Swimsuit

The origin of the scientific name of the genus is not precisely known. Perhaps the Latin name comes from it. Trollblume , which can be translated as "Troll Flower". According to German and Scandinavian legends , this plant was considered to be the favorite flower of trolls . According to other versions, in connection with the round and even spherical shape of a flower, the name was formed either from the Latin word trulleus , meaning "round vessel", "cup"; or the old Germanic word " troll " - "ball".

The Russian name of the genus is associated with the inclination of the plant to wet habitats.

In many regions of Russia, various popular names have been adopted that designate a type or group of species typical of the locality: kupava, cupola, cupola, kolupalenki, frying, lights, siberian rose, rolls, bells, beaters, jerkies, driver 's grass, balabolki.

Palmate- separated or lobed leaves . Flowering shoots often have a two-year development cycle. In the first year the basal rosette of leaves develops. Next year, apical growth continues. An escape is formed, leafing only in the upper third of the shoot and ending in a flower. Lower leaves of peduncle larger, more often petiolate, and upper ones sessile. Often in the axils of these leaves develop lateral shoots, each of which ends in a flower. The size of such flowers decreases to the top of the main shoot.

There are many similarities in the structure of flowers of swimsuits of many kinds, despite differences in the color of flowers. Especially characteristic is the common form of flowers - from spherical to half-open and open. The flower consists of a coronoid perianth with five or more (up to 20) petal-like, brightly colored yellow or orange sepals that fall after flowering. Sometimes there are swimsuits that are transitional in color and shape: from green to yellow and orange, with a serrated edge like that of apical stem leaves. All parts of the swimsuit flower are arranged in a spiral. The corolla petals are modified into nectaries . They are numerous and are shorter, equal to or longer than petal like sepals. This is a sign that distinguishes one species from another. Nectars are narrow, linear or extended in shape. At the base of them is a honey pit - nectary. Numerous stamens and pistils , sitting on a bulging receptacle. The flowers have a faint pleasant smell. In the flowers of many species of the bathing family, the internal cavity is closed, with the exception of a small opening at the top. Thanks to this arch pollen is well protected from damage by dew and rain.

The fruit is a leaflet with a spout, opening along the inner seam. Leaflets are collected in spherical stems. Seeds are black, shiny, oval.

The spherical flowers of the plant, yellow or orange, are highly decorative, which is the reason for the massive collection of wild flowers in early summer.

The plant for a long time, but limited, introduced into the culture as an ornamental. European swimsuit began to cultivate in the gardens from the end of the XVI century . In the middle of the 18th century, the seeds of the Asiatic swimsuit ( Trollius asiaticus ) were sent to Europe by Carl Linnaeus by the scientist and traveler Eric Laxman , who lived and worked in Siberia at that time. As decorative, several large-flowered species are used predominantly: European swimsuit ( Trollius europaeus ), Asian swimsuit ( Trollius asiaticus ), Chinese swimsuit ( Trollius chinensis ), Altai swimsuit ( Trollius altaicus ), Ledebour swimsuit ( Trollius ledebourii ); ) the set of garden varieties and forms, usually combined into a hybrid bathing vessel cultural ( Trollius × cultorum ), is derived . Most modern ornamental types and forms of bathing suits have been present in European gardens since the 19th century . An introduction to the culture of the Lilac swimsuit ( Trollius lilacinus ) is of great importance with the aim of breeding new varieties of swimsuits of cold tones (blue, lilac) resistant to low temperatures. Swimsuits - plants are strong and viable and are practically not damaged by diseases. For a better condition of the plants, early spring treatment with ashes , fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers during spring growth are recommended, and further complex fertilizers should be used. At the beginning of flowering, it is desirable to sprinkle the plants with epin . In order to prevent fungal diseases, it is recommended to remove old dead leaves in the fall. In rare cases, a bathing suit may be affected by a bumphead , Septoria, ^[4] , a penetrating short-nematode ( German Pratylenchus penetrans ).

In some sources, more often in oriental medicine, certain species are considered as medicinal plants , however, it is necessary to take into account that the roots of all types of bathing vessels are poisonous . In folk medicine in Western Siberia, Altai, Mongolia and in Tibetan medicine , the Asian bathing suit ( Trollius asiaticus ) and the Altai bathing suit ( Trollius altaicus ) are used.

All types of bathing suits are known as honey plants . Swimsuits are well eaten by livestock ^[5] .

There is evidence that previously bathing was considered as a dyeing plant. Asian swimsuit flowers in the 19th century were used to make yellow colored textile dyes. In the middle of the 20th century, the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR proposed methods for obtaining a yellow yellow dye for edible fats from flowers of the swimsuit.

According to The Plant List , the genus includes 29 species ^[6] : inhabiting Eurasia and North America . On the territory of Russia and neighboring countries grows about 20 species, found mainly in Siberia and the Far East , some species are present in the European part .

• Bathing suit // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Kupnitsa - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
• Yu. V. Nikiforov. Altai herbs-healers. - Gorno-Altaisk: Yuch-Sumer - Belukha, 1992.
• Trollius // Flora of China : [ eng ] = 中国 植物 志 : in 25 vol. / ed. by Z. Wu , PH Raven , . - Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 1994–2013. - ISBN 978-0-915279-34-0 .

• Trollius (English) : information about the taxon on the site Tropicos .
• Trollius in Flora of North America on efloras.org
• Encyclopedia of Ornamental Garden Plants: Bathing (Checked November 2, 2009)