Twilight of idols, or how they philosophize with a hammer ( German: Götzen-Dämmerung oder Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert ) is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche , first published in 1888 . A collection of short essays debunking the public perception of the authority of various philosophical concepts. Another name is “The Fall of the Idols, or How You Can Philosophize with a Hammer” .
| Twilight of idols, or how philosophize with a hammer. In another translation: “The Fall of Idols, or About How You Can Philosophize with a Hammer” | |
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| Götzen-Dämmerung oder Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert | |
 Book cover | |
| Genre | Philosophy |
| Author | Friedrich Nietzsche |
| Original language | Deutsch |
| Date of writing | 1888 |
| Date of first publication | 1888 |
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Content
About the book
Nietzsche himself spoke of this work as a complete general introduction to his philosophy. The original title was different: "Difficulties of a psychologist . " But under the influence of Peter Gast, his friend and secretary, he replaced the name with the present. In it, in a concise, extremely concentrated form, he sets out the main provisions of his worldview. Here, the philosopher, as it were, sums up the spiritual path he has traveled and sketches the ideological contours of the two subsequent works: “ Antichrist ” and “ Will to Power ”. He pronounces a harsh sentence to the very founders of Christian culture, as, in his opinion, distorting the natural nature of man, suppressing the will to power inherent in strong personalities. [one]
Later, this problem posed by Nietzsche, the contradiction between culture and the will to live, was developed by L. Klages and O. Spengler .
Contents
1. Aphorisms and arrows
A collection of 44 aphorisms , completely different in theme.
2. The problem of Socrates
Comprehensive criticism of Socrates , starting from his dialectic , " decadence ", and up to the origin. Nietzsche writes: “Socrates is a misunderstanding; all morality striving to improve people was also a misunderstanding ... "
3. "Reason" in philosophy
The importance of the sensory sensation of the world before the mind. “... they don’t lie at all. The lie is that we make false samples of them .. ”- says Nietzsche about feelings.
4. About how, finally, the “true world” turned into a fable. The story of one error
Criticism of the philosophical concept of "True World" as a world accessible to a few wise and virtuous people.
5. Morality as an unnatural doctrine
Criticism of morality, as a concept calling for the fight against passions, directed "against the instincts of life."
6. Four great fallacies
Nietzsche criticizes such "common" errors in concepts as:
- “Such a fallacy when the cause is confused with the effect.”
- "The fallacy of false causality."
- "The fallacy of imaginary causation."
- "The false idea of" free will "."
7. "Corrector" of mankind
Criticism of morality as a way of teaching people. “... all the means by which humanity would have to become moral were completely immoral,” Nietzsche notes.
8. What the Germans lack
Criticism of German society, education and intelligence. Nietzsche notes the widespread decline in German culture and calls the main reason for this the wrong upbringing, education and science.
9. Essays on the untimely
A collection of short, fragmented impressions, thoughts and notes of a critical orientation on various subjects.
10. What do I owe to the ancients
Nietzsche admires Horace , Thucydides , but criticizes Plato and Greek culture as a whole.
Notes
- ↑ Nietzsche F. Compositions. In 2 vols. T. 1,2 - M .: Thought, 1990. Notes