Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

Praindo-Europeans

Indo-European migrations according to the “Kurgan hypothesis”. Pink indicates the alleged ancestral homeland ( Samara culture , Srednestogovskaya culture ), red - distribution by the middle of III millennium BC. e. and orange - to I thousand BC. e.

The Indo-Europeans are native speakers of the Indo-European language who lived in the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans about six thousand years ago, during the Eneolithic and the early Bronze Age . The lexicon common to all Indo-European peoples indicates that it was a warlike nomadic people, one of the first to domesticate a horse and used carts to move over long distances on massive solid and later lightweight wheels with knitting needles. Thanks to the use of technologies such as wheel and chariot , their descendants - Indo-Europeans - were able to populate the vast expanses of Eurasia . The self-name of the pra-Indo-Europeans is unknown.

Content

  • 1 Society
  • 2 Religion
  • 3 Archaeological Interpretations
  • 4 Anthropology
  • 5 Area
  • 6 notes
  • 7 Literature

Society

The data of comparative historical linguistics allow us to speak of the Indo-Europeans as a patriarchal society , the main occupation of which was cattle breeding , especially cattle breeding . Human wealth was measured by the number of livestock belonging to him (the terms for money and livestock are related in many Indo-European languages). It is quite possible that the octal number system [1] was originally used, eventually replaced by the decimal (in many Indo-European languages, the numeral "nine" is consonant with the adjective "new").

Georges Dumésile put forward the theory of three functions [2] [3] , according to which the proto-Indo-European society was functionally divided into three classes - priestly (cf. brahmanas ), military (cf. kshatriyas ) and agricultural (cf. vaisyas ). The followers of Dumezil see confirmation of this thesis in the social organization of various Indo-European peoples (for example, the story of Herodotus about the three-part structure of the Scythian society ). T. Gamkrelidze and Vyach. Ivanov, in contrast to the theory of Dumézil, put forward the dualistic principle of Indo-European social organization [4] .

Religion

The religion of the Indo-Europeans is polytheism , based on the veneration of the supreme "thunder god" who travels in the sky in a chariot and throws thunder and lightning. There was probably a special caste of priests responsible for conducting the sacred rites, which were believed to include the organized consumption of a hallucinogenic drink ( haoma , catfish , honey , ragweed ).

According to the theory of three functions , each caste put forward its own deity: priests - the punishing god-judge ( Zeus - Jupiter - Odin - Perun - Pirkunas - Mitra - Varuna ), warriors - the god of war ( Thor - Mars - Ares - Indra ), and the farmers - fertility god ( Freyr - Quirin - Veles ). Many Indo-European peoples are also characterized by the cult of the horse, with which the figures of the divine twins are associated.

Gamkrelidze and Ivanov [4] , in the twin cult and in the myth of the incest of twins, as well as in the myth of the enmity of the Pandavas and Kauravas (the main plot of the “ Mahabharata ”), in the representation of the pantheon as relatives, divided into two opposed groups ( virgins and Asuras in India, Devas and Ahuras in Iran, Van and Ases in Scandinavia, partly also the Olympic gods and titans in Greece) see evidence of the dual organization of the tribal society of the great Indo-Europeans, its ideological reflection and expression.

Archaeological Interpretations

Archaeological cultures identified by researchers with the Indo-Europeans, according to various hypotheses [5] :

  • Grebenikovskaya culture (7000–5500 BC) - Pavlenko Yu.V.
  • The culture of Chatalhöyük (6800–5500 BC) - Gamkrelidze T.V. , Ivanov V.V. , Dyakonov I.M. , Safronov V.A.
  • Bug-Dniester culture (5500-4800 BC) - Gening V.F. , Gornung B.V. , Danilenko V.N. , Pavlenko, Yu.V.
  • Starchevo-Krishskaya culture (5000–4500 BC) - Hornung B.V.
  • Crimean culture (4900—3400 BC) - Danilenko V.N., Pavlenko Yu.V.
  • Sur-Dnieper culture (4900-3800 BC) - Danilenko V.N., Pavlenko Yu.V.
  • Azov culture (4900-4500 BC) (= Azov-Dnieper culture ?) - Gening V.F., Danilenko V.N., Pavlenko Yu.V.
  • Cultures of the Mariupol ethno-cultural community : the Dnieper, Nizhnedon, Samara, Caspian, Verevkinsk groups (4300-3800 BC) - Vasiliev I. B , Otroshchenko V. V. , Pavlenko Yu. V.
  • The culture of linear tape ceramics (4500-4000 BC) - Goisler O., Danilenko V.N., Safronov V.A.
  • Vinca Culture (4400–3500 BC) - Gornung B.V., Danilenko V.N., Safronov V.A.
  • Culture Boyan (4390–4100 BC) - Hornung, B.V., Danilenko V.N.
  • Dnieper-Donetsk culture (early stage) (4200-3800 BC) - V. Gening.
  • Strumelsko - Dubecai type (4000—3500 BC) - Danilenko V.N.
  • Gumelnitsky culture (4000-3000 BC) - Gornung B.V., Danilenko V.N., Safronov V.A.
  • Lendiel culture (4000-2700 BC) - V. Safronov
  • Tripoli culture (IV — II millennium BC.) - Gornung B.V., Danilenko V.N.

Anthropology

The Indo-Europeans were Caucasians .

Range

The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans is one of the most controversial issues of Indo-European studies, the solution of which requires a combined study of the data of linguistics and archeology. Linguistic data indicate the presence in the Indo-European language of words denoting snow , beech and salmon , many terms related to breeding horses, but the lack of a single designation of the sea and related concepts. This indicates that the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans was in the depths of the mainland.

The enormous influence that the Sanskrit and ancient Persian texts had on the first Indo-Europeans also affected the localization of the ancestral home at the beginning of the 19th century - it was located in Iran , the Himalayas or directly on the Indian subcontinent [6] . In the pre-war literature, on the basis of salmon and beech arguments, northern Europe (southern Scandinavia and northern Germany ) was often postulated as the ancestral home ( urheimat ), while Germanic peoples were declared nationalist scientists by the purest carriers of the Aryan race (in reality, only Indo-Iranian called themselves Aryans peoples).

Currently, there are several theories, of which the “ Kurgan hypothesis ”, proposed in 1956 by the American researcher of Lithuanian origin Maria Gimbutas , is the most common. According to her assumption, the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans is the Volga and Black Sea steppes, where the Middle Stog , Khvalyn and Pit cultures developed (the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans was localized in the Black Sea steppes in southern Russia in 1886 by the German linguist Otto Schrader ). Gradually, various branches of the Indo-Europeans migrated in waves to the south, east, west and north of the ancestral home. The ancestors of the Balts and Slavs occupied the longest original range [7] . It is assumed that native speakers of the Dnieper-Donets culture spoke the Proto-Indo-European language [8] [9] .

The Baltic-Black Sea hypothesis suggests that already in the Mesolithic (8500-5000 BC) the Indo-Europeans occupied vast territories between the Baltic and Black Seas [10] .

The Balkan hypothesis places the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans on the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe and identifies them with the culture of linear tape ceramics [11] .

According to the Anatolian hypothesis formulated by Colin Renfrew , it is assumed that the pre-Indo-European language existed earlier than is commonly believed in the 7th – 6th millennium BC. e. in Anatolia ( Chatal-Hyuk is considered a settlement of Indo-Europeans), and the appearance of Indo-Europeans in Europe is associated with the resettlement of farmers from Anatolia to Southeast Europe [12] . It is supported by V.V. Shevoroshkin [13] .

The Armenian hypothesis suggests that the pre-Indo-European language originated in the Armenian Highlands . It is argued in the works of academicians T.V. Gamkrelidze and Vyach. Sun Ivanova .

Today, the main competing hypotheses for the location of the Indo-European ancestral home are [14] [15] :

  • Eastern European or “steppe”, “mound” (linguists A. Schleicher , O. Schrader 1890 [16] , T. Benfey , T. Sulimirsky 1968 [17] ; archaeologists E. Valais , G. Child 1926 [18] , M. Gimbutas , J.P. Mallory 1989 [19] )
  • North-Central European (linguists L. Geiger , Yu. Pokorny , G. Hirt , F. Specht , G. Deci and J. Krueger 2000 [20] [21] ; archaeologists, anthropologists and historians K. Penka , M. Much 1902 [22] , G. Kosinna , G. Schvantes , L. S. Klein 2010 [23] [24] [25] )
  • South-Central European or “ Balkan ” (linguists J. Devoto 1962 [26] , I. M. Dyakonov 1982 [27] [28] [29] ; archaeologists P. Bosck (and) Jimper 1960 [30] , H. Henken , J. Mackay 1991 [31] [32] )
  • Middle Eastern, West Anatolian or Near Asian “Armenian” (linguists M. Muller, T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyach. Vs. Ivanov 1984 [33] ; archaeologists K. Renfrew 1987 [34] , P. M. Dolukhanov 1984 [35] , M Zelebil 1988 [36] [37] [38] )
  • the theory of the “broad ancestral home” (all of Europe or its substantial part) (linguists N. S. Trubetskoy , G. Krae, V. P. Schmid ; archaeologists and historians G. Kuhn , K. Yazdzhevsky , L. Kilian 1983 [39] , A. Heusler 1985 [40] , L. L. Zaliznyak , S. V. Koncha )
  • theory of V. A. Safronov 1989 [41] , combines the features of the North-Central European, South-Central European, East European and partly West Anatolian hypotheses [25]
  • Theory of the “Circumpontian hearth” E. N. Chernykh 1987 [42] [43] , combining the concepts of the East European and Middle Eastern hypotheses.


Pit culture items
From the collections of the State Hermitage
 
 
 
 

Notes

  1. ↑ Indo-European Numerals (ed. Jadranka Gvozdanović). Walter de Gruyter, 1992. ISBN 9783110113228 . P. 13.
  2. ↑ Medvedev A.P. In search of the most ancient social structures of the Indo-Europeans (on the 100th anniversary of J. Dumezil) Archival copy of August 8, 2017 on the Wayback Machine // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series 1, Humanities. 1997. No. 2. P. 99-113.
  3. ↑ Eliade M. Three-part Indo-European ideology // History of faith and religious ideas. Volume One Chapter VIII. § 63. (unavailable link)
  4. ↑ 1 2 Gamkrelidze T.V. , Ivanov Vyach. Sun Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans. Tb., 1984. p. 76-779
  5. ↑ І Historical Atlas of Ukraine. Found the past. Russia (Kiev State, Galicia-Volinsky State) .- K .: View-on "Mapa", 2010.-p.61.-300 p. ISBN 978-966-8804-24-3
  6. ↑ Anthony DW The Horse, the Wheel and the Language. - Princeton - Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007 .-- P. 9-10. - ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0 .
  7. ↑ “ The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of Balto-Slavic ” ( Frederick Cortlandt ).
  8. ↑ Kuzmin A.G. , From the prehistory of the peoples of Europe
  9. ↑ JPMallory . In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archeology and Myth . Thames and Hudson, 1989. P.197.
  10. ↑ Adams DQ, Mallory JP Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. - London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997 .-- P. 297. - ISBN 978-1-884-96498-5 .
  11. ↑ Adams DQ, Mallory JP Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. - London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997 .-- P. 298-299. - ISBN 978-1-884-96498-5 .
  12. ↑ Adams DQ, Mallory JP Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. - London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997 .-- P. 297-298. - ISBN 978-1-8849-6498-5 .
  13. ↑ Shevoroshkin V. Indo-European Homeland and Migrations // Folia Linguistica Historica. - 1986. - T. VII , No. 2 . - S. 243 .
  14. ↑ Klein L. S. The Origin of the Indo-Europeans and Archeology // Cultures of Steppe Eurasia and Their Interaction with Ancient Civilizations. Prince 2. Materials of the international scientific conference dedicated to the 110th birthday of the outstanding Russian archaeologist Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov . - SPb. : IIMK RAS, "Peripherals", 2012. - P. 25-27. - ISBN 978-5-906168-01-6 -2.
  15. ↑ Where was the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans? New data of genetics (rus.) . Anthropogenesis. RU (February 19, 2015). - “The main competing hypotheses are the Middle East (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov, 1984), the West Anatolian (Renfrew, 1987) and the Central European (Dyakonov, 1982; Klein, 2010). Theory V.A. Safronova (1989) combines the features of the Anatolian and Central European hypotheses, a late version of K. Renfrew’s theory is close to it. ” Date of appeal September 12, 2015.
  16. ↑ Schrader O. Prehistoric antiquities of the Aryan peoples: a manual of comparative philology and the earliest culture / Trans. by Frank Byron Jevons, From the 2d rev. & enl. German ed. with the sanction and co-operation of the author. - L .: Charles Griffin & Co., 1890. - xv, 486 p.
  17. ↑ Sulimirski T. Corded Ware and Globular Amphorae North-East of the Carpathians. - L .: Athlone P., 1968 .-- xxiii, 227 p.
  18. ↑ Childe VG The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins . - London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd .; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1926. - xiii, 221 p. - (History of civilization, Pre-history and antiquity).
  19. ↑ Mallory JP The Indo-European homeland problem // In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archeology and Myth . - L .: Thames and Hudson, 1989 .-- P. 143-184. - 288 p. - ISBN 0-500-27616-1 .
  20. ↑ Decsy G., Krueger JR The Linguistic Identity of Europe: in 2 Pt .. - Bloomington, IN: Eurolingua, 2000. - 262 (Pt. 1) + 268-507 (Pt. 2) p. - (Transworldidentity research series 4). - ISBN 0-931-92265-8 , ISBN 0-931-92267-4 .
  21. ↑ Osipova O. A. Book review: Decsy G., Krueger JR The Linguistic Identity of Europe. Eurolingua. Bloomington, Indiana, 2000. P. 1, 2. 507 p. // Bulletin of Tomsk State Pedagogical University. - 2004. - Vol. 1 (38): Series: humanities (philology). - S. 91. - ISSN 1609-624X .
  22. ↑ Much M. Die Heimat der Indogermanen im Lichte der urgeschichtlichen Forschung . - Berlin: Verlag von Herman Costenoble, 1902. - 311, [1] S.
  23. ↑ Klein L.S. Centaur Time: Steppe ancestral home of the Greeks and Aryans. - SPb. : Eurasia, 2010 .-- 496 p. - ISBN 978-5-8071-0367-3 .
  24. ↑ Klein L. S. The Origin of the Indo-Europeans and Archeology // Cultures of Steppe Eurasia and Their Interaction with Ancient Civilizations. Prince 2. Materials of the international scientific conference dedicated to the 110th birthday of the outstanding Russian archaeologist Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov . - SPb. : IIMK RAS, "Peripherals", 2012. - P. 25—34. - ISBN 978-5-906168-01-6 -2.
  25. ↑ 1 2 Cher Ya. A. Centaurs, unicorns, dragons and other mythological characters (about the book by L. S. Klein. Centaurs. The steppe ancestral home of the Greeks and Arians. - St. Petersburg, Eurasia, 2010. - 496 p., Ill. Tsv. 32 p.). // Bulletin of the Kemerovo State University. - 2011. - Issue. 2 (46) . - S. 206 . - ISSN 2078-8975 . Archived on November 17, 2015.
  26. ↑ Devoto G. Origini indeuropee. - Firenze: Sansoni, 1962 .-- xii, 521 p. - (Origines; Istituti italiano di preistoria e protostoria).
  27. ↑ Dyakonov I.M.On the ancestral home of Indo-European dialects // Bulletin of Ancient History . - 1982. - No. 3 (161) . - S. 3-30 .
  28. ↑ Dyakonov I.M.On the ancestral home of Indo-European dialects // Bulletin of Ancient History . - 1982. - No. 4 (162) . - S. 11-25 .
  29. ↑ Diakonoff I. On the Original Home of the Speakers of Indo-European // Journal of Indo-European Studies. - 1985. - Vol. 13. - P. 92-174.
  30. ↑ Bosch-Gimpera P. El Problema Indoeuropeo. - México: Universidad Nacional. Autónoma. Publicaciones del Instituto de Historia, 1960 .-- xix, 385 p.
  31. ↑ Makkay J. Az Indoeurópai Népek Östörténete. - Budapest: Gondolat Könyvkiadó, 1991 .-- 315 p. - ISBN 9-632-82418-0 .
  32. ↑ Makkay J. A Neolithic Model of Indo-European Prehistory // Journal of Indo-European Studies. - 1992. - Vol. 20. - P. 193—238.
  33. ↑ Gamkrelidze T.V., Ivanov Vyach. Sun Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans: Reconstruction and historical-typological analysis of the proto-language and protoculture: In 2 books. - Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, 1984.
  34. ↑ Renfrew C. The Origins of Indo-European Languages ​​// Scientific American . - 1989. - P. 82-90.
  35. ↑ Dolukhanov P.M. Neolithic revolution in Asia Minor: ecological, cultural-historical and linguistic aspects // Linguistic reconstruction and the most ancient history of the East. Abstracts and reports of the conference. Part 1. - M .: "Science", Chap. ed. Eastern Literature, 1984. - S. 29-31.
  36. ↑ Zvelebil M., Zvelebil K. Agricultural Transition and Indo-European Dispersals // Antiquity. - Praha: Institute of Archeology, 1988. - P. 574-583.
  37. ↑ Zvelebil M., Zvelebil K. Agricultural Transition. Indo-European Origins and the Spread of Farming // When Worlds Collide: the Indo-Europeans and pre-Indo-Europeans: the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Lake Como, Italy, February 8-13, 1988 / Ed. TL Markey, J. Greppia. - Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma, 1990 .-- P. 237-266. - ISBN 0-897-20090-X .
  38. ↑ Zvelebil M. Indo-European origins and the agricultural transition in Europe // Whither archeology? Papers in honor of Evžen Neustupný. - Praha: Institute of Archeology, 1995. - P. 173-203. - ISBN 8-090-19340-4 .
  39. ↑ Killian L. Zum Ursprung der Indogermanen. - Bonn: Habelt, 1983 .-- 248 S. - ISBN 8-090-19340-4 .
  40. ↑ Häulser A. Kulturebeziehungen zwischen Ost- und Mitteleuropa im Neolithikum? // Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte. - 1985. - Bd. 68. - S. 21-74.
  41. ↑ Safronov V.A. Indo-European ancestral home . - Gorky: Volga-Vyatka Book Publishing House, 1989. - 398 p. - ISBN 5-7420-0266-1 .
  42. ↑ Chernykh E. N. Proto-Indo-Europeans in the system of the Circumpontian province // Antique Balkan Studies / Otv. ed. L.A. Gindin. - M .: Nauka, 1987. - S. 136–147.
  43. ↑ Chernykh, E. N. The Circumpontian Province and the Ancient Indo-Europeans // The Ancient East: Ethnocultural Relations / Under. ed. G. M. Bongard-Levine; USSR Academy of Sciences; Institute of Oriental Studies, USSR Academy of Sciences. - M .: The main edition of the eastern literature of the publishing house "Science", 1988. - S. 37-57. - ISBN 5-02-016792-4 .

Literature

  • Mallory, JP (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archeology, and Myth , London: Thames & Hudson.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praindo-Europeans&oldid=102575710


More articles:

  • CSI: Miami Crime Scene
  • Haig, John
  • Costa Ricans
  • Tattoo Ink
  • Fast Shell Algorithm
  • Sailor Jerry
  • Lallucca, Juho
  • Evani, Alberigo
  • Pisa
  • Drive from Nebra

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019