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Li Hongzhi

Li Hongzhi ( Chinese 李洪志 ; pinyin: Lǐ Hóngzhì; born May 13, 1951 [1] [2] [3] , according to other sources on July 7 [1] [4] or July 27 [4] [5] 1952, Huayde [ 4] [6] ) - the founder and spiritual leader of the Falun Gong (or Falun da Fa ) movement [1] [7] . Li Hongzhi established Falun Gong on May 13, 1992 in Changchun , and then lectured and taught qigong in many cities in China. In China, the activities of Falun Gong were very popular in the 1990s in all walks of life, including government circles, but due to the growing influence in 1999, they were persecuted by the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1995, Li began to popularize Falun Gong abroad, and in 1998 he moved to the United States for permanent residence.

Li Hongzhi
Chinese 李洪志 , Hóngzhì
Li Hongzhi 1.jpg
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
A country
OccupationFounder and Spiritual Leader of the Falun Gong Movement

There is very little information about Li Hongzhi’s life, especially the early years, that appeared before and after the persecution of Falun Gong began, and therefore is very controversial. The messages of Lee’s supporters and opponents diverge significantly and can be understood in the context of political and spiritual goals for which the relevant facts were presented. [6] [8]

In Russia, Li Hongzhi’s book Zhuan Falun is on the Federal List of Extremist Materials [9] [10] [11] .

Biography

An unofficial biography appeared in Li's first publication, Zhongguo Falun Gong, authored by journalist Zhu Huiguang. The second, the official one, appeared in the publication of the main book of the Falun Gong teachings, Zhuan Falun, and its authorship belongs to the Falun da Fa Research Association. [8] [12] In these biographies, emphasis was placed on Lee's spiritual development with minimal details about his work and family life. The style and content of these biographies are consistent with the "centuries-old tradition of religious biographies in China." As Benjamin Penny writes , " Like previous [in Chinese history] biographies, this one seeks to recreate the genealogy of the master, whose life is described, and affirms the orthodoxy of his teachings ." [12] Both biographies were removed from subsequent print runs of Falun Gong books, as Li explained, he did not want people to focus on his personal life and its events. [12]

As stated in these biographies, Li was born on May 13, 1951 in Gongzhulin City, Jilin Province. In the first biography, Zhu Huiguang notes that the Li family lived in poverty, his mother earned only 30 yuan. He also writes that Lee developed “the ability to endure hardships and patiently do hard work” when he helped take care of his younger brothers and sisters. In the second, official version of his biography, it is emphasized that Lee belonged to the middle social status and grew up in the "family of an ordinary intellectual." [12]

The official biography focuses mainly on the influences of Taoist and Buddhist masters who began teaching Lee at an early age. At the age of four, he was taught by Quan Jue, the tenth heir to the Great Buddha Law School. [13] At the age of eight, he adopted the “excellent Great Law with supernatural powers,” [12] which was to include the ability to “invisibility,” levitation , etc. [12] Master Quan, who left him at the age of twelve years old, replaced by Taoist master Bazi Zhenzhen, who taught him martial arts and physical fitness. [13]

The third master of Zhendao Tzu (literally, “true Taoist”) arrived in 1972 from the school of the Great Way. Unlike other spiritual mentors of Li, Zhendaozi wore ordinary clothes and taught Li how to cultivate qigong, focusing on xinxing (the nature of “mind and heart, morality”). Lee’s training during this period was mostly overnight, probably due to the political situation during the cultural revolution . [14] In the biography of Zhu Huiguang's version, it is noted that Li refused to participate in the campaigns of the cultural revolution, never joined the ranks of the Hongweibs and communist organizations. [12]

The fourth master, a woman from a Buddha school, began teaching Lee in 1974. [15] After training with these four masters, "Lee's energy potential has reached a very high level." [12] Around this time, his personal cultivation stabilized. As stated in the biography, Lee could "see the truth of the universe, many other beautiful things that have existed there for a long time, as well as the origin, development and future of mankind." [12]

In 1982, Li moved to Changchun to "civilian service", implying that his previous work was related to the military. [12] In the 1980s, Li married a woman named Li Rui, and his daughter Lee Meige was born. [2] [16]

In 1984, Lee began to unite everything that he managed to study during this time, which eventually resulted in the creation of Falun da Fa. The practice was not exactly the same as transferred to him, since these improvement systems were not suitable for “dissemination on a large scale”. Li supervised the teaching methods of other qigong masters and by 1989 created his own qigong system. Over the next three years until 1992, Lee tested his system with a small group of followers. [12]

Falun Gong books published after 1999 do not contain Li's biography, as these changes reflect Li’s desire to hide from the public eye. [12] Since 2000, he rarely appeared in public, communicating with him mainly through the Internet, for example, in the form of appeals on Falun Gong websites. [12] The biography of Li Hongzhi was deleted from Falun Gong sites in 2001. [12]

Information Published by the Chinese Government

The Chinese government began publishing biographies of Li after the crackdown on Falun Gong began in July 1999. In fact, the information about Li’s life published in the PRC can be interpreted as part of the government’s propaganda campaign against Falun Gong. [6] [12] Their goal was "to show that Li Hongzhi was an absolutely ordinary person, and his allegations of exceptional ability and experience were a hoax." [6]

According to Chinese government reports, Li Hongzhi, nee Li Lai, was born on either July 7 or July 27, 1952. [6] [17] As evidence of this, authorities cite the words of Pan Yufang, a midwife, who stated that she fully remembers Li's birth in July 1952. [12] Pan’s report states that she used oxytocin to assist in his birth [6] (which is impossible, according to Falun Gong sources, because oxytocin was only synthesized a year later [18] ). Li's parents - Lu Shuzhen and Li Dan - worked in medicine. [16] They divorced when he was a baby, and Lee and his brothers and sisters stayed with his mother. [6] In 1955, they moved to Changchun. [6]

Li was reportedly studying in Changchun primary and secondary schools between 1960 and 1970. [6] As with most school-age children in China, Li's education was interrupted by the cultural revolution. [2] He did not attend high school, but ultimately graduated from it through correspondence courses in 1980. [2] In the information of the Chinese government, it was repeatedly emphasized that Li did not have a higher education, and that he was not an outstanding student and showed abilities only in playing the trumpet. [15]

After receiving his high school diploma in 1970, Lee was allegedly working in “unremarkable jobs”: [4] [2] from 1970 to 1972, Lee worked at a military stud farm ; From 1972 to 1978, he was a trumpeter in the Forest Police Propaganda Department in Jilin Province, and then worked as a clerk in a cereal and oilseed procurement company in Changchun. [19] The unnamed former classmates and teachers mentioned in the official information also emphasized that Li was ordinary [15] that they had never seen [15] [19] how he practices qigong and are not familiar with Buddhist and Taoist craftsmen from whom, according to Li, he studied. Religious scholar David Ounby expresses the view that: “An important part of the Chinese government’s campaign against Falun Gong has been multiple attempts to undermine Li Hongzhi’s trust in his birth, childhood and subsequent life by distorting his biography. The purpose of these efforts is to show that Lee was an absolutely ordinary person, and that information about his supernatural abilities and experience was falsified. " Ounbi also cites the words of mother Li Hongzhi, who said: “I raised him myself, he has no gung . Do not listen to his nonsense ” [15] . In addition, Ounbi cites the words of unnamed persons from Li's entourage: “according to our records, there is no master Quan Jue, Baczi Zhenzhen and Zhendaozi in Jilin or Inner Mongolia .” [20]

A group of early followers from Changchun did not expect Lee to ban practitioners from charging practice fees in late 1994. Part of the group, because of dissatisfaction with this, left Falun Gong and began to mail accusations against Li by mail to the government, among which there was a statement that they had never witnessed any of his supernatural abilities. [21] Falun Gong sent detailed denials to ministries. [21] After the persecution began in 1999, the Chinese authorities published all these charges point by point. [21] [22]

Birthday Disagreements

In September 1994 [23] Lee changed his date of birth, according to government records, to May 13, 1951 [24] . According to Lee, there was a typo in his date of birth as one of the most common bureaucratic mistakes during the cultural revolution , and he simply corrected it. [21] [25] Originally in government records, the birthday was July 7, 1952 [4] [2] , although the Chinese government sometimes also indicated the date of July 27. [2]

A group of disappointed followers claimed at the end of 1994 that the date of birth was correct from the very beginning, and that Li only wanted to link it with the date of birth of the historical Buddha Shakyamuni [21] (May 13, 1951 fell on the 8th day of the fourth lunar month, the celebration of the day Shakyamuni’s birth [2] [3] [26] ). This charge was later repeated by the Chinese authorities. [21] [22] In an interview with Time magazine , Lee rejected the accusation as “slander,” and said, “I never said that I was Shakyamuni. I am the most ordinary person. " [4] [22] [25] At the same time, the candidate of historical sciences L. A. Krachuk notes that the exceptional role of Lu Hongzhi "is repeatedly emphasized by himself in the words:" Only one person can save you (only Teacher) "." [27]

Evidence supporting Li's version is that bureaucratic errors of this kind were not uncommon during the Cultural Revolution [22] . In addition, according to Falun Gong sources, Li had to show proof of birth date on May 13 to successfully amend the state records. [22]

Falun Gong

Li introduced Falun Dafa, or the Great Law of the Wheel of Dharma, on May 13, 1992, at Fifth Secondary School in Changchun, Jilin, having twice completed a nine-day lecture cycle from May 13 to May 22 and from May 25 to June 3. [28] He took 30 yuan per person and earned a total of 10,000 yuan. [28] From 1992 to 1994, he traveled around China, lecturing, and teaching the exercises of Falun Gong; his movement developed rapidly. Li's success was largely due to the enormous popularity enjoyed by qigong in the late 1980s and early 1990s as part of Deng Xiaoping's social liberalization. He highlighted Falun Gong, setting among the priorities “public accessibility” and moral content, in contrast to the esoteric concepts of qigong, which are often found in other qigong systems [12] [29] .

The teachings of Falun Gong are composed of lectures by Li, and it has a decisive force in the Falun Gong belief system [30] . Li also criticized alternative systems as part of the qigong movement, claiming that they were replete with false teachings and greedy and dishonest "masters" and intended to fix it. Li said that Falun Gong is part of a centuries-old tradition of cultivation, and in his texts he often criticized those who taught the “wrong, deviated, or unorthodox path.” [31] Li distinguished Falun Gong from other qigong movements by focusing on moral values to “purify your heart and achieve spiritual salvation” [32] , and not, as he noted, an excessive emphasis on physical health and the development of supernatural powers.

Ian Johnson indicates that during the longest selling period of Falun Gong books in China, Li Hongzhi never received any royalties because all publications were illegal (pirated) [33] . Li was also successful for the most part thanks to people who were looking for effective treatment in alternative medicine at a time when the Chinese health system was desperately trying to meet the needs of the population [29] . As a master of the Falun Gong cultivation system, Li claimed that he would “cleanse the bodies of students” and “break through the main and secondary channels” and “remove the root of the disease” if they are sick. He also planted Falun or the “wheel of law” in the lower abdomen of each student, as well as other “energy mechanisms” in other parts of their bodies. Li also described how his “Law Bodies” would protect every practitioner and how he “would cleanse the homes of students and practice sites, and then establish a protective cover” [12] .

According to Falun Gong groups, Li's early success was recognized in 1992 and 1993 at the Oriental Health Exhibition in Beijing. At the first of these events, the exhibition organizer noted that Falun Gong and Li "received the greatest praise [among other qigong schools] at the exhibition, and achieved very good therapeutic results." This event helped strengthen Li's popularity in the qigong world and spread journalistic messages about the healing power of Falun Gong. The following year, Li became a member of the organizing committee of the Beijing Health Exhibition, and received several awards and praises at the event [34] .

During this period, Lee developed a positive relationship with the Ministry of Public Security (IOB). [34] In 1993, he provided treatment to 100 police officers who were injured at work, earning praise from an organization subordinate to the IOB. [35] Lee lectured at the University of Public Security in Beijing in 1994, and donated the proceeds from the seminars to the fund to injured police officers. [34] The publishing ceremony of Li's founding book, Zhuan Falun, was held in the auditorium of the University of Public Security in January 1995. [35]

Living Abroad

In 1995, Li stated that he had completed his Falun Gong studies in China and began to spread the practice abroad. His first stop in March 1995 was at the Chinese Embassy in Paris (France), where he was invited to teach practice. This was followed by workshops in Sweden. [6] Between 1995 and 1999, Lee lectured in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, and Singapore. [6] Falun Gong associations and clubs began to appear in Europe, North America and Australia, whose activities were concentrated mainly on university campuses [30] .

In 1996, he moved to the United States with his wife and daughter Li Hongzhi and settled in New York , where in 1998 he received a permanent residence permit in the United States [6] [32] [36] . According to an investigation by The Wall Street Journal, a follower of Lee bought him a house that was registered on Lee’s wife, although then a follower denied that he said that the property was purchased without the knowledge of Lee and his wife, and when everything became known, he convinced Lee to make your name in the title deed. [sixteen]

In 1996, the city of Houston named Lee an honorary citizen and a goodwill ambassador for his “selfless public service for the benefit and for the well-being of mankind” [37] .

On April 25, 1999, about 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners gathered outside the Central Appeals Office to demand an end to the increasing harassment of the movement, and to demand the release of Tianjin practitioners. According to Benjamin Penny, practitioners turned to the leadership of the country to defend their rights and “made it clear, albeit quietly and politely, that they would not allow them to be treated so dishonestly” [38] . Following this event, Lee received many recognition messages from North American municipalities. In May 1999, Lee was greeted in Toronto by the mayor and governor of Ontario , and two months later he received recognition from two cities: Chicago and San Jose [37] .

On May 10, 1999, Li gave an interview to Time magazine, in which he stated that “human morality and values ​​are not so good” and again highlighted the difference between Falun Gong and other qigong practices, and clarified what the “period of Dharma death” is and said about the existence of aliens that capture humanity. He avoided questions about his personal background, saying: “I do not want to talk arrogantly about myself. People will not understand this ” [4] [39] .

On July 29, 1999, after the ban on Falun Gong, the Chinese government put forward a series of charges against Li, including the charge of “disturbing public order” and put him on the wanted list, while canceling his citizen’s passport to prevent him from moving around the world [40] [41] [42] . In addition, the Chinese government made an official appeal to Interpol to put Li on the international wanted list, but was refused on the grounds that the request was “political and religious in nature” but did not contain any evidence of a “normal crime of the law” [40 ] .

In 2000, in the ranking of Asiaweek magazine Lee took 38th place, and in 2001 was recognized as the most influential person. The editor of the magazine, Dorinda Elliot, noted on this occasion: "Even if we do not agree with his preaching and his methods, he is able to inspire, mobilize people and disturb Beijing, so we chose Lee as the most influential communicator in Asia." [43] On March 14, 2001, at a ceremony in the US Senate, the American non-governmental organization Freedom House awarded the Li Hongzhi and Falun Gong International Religious Freedom Award for improving religious and spiritual freedom. [44] In 2001, Li Hongzhi was nominated for Nelly Mayes and other 24 unnamed members of the European Parliament for the Sakharov Prize . [45] ; In a message to members of the European Parliament, it was noted that “By April 2001, Li Hongzhi had received more than 340 awards and proclamations from Australia, Canada, China (before the persecution), Japan, Russia and the US recognition of its extraordinary contribution to spiritual and physical health, as well as to freedom of religion in the world. " [45] . In 2000 and 2001, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize [44]. In 2013, in the nomination “ High Tribune ”Took 257 place in the list of“ 500 most influential people in the world ”according to the version of the journal“ Foreign Policy ” [46] .

Editions in Russian

  • Lee H. Falun Gong. - Corr .. - M .: Variant, 2002 .-- 121 p. - ISBN 5-901842-04-9 .
  • Li H. Zhuan Falun. - M .: Cameron, 2006 .-- 303 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-9594-0028-6 .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 Haar, 2004 , p. 343.
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ownby, 2008 , p. 81.
  3. ↑ 1 2 Penny, 2012 , p. 81-82.
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Who is Li Hongzhi? , BBC (May 8, 2001). Date of treatment May 20, 2010.
  5. ↑ Ownby, 2008 , p. 80-81.
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ownby, 2008 , p. 80.
  7. ↑ Ownby, 2008 , p. 79.
  8. ↑ 1 2 Penny, 2012 , p. 79.
  9. ↑ BDT, 2017 , p. 187.
  10. ↑ "296. Information materials published in the book Zhuan Falun (author Li Hongzhi, Cameron Publishing House, M., 2006, printed in the PPP Printing House Nauka) (decision of the Pervomaisky District Court of the city of Krasnodar dated 10.27.2011 and the appeal decision of the Judicial Collegium on civil cases of the Krasnodar Regional Court of December 22, 2011); “- The Federal List of Extremist Materials // Russian Newspaper - Federal Issue No. 5779 (106)
  11. ↑ “296. Information materials published in the book Zhuan Falun (author Li Hongzhi, Cameron Publishing House, M., 2006, printed in the PPP Printing House Nauka) (decision of the Pervomaisky District Court of the city of Krasnodar dated 10.27.2011 and the appeal decision of the Judicial Collegium on civil cases of the Krasnodar Regional Court of 12.22.2011); ”- Federal List of Extremist Materials
  12. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Penny, 2003 .
  13. ↑ 1 2 Ownby, 2008 , p. 82.
  14. ↑ Ownby, 2008 , p. 82-83.
  15. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Ownby, 2008 , p. 83.
  16. ↑ 1 2 3 Penny, 2012 , p. 87.
  17. ↑ Penny, 2012 , p. 87-88.
  18. ↑ Ownby, 2008 , p. 257.
  19. ↑ 1 2 Penny, 2012 , p. 86.
  20. ↑ Ownby, 2008 , p. 83-84.
  21. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Palmer, 2007 , p. 246-247.
  22. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Porter, 2003 , p. 72–73.
  23. ↑ Frank, 2004 , p. 237.
  24. ↑ Penny, 2012 , p. 85.
  25. ↑ 1 2 Spaeth, 08/02/1999
    Original text
    During the Cultural Revolution, the government misprinted my birthdate. I just corrected it. During the Cultural Revolution, there were lots of misprints on identity. A man could become a woman, and a woman could become a man. It's natural that when people want to smear you, they will dig out whatever they can to destroy you. What's the big deal about having the same birthday as Sakyamuni? Many criminals were also born on that date. I have never said that I am Sakyamuni. I am just a very ordinary man.
  26. ↑ Palmer, 2007 , p. 224.
  27. ↑ Kravchuk, 2003 .
  28. ↑ 1 2 Ownby, 2008 , p. 85.
  29. ↑ 1 2 Ownby, 2003a , p. 306.
  30. ↑ 1 2 Porter, 2003 , p. 192.
  31. ↑ Ownby, 2003b .
  32. ↑ 1 2 Palmer, 2007 .
  33. ↑ Johnson, 2007 .
  34. ↑ 1 2 3 Ownby, 2008 , p. 87.
  35. ↑ 1 2 Ownby, 2008 , p. 89.
  36. ↑ Liu, 08/01/1999 .
  37. ↑ 1 2 Chan, 2004 .
  38. ↑ Penny, 2001 .
  39. ↑ Dowell, 1999 .
  40. ↑ 1 2 Interpol will not arrest sect leader // BBC News . - 08/03/1999.
  41. ↑ Wanted: Li Hongzhi // BBC . — 29.07. 1999.
  42. ↑ Li Hongzhi Is Wanted (неопр.) . Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America (29 July 1999).
  43. ↑ Falun Gong founder named Asia's most powerful // Reuters . — 24.05.2001.
  44. ↑ 1 2 Schechter, 2001 .
  45. ↑ 1 2 Notice to Members no. 14.2001 (неопр.) . Committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security and Defence Policy. European Parliament .
  46. ↑ Alicia PQ Wittmeyer . The FP Power Map: The 500 most powerful people on the planet , Foreign Policy (May–June 2013).

Literature

in Russian
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  • Балагушкин Е. Г. Глава II. Фалуньгун – культ сакрального совершенствования // Нетрадиционные религии в современной России: морфологический анализ . — М. : Институт философии РАН , 2002. — Т. 2. — С. 31—135. — 248 с. — ISBN 5-201-02094-1 .
  • Балагушкин Е. Г. Фалуньгун // Религиоведение: Энциклопедический словарь / Под ред. А. П. Забияко , А. Н. Красикова , Е. С. Элбакян . — М. : Академический проект , 2006. — 1256 с. — ISBN 5-8291-0756-2 .
  • Балагушкин Е. Г. Фалуньгун // Энциклопедия религий / Под ред. А. П. Забияко , А. Н. Красникова , Е. С. Элбакян . — М. : Академический проект , Гаудеамус, 2008. — С. 1308—1309. — 1520 с. — (Summa). - 3000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-8291-1084-0 , ISBN 978-5-98426-067-1 .
  • Бирюков В. Ю. Зарубежный опыт применения ограничительных мер к нетрадиционным религиозным сообществам // Вестник Русской христианской гуманитарной академии . - SPb. : РХГА , 2012. — Т. 13 , № 3 . — С. 35—44 . — ISSN 1819-2777 .
  • Фалуньгун // Уланд — Хватцев. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2017. — С. 186—187. — ( Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 33). — ISBN 978-5-85270-370-5 .
  • Кравчук Л. А. Адаптация синкретических сект к современным условиям (на примере китайской секты «Фалуньгун») // Путь Востока. Традиции и современность. Материалы V Молодёжной научной конференции по проблемам философии, религии, культуры Востока. Серия “Symposium”. Выпуск 28. — СПб. : Санкт-Петербургское философское общество , 2003. — С. 49—51 .
  • Рабогошвили А. А. Политические отношения КНР и США в контексте проблемы Фалуньгун // Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета . — Чита: ЗабГУ , 2008. — № 1 . — С. 31—35 . — ISSN 2227-9245 .
in other languages
  • Chan CSC The Falun Gong in China: A Sociological Perspective // The China Quarterly . — 2004. — № 179 . — P. 665–683.
  • Frank A. Falun Gong and the threat of history // Gods, guns, and globalization: religious radicalism and international political economy / edited by Mary Ann Tétreault, Robert Allen Denemark. — Lynne Rienner Publishers , 2004. — 344 p. — ISBN 1-58826-253-7 .
  • Haar BJ ter. Li Hongzhi // Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements / Eds. Peter Clarke. — Routledge , 2004. — P. 343—344. — 720 p.
  • Johnson I. . Wild Grass: three stories of change in modern China . — Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group , 2007. — 336 p.
  • Melinda Liu. 'Echoes of '89' // Newsweek . — 01.08.1999.
  • Ownby D. The Falun Gong in the New World // European Journal of East Asian Studies. — 2003a. - Vol. 2, No. 2 . — P. 306. Архивировано 23 февраля 2014 года.
  • Ownby D. A History for Falun Gong: Popular Religion and the Chinese State Since the Ming Dynasty // Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions . - University of California Press , 2003b. - Vol. 6, № 2 . — P. 223–243. — DOI : 10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.223 .
  • Ownby D. Falun Gong and the future of China . — Oxford University Press , 2008. — ISBN 0-19-532905-8 .
  • Palmer D. Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China . — Columbia University Press , 2007.
  • Penny B. . The Past, Present, and Future of Falun Gong // National Library of Australia : Lecture. — Canberra, 2001.
  • Penny B. . The Life and Times of Li Hongzhi: Falun Gong and Religious Biography // The China Quarterly . — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2003. — Vol. 175. — P. 643–661. — DOI : 10.1017/S0305741003000389 .
  • Penny B. . The Religion of Falun Gong . — Chicago: University of Chicago Press , 2012. — 262 p.
  • Porter N. Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study . — Universal-Publishers, 2003. Архивная копия от 15 апреля 2005 на Wayback Machine
  • Schechter D. . Falun Gong's Challenge to China: Spiritual Practice Or "evil Cult"? : a Report and Reader . — New York: Akashic books, 2001. — 287 p.

Links

Interview by Li Hongzhi
  • Dowell W. Interview with Li Hongzhi // TIME . - 1999. - May 10.
  • JS Landreth, Greenberg JS an Eye of the Storm // of The the New York Times Magazine . - 08/08/1999.
  • Spaeth A. Li Hongzhi: “I am just a very ordinary man” // TIME . - 08/02/1999.
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ли_Хунчжи&oldid=100268802


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