The naval forces of the People’s Republic of China ( Chinese: 中国人民解放軍 海軍 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Hǎijūn [ Navy of the People’s Republic of China ]), officially - the Navy of the People’s Liberation Army of China [Navy PLA] - one of the armed forces of the People’s Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China . They count 240 thousand people and are organized into three fleets : the North Sea Fleet with headquarters in Qingdao , the East Sea Fleet with headquarters in Ningbo , and the South Sea Fleet with headquarters in Zhanjiang . Each fleet includes surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense units. The South Sea Fleet incorporates two Marine Corps brigades [1] . The Marine Corps is planned to be expanded by 2020 to seven brigades of 30,000 people [2] .
| 中国人民解放軍 海軍 Navy of the People's Liberation Army of China | |
|---|---|
 Flag of the Navy of China | |
| Years of existence | since April 23, 1949 |
| A country |  China |
| Subordination | Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China |
| Included in | People's Liberation Army of China |
| Type of | Naval forces |
| Includes | |
| Number | 240,000 people |
| Participation in | The first crisis in the Taiwan Strait Sino-Vietnamese War Battle of the Spratly Islands |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander | Vice Admiral Shen Jinlong |
| Famous commanders | Zhang Aiping Ye Fay Liu Huaqing Zhang Dingfa Shanley |
In February 2013, PLA Deputy Chief of Staff Ji Jianguo noted that at present, China’s security threat is mainly from the sea [3] . Earlier, the political commissar of the PLA Academy of Military Sciences, General Wen Tsongren, declared: "China must break the blockade by international forces against its maritime security. Only when we break through it can we talk about the rise of China. For the rise to be rapid, China must go through the oceans and leave oceans in their future development " [4] .
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Organization
- 3 Structure
- 4 Armament
- 5 Combat composition
- 5.1 Submarine Fleet
- 5.2 Aircraft carriers
- 5.3 Landing ships and boats
- 5.4 destroyers URO
- 5.4.1 TTX of the destroyer project 055
- 5.5 URO frigates
- 5.6 URO Corvettes
- 5.7 Other
- 6 Aircraft composition
- 7 Foreign military bases
- 8 Flags of ships and ships
- 9 See also
- 10 notes
- 11 Links
History
Establishing control over the continental part of the country during the civil war in China , the PLA did not have its own fleet. However, already in 1949, the Chairman of the CPC, Mao Zedong, declared that "in order to counter imperialist aggression, we must build a strong fleet." Also, shortly before the end of the war, the PLA had at its disposal some ships of the Kuomintang Navy, whose crews went over to the CPC. In November 1949, the Naval Academy was founded.
In the spring of 1950, the PLA carried out amphibious assault on Hainan . A similar landing was being prepared for Taiwan , but because of the outbreak of war in Korea, this plan was not implemented. Officially, the PLA Navy appeared in September 1950 , and in 1952 the Navy aviation appeared in China . In 1954, Soviet military advisers were sent to help the PLA Navy. With Soviet assistance, in 1954-1955 the PLA Navy was reorganized, divided into three fleets: the North Sea fleet, the East Sea fleet and the South Sea fleet .
Initially, copies of Soviet ships were built at Chinese shipbuilding enterprises, but then their own models began to be created. In the 1950s, the project of the unified Soviet-Chinese Pacific Fleet was seriously discussed.
In 1967, the PLA Navy was used to suppress performances in Wuhan . Also, he not only avoided serious upheavals during the “ cultural revolution ”, but also significantly modernized in the 1970s: for example, atomic submarines , including ballistic missiles, appeared in its composition.
Since the 1980s, the area of operations of the PLA Navy has significantly increased . If before his main task was to defend the coast, then by the end of the 20th century. he began to turn into an ocean fleet.
In 2002, the Chinese Navy squadron made the first voyage around the world in the history of the Chinese Navy, paving the way along the seas of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans [5] .
In 2012, the first aircraft carrier ( Liaoning , the former Soviet Varyag) appeared in the PLA Navy - China became the tenth country in the world with an aircraft carrier in the armed forces [6] . In December 2015, the PLA Naval Forces conducted exercises in the South China Sea with the participation of an “aircraft carrier combat group” (at the same time, they came into close contact with the US Navy ships, which almost caused a conflict). It is stated that by 2020, China intends to have four aircraft carriers for operations both in coastal seas and in the open ocean.
In 2017, PLA Navy specialists began to create a new intercontinental sea-based ballistic missile, "Dzhulang-3".
On May 13, 2018, in the city of Dalian, China began sea trials of the first aircraft carrier project 001A, completely built by national industry forces. After adoption, it will become the second ship of this class in the Navy of the People's Liberation Army of China. [7]
Organization
Organizationally, the PLA Navy includes:
- Surface forces
- Submarine forces
- Naval aviation
- Coast Defense Forces
- Marines
Structure
The structure of the fleets of the Chinese Navy [8]
| Northern Fleet | Eastern fleet | Southern fleet |
|---|---|---|
| 1st submarine base 2nd Submarine Flotilla 12th Submarine Flotilla | 22nd Submarine Flotilla 42nd submarine flotilla | 2nd submarine base 32nd Submarine Flotilla 72nd submarine flotilla |
| 1st Flotilla of destroyers 10th destroyer flotilla 1st flotilla of high-speed assault ships 1st squadron of landing ships 1st Flotilla of combat support ships | 3rd flotilla of destroyers 6th destroyer flotilla 1st flotilla of corvettes 16th fleet of high-speed assault ships 21st fleet of high-speed assault ships 5th flotilla of landing ships 2nd Flotilla of combat support ships | 2nd Flotilla of destroyers 9th destroyer flotilla 11th fleet of high-speed assault ships 26th fleet of high-speed assault ships 6th flotilla of landing ships 3rd Flotilla of combat support ships |
| 2nd Maritime Aviation Division 5th Maritime Aviation Division 3rd Separate Aviation Regiment 6th Separate Aviation Regiment Training Regiment Naval Helicopter Wing | 4th Maritime Aviation Division 6th Maritime Aviation Division 4th Separate Aviation Regiment | 8th Maritime Aviation Division 9th Maritime Aviation Division 7th Separate Aviation Regiment |
| 4th Radar Brigade 11th Coast Defense Missile Regiment 12th Coast Defense Missile Regiment 2nd Air Defense Regiment Electronic combat regiment | 2nd Radar Brigade 13th Coast Defense Missile Regiment Electronic combat regiment | 2nd observation team 3rd Radar Brigade 46th Coast Defense Missile Battalion |
| North Sea Fleet Training Base Qingdao Support Base Luishunkou Support Base Weihai Marine Garrison Dalian Marine Garrison | Zhoushan Support Base Fujian Support Base Support Base Shanghai Xiamen Marine Garrison | Guangzhou Support Base Yulin Support Base Zhanjiang Support Base Shantou Marine Garrison Beihai Marine Garrison Sisha Marine Garrison [9] |
| 1st Marine Corps 164th Marine Corps |
Armament
A list of missiles to destroy surface and ground targets.
- DF-26 . Medium-range ballistic missile (> 3,000 km) capable of operating on ships.
- DF-21D . Anti-ship ballistic missile, similar to the American Pershing-2 . Maneuvers after passing apogee. Designed for ground installations and presumably for regional H-6N bombers [10] .
- YJ-12 . Supersonic cruise missile with a range of up to 400 km. It is mounted on H-6K and JH-7B bombers, modernized project 956 destroyers (instead of Mosquitoes ) [2] . At the parade in 2019, ground installations with the YJ-12B modification were demonstrated.
- YJ-18 . Clone of the Russian "Caliber". Range 537 km. It has subsonic speed on the march, accelerating to supersonic when approaching the target. Loaded into the launch cells of destroyers of types 055 and 052D, nuclear submarines of type 093A; into torpedo tubes of diesel submarines of type 039A "Yuan" [2] .
- Club is an export version of Caliber with an artificially limited range of 220 km. It is equipped with Project 636M diesel submarines purchased in Russia.
- YJ-100 . The marine version of the CJ-10 subsonic cruise missile with a range of more than 1000 km. This is an additional option for destroyers and submarines.
- YJ-62 . A 220 km subsonic cruise missile that serves as the main caliber for the 052C destroyers. It is also based on the coast [2] .
- YJ-83 . Subsonic missile with a range of 120 km. It is the main strike weapon for fighter Su-30 / J-16 and deck J-15. It is carried by frigates of type 054A, corvettes of type 056 and missile boats of type 022 [2] .
Battle
Source : Chinese Naval Vessels // SinoDefence.com
Submarine fleet
The Chinese submarine fleet is the largest in the world - it includes more than 70 diesel and nuclear submarines. [eleven]
| Type of | Picture | amount | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strategic submarines | |||||
| SSBN pr. 096 "Teng" | 0 | 24 × SLBM JL-3. A series of successful tests of the JL-3 intercontinental ballistic missile was carried out. Construction will begin in the 2020s at the new shipyard in Huludao [2] . | |||
| SSBN pr. 094 "Jin" | | 6 [2] | Strategic missile carriers with SLB JL-2, built in 1999-2010. | ||
| Multipurpose Submarines | |||||
| Submarine Ave. 093B (095?) [2] | ? | According to various sources, they are already under construction or are planned for construction. | |||
| MPLATRK pr. 093 / 093A Shan | 6 [2] | Multipurpose boats. Constructed since 2001 to replace the 091 Han submarine. The last four project submarines are equipped with vertical launch units for the YJ-18 missiles. | |||
| NPS pr 091 Han | 3 [2] | Introduced from 1980 to 1991, gradually withdrawn from the composition | |||
| DEPL | |||||
| DEPL pr. 039A / 039V (041) Yuan | 17 [2] | Built since 2004. Rearmed from YJ-82 missiles to the new YJ-18. | |||
| DEPL pr. 039 "Song" | 13 [2] | (c SCRC "YJ-82"), were built in 1994-2006. to replace DEPL Romeo | |||
| DEPL pr. 636 | 2 + 8 | The first 2 in 1992-1998, the next 8 with SCRC "Club" were built in 2004-2006 [2] . | |||
| DEPL pr. 877EKM | 2 | Built in 1994-1995. | |||
| Submarines of project 035 "Min." | eleven | Developed on the basis of the Romeo submarine hull | |||
Aircraft Carriers
| Type of | Picture | Title | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carriers of the project 002 | The first ship began to be built in Shanghai in 2018 [2] . According to unconfirmed reports, it will be non-nuclear, will receive electromagnetic catapults. | ||
| Aircraft carriers of the project 001 / 001A | Liaoning (Project 001) | Displacement 59,500 tons, completed Varyag (aircraft carrier cruiser) | |
| " Shandong " (pr. 001A) | The largest ship of the Chinese Navy with a displacement of 70,000 tons. The hull was launched on 04/26/2017, there are tests of carrier-based aircraft. Commissioning in 2019 (plan) [2] . |
Landing ships and boats
| Type of | Picture | amount | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| UDC type 075 | 0 | The first ship of the series was launched. Helicopter carrier with a continuous flight deck. It occupies an intermediate position between UDC " Mistral " and UDC " America " [12] . | |
| UDC of the Qinchenshan type, pr. 071 | 6 [13] | The entire series of 8 ships was launched. Hold 800 paratroopers and 60 armored personnel carriers. They have helicopters and a dock for hovercraft (project 726A). Built since 2006 | |
| TDK type "Yutin", pr. 072 | thirty | Hold up to 10 tanks. They have small landing boats. | |
| SDK type "Yuiden", pr. 073 | eleven | ||
| Dongheidao mobile landing platforms | one | Adapted for transportation of one MDK "Bison" [14] . | |
| MDC "Bison" | 2 + 2 | the first 2 are built in Ukraine , the rest is supposed to be built in China, a modern analogue of the Soviet Zubr, the world's largest hovercraft | |
| MDC type "Yulin", pr. 079 | 32 | ||
| MDK type "Yuhai", pr. 074 | 23 | ||
| Landing TR type "Tsunsha" | four | ||
| MDK - catamaran | 3 |
Destroyers destroyers
| Type of | Picture | amount | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Destroyers Project 055 | 0 or 1 | The first 5 ships of the series were launched [15] . In size pulled by a cruiser. | |
| Kunming type, project 052D | 11 [16] | Constructed since 2012. 20 ships launched. The last of them lengthened the stern for new Z-20 helicopters ( Sea Hawk clones) [17] . | |
| type "Lanzhou" pr. 052C | 6 | Built in 2002-2013. | |
| Type 052 destroyers | 2 | Built in 1986-1996. | |
| “Modern” type: pr. 956E and pr. 956EM | four | 2 were completed from the reserve of 1988, 2 more were built in 2002-2006. After modernization, they carry three anti-submarine helicopters, YJ-12 and HQ-16 missiles. | |
| Type 051C destroyers | 2 | Built in 2004-2007. | |
| Type 051B destroyers | one |
TTX of Project 055 destroyer
The total displacement of the ship is 12.3 thousand tons. According to this indicator, Project 055 is the largest ship of this class in the PLA Navy and the second in the world after the American destroyer Zumwalt (more than 14 thousand tons). The destroyer is 183 meters long and 22 meters wide. The maximum speed is 32 knots, and the cruising range is 7 thousand nautical miles. The crew of the ship is 310 people. The main armament of the destroyer will include two blocks of 64 and 48 vertical launch launchers with a total capacity of 112 missiles.
URG frigates
| Type of | Picture | amount | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jiangkai frigates, project 054 / 054A | 32 | Built since 2002. The series ends for China, but continues for Pakistan. | |
| Jiangwei-2 frigates, project 053H3 | 10 | Built in 1998-2005. | |
| Jiangwei frigates, project 053H2G | four | Built in 1990-1994. | |
| Jianghu-1 frigates, project 053H | 2 | ||
| Jianghu-2 frigates, project 053H1 | 6 | ||
| Jianghu-3 frigates, project 053N2 | one | Built in 1986-1993. [eighteen] | |
| Jianghu-5 frigates, project 053H1G | 6 |
URO Corvettes
| Type of | Picture | amount | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corvettes Ave. 056 / 056A | ~ 40 (2018) [2] | Built since 2012. Planned more than 60 units in the base and anti-submarine (056A) versions. |
Other
| Type of | Picture | amount | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missile boats | |||||
| Project 022 missile boats | ~ 60 [2] | The vessel replaces old boats of type 021 ( Huangfeng class), built since 2004 | |||
| Houjian missile boats, pr. 037 / 2G | 5 | 1 lost in 2006 | |||
| Huxin missile boats, pr. 037 / 1G | 24 [19] | Built in 1991-1997 | |||
| Patrol boats | |||||
| Hainan type, pr. 037 | 95 | ||||
| Haiju type, pr. 037/1 | 22 | ||||
| type "Haiqi" | 2 | ||||
| type "Shanghai-3", pr. 062/1 | 17 | ||||
| type "Shanghai-2", pr. 062 | 98 | ||||
| Mine sweeping ships | |||||
| mine layer, pr. 918 | one | ||||
| MTSC of a new type | 2 | ||||
| MTSC type "T-43", pr. 010 | 40 | ||||
| RTSC type "Vosao", pr. 082 | 5 | ||||
| Supply ships | |||||
| Ocean supply ships pr. 901 | one | Constructed from 2015 (or earlier) [20] . | |||
| Complex supply ships pr. 903 / 903A | 8 | Built in 2003-2015. | |||
Air Force Composition
| Type of | Picture | Developer | amount | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat aircraft and helicopters | |||||
| Su-30MK2 | Russia | 24 [21] | Delivered in the second half of the 2000s | ||
| J-16 | China | 24 | Copy of the Su-30MK2 | ||
| J-15 | China | > 20 [21] | Copy of the Su-33. Modernized by China for the use of PL-12 air-to-air missiles and anti-ship missiles YJ-83 . | ||
| J-11B / BS | 72 [21] | ||||
| J-10A / S | China | 24 [21] | 16 J-10A and 8 J-10S [21] Fighter. Delivered since 2010 [21] . | ||
| Shenyang J-8 H | China | 24 [21] | Interceptor fighter | ||
| Chengdu J-7 | China | 30 [22] | Fighter bomber | ||
| JH-7 / 7A | China | 120 [21] | Fighter bomber | ||
| Xian H-6 | China | 36 [21] | 30 H-6G and 3 H-6DU [21] | ||
Harbin H-5 / HJ-5 | China | 7 [21] | Bomber / Scout | ||
| Nanchang Q-5I | China | 60 [22] | Attack aircraft | ||
| Hongdu JL-8 | China Pakistan | 12 [23] | Combat training aircraft | ||
| Y-8 | 21 [21] | 4 Y-8, 4 Y-8JB, 3 Y-8X, 4 Y-8J. 6 Y-8W | |||
| Y-9 | 4 [21] | 4 Y-9JB [21] | |||
| SH-5 | China | 3 [22] [21] | Multipurpose Amphibious Aircraft | ||
| Ka-28 | Russia | 19 [21] | Anti-submarine helicopter | ||
| Z-8 | China | 27 [24] [21] | 20 Z-8 / Z-8A, 4 Z-8JH, 2 Z-8S and more than one Z-8 AEW [21] | ||
| Z-9C | China | 25 [22] [21] | Anti-submarine helicopter | ||
| Ka-31 | the USSR | 9 [21] | |||
Foreign military bases
An uninterrupted supply of gas and oil is of great importance for the national economies of the PRC. So, by 2005, the share of oil produced on its territory covered less than half the demand for it; the country had virtually no strategic oil reserves; and most of the imports from the Middle East occur by sea, through the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Malacca (only 40 km wide) [25] , and then past Kamrani (Vietnam).
Under these conditions, any aggravation of relations with, for example, the United States, and disruption of oil supplies, can have very serious consequences - the share of imported oil is growing, and in 2016 reached 2/3 of the consumed [26] . The prevailing conditions force (for now) not to be limited to protecting coastal areas from attacks from the sea.
С целью обеспечения бесперебойных поставок нефти, КНР активно наращивает мощь ВМС, и пункты обеспечения их деятельности в Тихом и Индийском океанах. [27] Для этого КНР заключает договора с разными странами в этих регионах, и захватывает спорные территории . Если в 1976 г. военное судно КНР впервые в истории ВМФ НОАК вышло из прибрежных морей в центральную часть Тихого океана, то в 2008 г. корабли уже постоянно патрулировали разные участки Индийского и Тихого океанов. [28] Для обеспечения их присутствия в Мировом океане были созданы (или арендованы) военно-морские базы, пункты всестороннего снабжения, радиоэлектронной разведки и навигационного обеспечения:
В Тихом океане:
- Пункт Вуди ( Woody Island , Парасельские отрова). Продолжаются работы по оборудованию причалов, способных принимать крупные надводные корабли и подводные лодки. Есть аэродром с взлётно-посадочной полосой 2350 м. Предполагают, что на острове могут быть размещены зенитные ракетные комплексы HQ-9 с дальностью 200 км, способный перехватывать баллистические ракеты. Имеются причалы для гидросамолётов; за счёт намывания грунта ведётся подготовка к увеличению длины ВПП так, чтобы принимать самолёты всех типов.
- Пункт Фаери Кросс входит в состав архипелага Спратли . Состоит из ряда рифов, расстояние между которыми доходит до 300 км. Основным объектом является атолл Файери Кросс (искусственно созданный). На нём находится аэродром ( ВПП 3000 м), параллельная рулёжная дорожка, причалы для приёма крупных надводных кораблей ( включая нефтеналивные ), метеостанция, склады ГСМ и боеприпасов. На других атоллах (рифы: Джонсона, Куатерон, Гейвен, Суби, Мисчиф ) находятся посты наблюдения, средства ПВО , 3 аэродрома, посты раннего предупреждения, передовой обороны и др. В мае 2018 г. на трёх спорных островах были размещены ракеты большой дальности, способные уничтожать корабли на расстоянии до 545 км ( YJ-12B ) и воздушные цели на расстоянии до 300 км ( HQ-9B ). [29]
В Индийском океане:
- Северная часть океана.
- Порт Чаупхью (остров Рамри, Мьянма ) - конечный пункт нефтепроводов и газопроводов , проведённых из КНР с целью разгрузить морской путь перевозок и избежать прохода уязвимых танкеров через Молуккский пролив. Планируется строительство железной дороги до провинции Юньнань (КНР) . Обеспечивает корабли ВМС НОАК водой, продовольствием, топливом.
- Порт Читтагонг ( Бангладеш ) - предназначен для размещения боевых и торговых кораблей, обеспечивает контейнерные перевозки.
- Порт Хамбантота ( Шри-Ланка ) - контейнерный порт, обеспечивает корабли, несущие дежурство в Индийском океане.
- Порт Янгон ( Мьянма ) - крупный транспортный узел, используется для дозаправки кораблей.
Разрабатываются планы по его использованию для выхода в Индийский океан из юго-западной провинции КНР Юньнань .
- Порт Гвадар [30] ( Пакистан ) - военно-морская база с 12 причалами и оборудованием для навигационного обеспечения подводных лодок; соединён с военно-морской базой Пасни автодорогой, которая может использоваться для взлёта и посадки самолётов. Сухопутным путём Гвадар соединён с Синьцзян-Уйгурским автономным районом . По договорённости с правительством Пакистана, в Гвадере также размещена китайская станция радиоперехвата . В развитие порта КНР вложила свыше 2.6 млрд долларов.
- Вспомогательный пост на острове Коко ( Мьянма ) - центр радиолокационного наблюдения за прохождением судов и навигационная станция для подводных лодок. Используется для связи, радиоэлектронной разведки и РЭБ .
- Западная часть океана
- Порт Салала ( Оман ) - пять причалов длиной от 300 до 1200 м, глубина в порту 18 м. Используется для дозаправки кораблей ВМС НОАК.
- Порт Аден ( Йемен ) - 16 причалов, есть плавучие доки и слипы для ремонта кораблей типа эсминец .
- Порт Джибути ( Джибути - обеспечивает базирование кораблей вплоть до крейсеров. Длина причалов 3800 м, глубина 12 м. КНР заключила договор о строительстве военно-морской базы, договор о свободной торговой зоне и о праве работать в стране китайским банкам. На 2017 г. использовался для снабжения судов водой, топливом и продовольствием. [31]
- Порт Дар-эс-Салам ( Танзания ) - общая длина причалов 3800 м, глубина 12 м, есть склады и нефтехранилища. В 12 км есть аэродром с двумя ВПП.
- Порт Момбаса ( Кения ) длина причалов 4500 м, глубина до 13 м. Есть склады, два нефтехранилища, сухой док, слипы, рядом аэродром 1 класса с ВПП 3300 м.
- Южная часть океана
- Порт Виктория ( Сейшельские острова - используется для снабжения китайских судов топливом.
- Порт Анциранана ( Мадагаскар ) - используется для дозаправки.
- Используется ряд других меньших пунктов всестороннего обеспечения. Правительство КНР изучает обстановку и пытается заключать двусторонние договора для использования иностранных портов для обеспечения присутствия своих ВМС в районах Мирового океана, сильно удалённых от материкового Китая. [32]
Однако из-за значительных качественного и количественного состава ВМС КНР и США, перспективы гарантированного безопасного подвоза нефти морским путём в ближайшее время не предвидится. Проблема могла бы быть решена при установлении полного контроля над такими нефтеносными районами, поставки из которых трудноуязвимы для ударов с моря.
Правительство КНР проявляет интерес к участию в освоении Дальнего Востока и Сибири (РФ) , среднеазиатских государств, усилило внимание к освоению Северного морского пути (строятся ледоколы), и добыче углеводородов в этом регионе. [33]
Флаги кораблей и судов
Флаг кораблей и судов ВМФ КНР
Гюйс кораблей и судов ВМФ КНР
See also
- Военно-морские силы Китайской Республики
- Типы подводных лодок ВМС Китая
Notes
- ↑ People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) Organisation Архивная копия от 2 июля 2008 на Wayback Machine // Sinodefence.com
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2019.
- ↑ Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the PLA: you must not infringe on the fundamental interests of the state . Date of treatment February 9, 2013. Archived February 11, 2013.
- ↑ Chinese submarine fleet challenges the United States Archived February 1, 2014 on Wayback Machine // nuclearno.ru
- ↑ Revitalization of China's foreign relations in the military field // People's Daily
- ↑ Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning went to sea to conduct research trials and training
- ↑ Media: China began sea trials of the first aircraft carrier of its own design (Russian) , TASS . Date of appeal May 15, 2018.
- ↑ Sinodefence.com , Organization> PLA Navy Archived on March 5, 2007.
- ↑ Paracel Islands occupied by the PRC in 1974.
- ↑ Anti-ship ballistic missile "Dongfeng-21D" // Army Bulletin.
- ↑ In America, the ranking of the strongest Navy, ground forces and the Air Force was compiled // Free Press , Sep 24, 2016
- ↑ China Launches 1st Type 075 LHD For PLAN // Naval News.
- ↑ China: End Of The Type 071 LPD Program, Start Of The Type 075 LHD One? // Naval News.
- ↑ Photo of a mobile landing platform with a ship, Bizon Ave.
- ↑ China launches fifth Type 055 destroyer for PLAN // Jane's 360.
- ↑ La marine chinoise envoie son navire de combat le plus capable en mission d'escorte dans le golfe d'Aden // People's Daily.
- ↑ China Launches 19th and 20th Type 052D Guided Missile Destroyer // The Diplomat.
- ↑ Chapter 2. Surface forces of the PLA Navy
- ↑ Type 037-IG (Houxin Class) Missile Corvette Archived September 2, 2011 on Wayback Machine // SinoDefence.com
- ↑ Nevsky Bastion Project 901 supply ships
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2016 / James Hackett. - London: Taylor & Francis, 2016 .-- S. 244. - ISBN ISBN 9781857438352 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20110928163252/http://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/upload/201102172337151.pdf
- ↑ Order of Battle - China (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment August 5, 2012. Archived December 24, 2008.
- ↑ OrBat China - MilAvia Press.com: Military Aviation Publications (link not available) . Date of treatment August 5, 2012. Archived December 24, 2008.
- ↑ Mikheev V. (ed.). Chapter 8. Environmental safety and resource provision // China: threats, risks, challenges to development . - Publisher R. Elinina. - Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 2005 .-- S. 332-340. - 648 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-86280-032-8 .
- ↑ Office of the Secretary of Defense. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China . - US Department of Defense, 2017 .-- S. 43. - 106 p.
- ↑ Office of the Secretary of Defense. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2011 . - Office of the Secretary of Defense (US), 2011 .-- 94 p.
- ↑ Gao Xiaoxing and others. Chapter 4. From yellow waters to blue // Naval forces of the PLA. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2017. - P. 87. - 255 p. - ISBN 978-5-7310-3837-9 .
- ↑ Jesse Johnson. China installs cruise missiles on key South China Sea outposts, report says . The Japan Times www.japantimes.co.jp . Tokyo: The Japan Times, Ltd. (03-05-2018).
- ↑ Khramchikhin A. Chapter 4. The geopolitical strategy of China in the context of its internal problems // Dragon woke up? . - 2 ed. - Moscow: Publishing house "Key-S", 2015. - S. 58. - 192 p. - 500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-906751-22-5 .
- ↑ Peter Wood. 20,000 Li Over the Sea: China's Sends Troops to First Permanent Base in Djibouti // The Jamestown Foundation China Brief. - Washington DC, 2017 .-- 1 July ( vol. 17 , iss. 10 ). - P. 1-3 .
- ↑ Gamov M., Malinina A. Support for the activities of the PLA Navy within the framework of the "Pearl Thread" concept (Russian) // Foreign Military Review. - Moscow, 2017. - January ( No. 1 ). - S. 71-79 . - ISSN 0134-921X .
- ↑ Osin V. Activities of non-regional states and international organizations in the Arctic region (Russian) // Foreign Military Review. - Moscow, 2017. - March ( No. 3 ). - S. 3-11 . - ISSN 0134-921X .
Links
- Chinese shipbuilding yesterday and today // korabel.ru
- Vedernikov Yu. V. Modern destroyers of the Chinese fleet: evolution and combat potential
- China intends to launch two of its aircraft carriers in six years // Izvestia.ru
- [1] // “Military Review” (topwar.ru), October 17, 2016
- Navy of China at Sinodefence.com