↑ Π”Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. Π”Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠœΠΈΡ…Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° ЦСхановского β€” НомСр 57.
  4. ↑ Даровский Π’. П. Β«Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ российского ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π°. ΠšΡƒΡ€Ρ Π›Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉΒ»
  5. ↑ 1 2 И. Π‘. Π“ΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡ‡ΡƒΠΊ, Π’. Π“. ПСлль. Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° / Н. Н. ЖСрдСцкая. β€” М. ,: Β« Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Β», 1979. β€” Π‘. 38β€”48. β€” 440 с.
  6. ↑ ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ сфСрорама // Наука ΠΈ Тизнь . β€” 1988. β€” β„– 4 . β€” Π‘. 33β€”35 .
  7. ↑ ΠŸΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ (рус.) . ΠšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ Β«ΠšΡ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ°Β» (2006). Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 12 мая 2012. Архивировано 12 августа 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  8. ↑ И. Π‘. Π“ΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡ‡ΡƒΠΊ, Π’. Π“. ПСлль. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» I. БистСмы ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π° // Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° / Н. Н. ЖСрдСцкая. β€” М. ,: Β«Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΒ», 1979. β€” Π‘. 25β€”34. β€” 440 с.
  9. ↑ 1 2 Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ β€” ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΈΠ· Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠΉ совСтской энциклопСдии . М. Π—. Высоцкий.
  10. ↑ Relative Frame Dimensions (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . The American WideScreen Museum. Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 12 мая 2012. Архивировано 18 июня 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  11. ↑ Aspect ratios (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . The Letterbox and Widescreen Advocacy Page. Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 9 мая 2012. Архивировано 18 июня 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  12. ↑ ISO 2467:2004 (Π°Π½Π³Π».) . ANSI . Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 21 августа 2012. Архивировано 3 октября 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  13. ↑ Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠΈ (рус.) . Kodak . Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 9 мая 2012. Архивировано 10 мая 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  14. ↑ Π•. М. Голдовский. Π“Π»Π°Π²Π° III // ΠšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ Π² вопросах ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ…. - 1st ed. β€” М. ,: Β«Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΒ», 1971. β€” Π‘. 56. β€” 220 с.
  15. ↑ Π“. АндСрСг, Н. ΠŸΠ°Π½Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ². Бправочная ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Ρ / Π”. Н. ШСмякин. β€” Π›. ,: Β«Π›Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Β», 1977. β€” Π‘. 252. β€” 368 с.
  16. ↑ ΠšΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π², 1975 , с. 26.
  17. ↑ Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‡Ρ‘Ρ€Π½ΠΎ-Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π½ΠΎΠΊ Β«Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ-65Β» Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π»ΠΎ 100 Π»ΠΈΠ½/ΠΌΠΌ.
  18. ↑ ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β€” ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΈΠ· Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠΉ совСтской энциклопСдии . И. М. Гофбауэр.

Literature

  • Π‘. Н. ΠšΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Ρ‘Π² . ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚Π²Π° / Π’. Π‘. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°. β€” 2-Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄.. β€” М. : Β«Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΒ», 1975. β€” 448 с. - 5,000 copies.
  • Π ΠΎΠ·Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒ Π”. Π­., Π’Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° М. А. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΡŒ трудностСй русского языка. β€” М.,: Β« Русский язык Β», 1976. β€” Π‘. 646. β€” 696 с. .
  • Π›ΡƒΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π’. Π’., ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΅Π³ΠΎ настоящСС ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π΅, «БША. Π­ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°, идСология», 1973, β„– 4.
  • ΠœΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ-тСхничСского ΠΈ управлСнчСского Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°. Бправочная ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π΅Π΄. И. И. ΠšΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π›., 1973.
Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊ β€” https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ѐильм&oldid=100624546


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Clever Geek | 2019