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Gas conflicts between Russia and Ukraine

Major Russian Gas Pipelines to Europe RU.png

Gas conflicts between Russia and Ukraine are conflicts related to the payment for deliveries of Russian natural gas to Ukraine and tariffs for the transit of Russian natural gas exported to Europe through Ukraine.

Problems in the supply of Russian gas to Ukraine and the transportation of gas through Ukrainian territory appeared almost immediately after the collapse of the USSR in December 1991 and the formation of independent Russian Federation and Ukraine.

By the time of the collapse of the USSR, 95% of gas pipelines for the export of natural gas from the RSFSR to Europe passed through the territory of the Ukrainian SSR [1] [2] [3] ( Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod , Soyuz (Orenburg-Western Border of the USSR), “Progress” (“Yamburg - Western Border of the USSR”)). In the USSR, during the construction of export gas pipelines there was no need to isolate them from local gas distribution networks and in fact there was no possibility to separate gas for local consumption and transit gas. Therefore, Ukraine and Russia had to solve the problem of not only agreeing on the conditions of gas transit to Europe, but also the problem of uncontrolled gas extraction by Ukrainian consumers in the conditions of economic restructuring and a severe economic crisis.

Since 2009, there are two contracts between Gazprom and Naftogaz of Ukraine - on gas supplies to Ukraine and on its transit through the territory of Ukraine to Europe. Both expire at the end of 2019. Since 2012, Naftogaz has ceased to completely choose the contracted volume, and since November 2015 it has not bought Russian gas at all, replacing it with reverse gas from Europe. Gazprom, in turn, did not pump the volume of gas through Ukraine provided for in the contract. In June 2014, the companies began legal proceedings on both contracts [4] . At the end of February 2018, the Stockholm Arbitration Court made a decision on the issue of transit through Ukraine, obliging Gazprom to pay Ukraine $ 4.673 billion in a lawsuit for the short supply of agreed gas volumes for transit. According to the results of offsetting counter claims, Gazprom is obliged to pay Naftogaz $ 2.56 billion. [5] . In the summer of 2018, Naftogaz began the process of forcibly collecting this amount from Gazprom through the seizure of its assets in Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands [6] . In March 2018, Gazprom initiated the termination of all contracts with Ukraine for the supply and transit of Russian gas [7] .

1992–2004

The destruction of the common economic space of the former USSR led to the decline of the national economies of Russia and Ukraine in general and the oil and gas industry in particular. The total orientation of the Ukrainian industry and utilities sector to Russian oil and gas was a significant factor in the dependence of the Ukrainian state on the Russian Federation.

Gas exports were a significant source of currency for Russia. At the same time, for Ukraine gas supplies were the most important factor in the livelihood of the population and industry. Therefore, the first contracts regulating the transit and supply of gas were concluded at the government level. The first such agreement was the “Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Ukraine on the supply of natural gas and the transit of gas through the territory of Ukraine” dated August 20, 1992 [8] . Under this agreement, Russia has pledged to supply for the needs of Ukraine 70 billion m 3 of gas per year, and Ukraine has pledged to transport 100 billion m 3 of gas per year to Europe and Moldova. Concerns Ukrgazprom and Gazprom were named as executors of the agreement. While the parties did not enter national currencies, the calculations were supposed to be carried out in rubles, but Ukraine pledged to reimburse Russia for losses due to transit or re-export problems in a freely convertible currency [9] . The intergovernmental agreement specifically stipulated that the transit gas "is not to be distributed among the population of Ukraine", in the event of a shortage of gas to third countries due to the fault of Ukraine to the Russian Federation, all losses incurred in connection with this should not be recovered, Ukraine had no right to re-export the natural gas received from Russia gas [1] .

In June 1993, new gas and transit prices were approved with the transition to calculations in US dollars [10] . Until June of this year, 1,000 cubic meters cost 15,600 rubles, until December 1 - 42,000 rubles, then - 80 USD. The transit of 1000 m 3 per 100 km until June 1993 cost 180 rubles, until December - 1195 rubles, then - 1.5 USD plus costs 0.23 USD.

In February 1994, a new 10-year intergovernmental agreement was signed [11] . The agreement determined the volume of deliveries to Ukraine (50..70 billion m 3 per year), the volume of transit (80..90 billion m 3 per year) and transit to Ukraine from Central Asia through the territory of the Russian Federation (25..35 billion m 3 in year). Commercial aspects were supposed to be coordinated annually under the contracts of Ukrgazprom and Gazprom. The agreement separately stipulated ample opportunities for barter deals. The ban on re-export and the connectedness of transit and gas rates were discussed.

At the end of 1997, the Ukrainian government, based on Ukrgazprom and Ukrneft, established the Naftogaz of Ukraine holding.

In 2002, the “Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on strategic cooperation in the gas industry” was concluded [12] .

Debt

However, Ukraine did not have the means to pay for supplies, debt grew for the supplied energy resources. This debt was recorded in the form of so-called technical loans - interstate loans provided for the purchase of certain goods. They could be repaid by barter or were issued as state debt. By the end of 1992, the debt reached 227 billion rubles [2] [1] . In the winter of 1992–1993, a number of intergovernmental contacts took place, as a result of which technical loans were transformed into the national debt of Ukraine and a repayment plan was developed until 1999. However, the problem of the insolvency of Ukraine was not resolved, and by August 1993 the situation had worsened so much that gas supplies to Ukraine were limited for several days. On August 11, Leonid Kuchma met with Viktor Chernomyrdin , after which Russia resumed deliveries. But already on August 26, RAO Gazprom reiterated a 25 percent reduction in the supply of natural gas to Ukraine due to the continuing growth of Ukrainian debt. Reducing gas supplies, however, has proven to be an ineffective mechanism for ensuring debt recovery. Due to the fact that the main part of the transit route to European consumers passed through the territory of Ukraine, this allowed the Ukrainian side to make unauthorized selection of Russian export gas for their own needs without hindrance [1] .

In October 1993, Gazprom offered to pay off Ukraine’s debts through the long-term lease of a number of facilities of the Ukrainian gas transmission system. The Ukrainian side, however, did not want to agree to this proposal, since this could put the country in an extremely difficult situation in the event of a new cessation of gas supply [1] .

In February 1994, after a lengthy discussion, the key agreement for the gas industry was signed. RAO Gazprom and the Ukrgazprom Production Association were named as the main performers for the sale of gas exports to Ukraine and its transit through Ukrainian territory. It was especially emphasized that the volumes of export gas entering the territory of Ukraine and leaving it should coincide [1] .

February 16-17, 1994 Gazprom stopped natural gas exports to Ukraine. March also began with a statement by RAO Gazprom about stopping gas supplies to Ukraine due to the fact that Ukraine’s debt for gas exceeded 1 trillion rubles. Ukraine again rejected the possibility of payment by objects of the gas transmission system [1] [13] . By the end of 1994, the company did not achieve the return of debts for energy carriers, which by that time were approaching two billion dollars. On the contrary, following the results of the intergovernmental negotiations in November 1994, Ukraine received guarantees of gas supplies for December and for the whole of the next year. The reason for this turn of events was the intention of the Ukrainian side to concede in a dispute over the foreign assets of the former USSR [1] . In December 1994, after long disputes, an agreement was signed between Russia and Ukraine on the settlement of issues of succession in relation to debts and assets of the former USSR. The Ukrainian side agreed to the so-called “zero option”, in which Russia assumed obligations to pay all the debts of the former USSR, but remained the sole owner of all Soviet foreign ownership [2] .

At the beginning of 1995, a series of direct negotiations between the Ukrainian government and RAO Gazprom took place. The parties agreed to restructure the debt of Ukraine by issuing government bonds with installment payments for 12 years and their transfer to Gazprom. At the same time, in Kiev, at the intergovernmental level, the question of restructuring Ukraine’s debt on state loans issued by Russia in 1993 and 1994 was raised [2] . In the fall of 1995, another fuel and energy crisis broke out in Ukraine due to the approaching heating season. The over 50% lack of payment for energy by domestic consumers automatically increased Ukraine’s external debts, primarily to Russia. In this regard, the Ukrainian leadership has attempted to dissolve the payment for gas imported from Russia and the payment for the transit of fuel to Europe. Most of the gas distribution among Ukrainian consumers was transferred to eight smaller counterparties, and the gas transmission system was left in the management of Ukrgazprom [1] . Gazprom was forced to enter into contracts with many small Ukrainian counterparties.

Barter schemes

The signing of a set of agreements on the Black Sea Fleet and the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership in May 1997 was of great importance for Russian-Ukrainian relations. According to the agreements reached, Russia received for rent for 20 years several bays in Sevastopol and Feodosiya, and paying rent for using the facilities of the naval infrastructure was linked to the repayment of Ukrainian debt for energy [2] .

By the end of 1997, the government of Ukraine made a decision to unite the oil and gas sectors by creating a Naftogaz of Ukraine holding on the basis of Ukrgazprom and Ukrneft. At the same time, despite numerous protests by Russian officials and representatives of the gas industry, Ukraine continued the unauthorized selection of gas in excess of the established volumes. Thus, according to the data of RAO Gazprom, only in December 1997, Ukraine exceeded the admissible gas withdrawal limit by 660 million cubic meters, which in monetary terms amounted to $ 48 million [1] .

In early 1998, Russia and Ukraine developed and signed a detailed economic cooperation program for the period from 1998 to 2007, which provided Russian companies with the opportunity to take part in the privatization of the Ukrainian energy complex by acquiring shares of the newly formed Naftogaz of Ukraine. Soon, however, in Russia came the period of “government leapfrog”, ending with the arrival of Vladimir Putin to the post of head of government. As a result, in 1999 Gazprom became the center of domestic political events, and the issue of the return of Ukraine’s debts for gas temporarily faded into the background [1] .

In 1999–2001, Ukraine transferred to Russia, as part of the settlement of its debt for natural gas, eight strategic bombers Tu-160 , three Tu-95MS , about 600 Kh-22 cruise missiles that were in service with long-range aviation, as well as ground equipment. Thus, Ukraine was able to repay $ 285 million of debt for the supplied Russian gas.

Separation of transit and gas purchases

 
Average gas import prices in Germany, USD / 1000m³

By the mid-1990s, the following scheme took shape: Russia supplied gas to Ukraine at fixed prices ($ 50 per thousand cubic meters as payment for gas transit and $ 80 for gas extraction in excess of payment for transit [14] ). On the fairness of this fixed price there were diametrically opposed opinions. Russian President Vladimir Putin , for example, in the mid-2000s stated that Russia for 15 years annually sponsored Ukraine for three to five billion dollars at the expense of cheap energy. Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko , however, claimed at the same time that Russia throughout the 1990s supplied Ukraine with gas at prices higher than the European average. At the same time, the statistics of gas imports to Germany shows that only one year, 1999, the price of gas imports to Germany fell below $ 80 per 1000 m 3 . One way or another, this payment scheme for gas, far from the market, suited both Ukrainian industry and Gazprom [3] . At the same time, however, the status of a monopoly transit country allowed Ukraine in crisis situations to carry out “unauthorized selection” of Russian gas from export pipelines (Ukrainian representatives called it “gas extraction from the <pipeline> system unilaterally” [14] ), which in no way could contribute good relations between states. “Moscow annually pumps 130 billion cubic meters of gas through our country to the West. If a billion cubic meters are pumped out here, this is an insignificant share, ”President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma said in an interview with the magazine Spiegel in 2000. This statement caused a scandal in Russia [3] . In 2000, Ukraine unlawfully seized 8.2 billion cubic meters. m. of gas. [15]

Since 1998, Gazprom has completely stopped direct gas supplies to Ukraine and began to supply gas only as payment for transit , and Intermediary Company Itera took up the export of “paid” gas, which was later replaced by Eural Trans Gas (ETG) [16] and RosUkrEnergo [17] . Barter gas deliveries in exchange for transit were carried out at a conditional gas price of $ 50 / thousand. m³ and tariff of $ 1.0937 / thousand m³ per 100 km. Under this agreement, Ukraine received approximately 30 billion m 3 per year. In the summer of 2004, the next agreement to the contract between Gazprom and Naftogaz was signed, extending these conditions for 5 years, until 2009. [18] At the same time, part of the transit went to offset the redemption of old Naftogaz debts to Gazprom, for which gas deliveries in transit payments were reduced by 5 billion m 3 per year. [nineteen]

2001–2004

The years 2001-2004 for Ukraine became a period of high rates of economic growth and a certain social stability. Taking advantage of the growth in global demand for ferrous metallurgy products, the availability of free capacities and the supply of cheap Russian energy carriers, Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises were able to significantly increase the output of export-oriented products, which led to an economic revival in the industrial regions of the East [20] . In 2003, Ukraine led the CIS, became a member of the Agreement on the Formation of a Common Economic Space, together with Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. It was intended to place the governing bodies of the Common Economic Space in Kiev. Large-scale nature has become to acquire cooperation of Ukraine and Russia in high-tech industries, developed large projects, including the sharing of the gas transmission system. All socio-economic forecasts promised the country stable development and high dynamics of economic growth [21] .

At the end of 2004, presidential elections were held in Ukraine. Russia was counting on the victory of Viktor Yanukovych, who went to the polls as head of the cabinet . On this basis, on August 8, 2004, an additional agreement was signed to the contract between Gazprom and Naftogaz, which, for a period of five years, until 2009, fixed a price for Ukraine for Russian gas - $ 50 per thousand cubic meters [22] [23] .

However, the intention of the government of Viktor Yanukovych to integrate Ukraine into the Common Economic Space was one of the reasons for the beginning of mass protests in Kiev [24] , as a result of which the presidency went to his opponent, Viktor Yushchenko .

Ukraine’s search for ways to get rid of “Russian gas dependence”

Back in 1994, an agreement with Russia provided for the transit through the territory of the Russian Federation of Central Asian gas to Ukraine. Первые поставки туркменского газа были в основном бартерными и также изобиловали долгами и конфликтами. [25] К 2001 году Украина покупала у Туркменистана порядка 30 млрд м 3 в год на условиях 50 % деньгами из расчета 40 долл/1000м 3 не считая доставки, остальное бартером. [26] Тариф на транзит туркменского газа через РФ был увязан с ценой транзита по Украине. В 2006 году поставки из средней азии прекратились в связи с ростом цен на туркменский газ, требованиями перейти на полную оплату газа живыми деньгами и ростом задолженности Украины перед Туркменией. [27]

Поражение российской политики на украинском направлении совпало с резким креном украинской власти в сторону Запада — Ющенко провозгласил евроатлантический вектор развития страны, отказавшись от «многовекторного» геополитического курса своего предшественника Леонида Кучмы. По заявлению вице-премьера Украины по вопросам европейской интеграции Олега Рыбачука , сделанному сразу же после назначения, Украина собиралась принципиально поменять политику в отношении России: «Мы станем двумя народами, каждый из которых отстаивает свои интересы… Мы будем говорить с Москвой на равных… Надо сказать россиянам: мы ваши партнёры, но намерены делать только то, что нам выгодно». Начался постепенный отход от идеи экономической интеграции в рамках постсоветского пространства, сопровождавшийся обострением разногласий в экономической и политической сфере с Россией [28] . Стало ясно, что времена «льгот» (цена в 50 долларов за тыс. м³) для бывшей братской республики закончились [29] .

С победой в конце 2004 года Виктора Ющенко новое украинское руководство в качестве приоритетов энергетической политики провозгласило избавление от российской газовой зависимости и поиск альтернативных источников топлива . Была выдвинута задача создания открытого и прозрачного рынка купли-продажи и транспортировки углеводородов из Каспийского региона в Европу путём диверсификации маршрутов поставок нефти и газа в обход России. По концепции украинского руководства, это позволило бы освободить Европу и союзников Украины на постсоветском пространстве от доминирования российского энергетического экспорта. Одну из ключевых ролей в решении этой задачи Украина приписывала себе — своему выгодному географическому положению, наличным транзитным мощностям и промышленному потенциалу. С этой целью Украина участвовала в провозглашении Балто-Черноморско-Каспийского энерготранзитного пространства, проведении энергосаммитов в 2006—2008 годах. Украина продвигала строительство газопровода «Белый поток» (который поставлял бы газ из Азербайджана через Грузию), подключение таким образом к проекту Евросоюза « Набукко ». Эти проекты неоднократно обсуждались с предполагавшимися источниками энергоресурсов — Азербайджаном, Казахстаном, Узбекистаном, Туркменистаном — и Грузией как государством-транзитёром [30] . Эти планы, однако, так и не превратились из деклараций в практические действия. Предлагаемый экспорт каспийской нефти и газа через Украину в Европу не был подкреплён какими-либо документами и финансированием.

Попытки реализовать указанные декларативные проекты осуществлялись на фоне длительных сложных переговоров Украины с Россией по вопросам транзита и своевременной оплаты Украиной российских газовых поставок. На фоне раздоров между союзниками по украинской «оранжевой» коалиции проявились неспособность и нежелание мирно договариваться с Россией по первоочередным вопросам. В итоге в 2006 и 2008 годах произошли два острых «газовых» конфликта, которые привели к отключению Россией поставок газа на Украину. Это значительно повысило уровень недоверия между странами [30] , крайне негативно сказалось на имидже России как надёжного поставщика энергоресурсов в Европу и Украины как транзитного государства.

До 2007 года также шёл трудный диалог между Украиной и Туркменистаном. Виктор Ющенко предлагал Туркменистану заключить 20-летнее соглашение по поставкам газа на Украину, по которому государственная компания «Туркменнефтегаз» должна была бы взять на себя обязательство поставлять на Украину по 50-60 млрд кубометров газа в год. Соглашение также предусматривало возможность создания консорциума для строительства нового трубопровода по территории Туркменистана, Казахстана, России и Украины для прямого экспорта туркменского газа в Евросоюз. Обсуждение застопорилось в связи с тем, что Туркменистан потребовал от Украины перейти на оплату поставок туркменского газа в денежной форме и срочно погасить долг в 600 млн долларов по товарным поставкам в оплату туркменского газа, поставленного ещё в 2004 году.

Разработка Россией альтернативных транзитных маршрутов

Краеугольным камнем российской «газовой» политики на исходе 1999 года стала диверсификация путей транзита газа в европейские страны в обход украинской территории [1] .

Разрабатывая альтернативные маршруты поставок газа в Европу, ещё в марте 1993 года «Газпром» подписал в Варшаве соглашение о строительстве транзитного газопровода «Ямал — Западная Европа» через территорию Польши в обход Украины. Газопровод был введён в строй в конце 1999 года, на полную мощность вышел в 2006 году.

В рамках российско-турецкого соглашения 1997 года, по которому Россия должна поставить в Турцию 364,5 млрд м³ газа в 2000 — 2025 годах , был построен трубопровод « Голубой поток ». Сооружение морского участка «Голубого потока» длиной 396 км началось в сентябре 2001 года и полностью завершилось в мае 2002 года. 30 декабря 2002 года газопровод «Голубой поток» был сдан в эксплуатацию. Промышленные поставки газа по газопроводу начались в феврале 2003 года.

Создание альтернативных маршрутов транспортировки российского газа в Европу ( Ямал-Европа и Северный поток ) привело к постепенному снижению объёмов газового транзита через Украину. В 2001 году через Украину в ЕС было прокачано 124,4 млрд м³, в 2010 году — 98,6 млрд м³, в 2013 году 86,1 млрд м³ [31] . Несмотря на это, Украина ещё в начале 2010-х годов оставалась крупнейшим транзитным государством для поставок российского газа в Европу [3] .

Газовый конфликт между Россией и Украиной (2005—2006)

Разрыв транзитных соглашений

В марте 2005 года назначенный незадолго до этого новым правительством Тимошенко председатель ГАК « Нафтогаз Украины » Алексей Ивченко предложил «Газпрому» отказаться от бартерных схем при взаиморасчётах и перейти к независимым контрактам на транзит и поставку газа. Обоснованием для разрыва действующих соглашений было желание украинской стороны повысить тарифы на транзит российского газа в Европу по территории Украины до 1,75—2 долл./тыс. кубометров на 100 км.

«Газпром» согласился разорвать бартерные соглашения, заключать контракты отдельно на транзит и поставки газа и поднять тариф на транзит, однако указал, что контракт на газ хочет заключать по европейским ценам за вычетом стоимости транзита по Европе. Среднеевропейские цены к тому времени уже перешли отметку 150 долларов за тысячу куб.м. [32] . Вице-премьер Украины Анатолий Кинах категорически отверг российское предложение, настаивая на сохранении условной бартерной цены на газ из существующих транзитных контрактов. Наступила патовая ситуация, в которой ни одна из сторон не желала соглашаться на предложения другой. Попытки Украины договориться о расширении и продлении поставок газа из Туркменистана успехом не увенчались.

В середине декабря озвученная Россией цена была поднята до 220—230 долларов за тысячу кубометров (цена на российский газ для Германии за вычетом транспортных издержек).

Советник президента России по экономическим вопросам Андрей Илларионов назвал конфликт, разворачивавшийся между Россией и Украиной, «газовой войной», в которой Россия, по его выражению, применила против Украины «энергетическое оружие» — при этом он признавал, что прежняя цена (50 долларов за тысячу кубометров, установленная 8 августа 2004 года на срок до 2009 года) являлась «очевидно субсидируемой» и к тому же была установлена «в иной политической ситуации». Через неделю после этих заявлений Илларионов покинул свой пост [22] [23] .

Кризис

В связи с тем, что украинская сторона отказалась подписать какие либо контракты на поставку газа в 2006 году, 1 января 2006 года Газпром перестал поставлять в украинскую ГТС объёмы газа для Украины. Однако Украина не прекратила отбор газа из ГТС и в течение первых дней 2006 года осуществляла несанкционированный отбор газа для удовлетворения собственных потребностей [33] .

Конфликт был формально завершён в ночь с 3 на 4 января подписанием документов, которые, судя по первоначальным официальным заявлениям, удовлетворили обе стороны. Был подписан договор между « Газпромом » и « Нафтогазом » об условиях поставок российского газа на Украину через посредническую компанию « РосУкрЭнерго » и об условиях транзита российского газа в Европу через территорию Украины сроком на пять лет. Верховная рада Украины , однако, использовала факт подписания этого соглашения для обострения отношений с президентом Ющенко, отправив правительство Юрия Еханурова в отставку. Во второй половине января Украина возобновила сверхплановый отбор российского газа из транзитных газопроводов, что отразилось на поставках европейским покупателям. Некоторые страны Центральной и Восточной Европы воспользовались этой ситуацией для того, чтобы обвинить Россию как ненадёжного энергопоставщика [34] .

В договоре было указано, что посредническая миссия переходит компании « РосУкрЭнерго », а цена за газ для Украины составит 95 $/тыс. м³ (на первое полугодие 2006, в дальнейшем изменения цены подлежали согласованию сторонами). Компромиссная цена стала возможной благодаря «смешению» дорогого российского и дешёвого туркменского газа в трубе для Украины [35] . Также Газпром обещал платить Украине 1,60 $/тыс. м³ на 100 км за транзит газа в Европу.

Туркменский кризис

Российско-украинский договор 4 января 2006 года, однако, не привёл к завершению газового конфликта [36] . Договором было предусмотрено подписание всех необходимых контрактов между «Газпромом», «Нафтогазом Украины», «РосУкрЭнерго» (RUE) и Туркменией до 20 января, однако этого не произошло в связи с тем, что Туркмения затягивала принятие решения о том, кто — Россия или Украина — будет приоритетным покупателем её газа (экспортные возможности Туркмении были недостаточны для одновременного выполнения её газоэкспортных контрактов с Россией и Украиной).

17-18 февраля 2006 года состоялись трёхсторонние российско-украинско-туркменские переговоры, в ходе которых Украина лишилась последнего шанса диверсифицировать поставки газа. Хотя Туркмения обещала поставить на Украину 22 млрд кубометров природного газа по прямым договорам (помимо поставок через RUE), с начала 2006 года по прямым договорам на Украину не было поставлено ни кубометра туркменского газа, поскольку Туркмения заявила о намерении повысить цену на газ. При этом Сапармурат Ниязов вновь напомнил Украине о долге за природный газ, поставленный в предыдущие годы, — 159 миллионов долларов [37] . Тем не менее «Газпром» согласился на конечную цену поставок Нафтогазу $95 за тысячу кубометров до конца 2006 года, несмотря на фактический отказ Туркмении поставлять свой газ Украине и формальную цену российского газа в контракте в 230$. Во второй половине 2006 года Туркмения повысила цену на газ для России с 65$ до 100$ [38] .

Газовый конфликт между Россией и Украиной 2008—2009 годов

Одновременно с решением ценовых и транзитных вопросов Россия поставила перед Украиной вопрос о погашении украинского долга за газ. Формально эта проблема была решена на встрече в феврале 2008 года президентов Ющенко и Путина в Москве. Кроме того, была достигнута договорённость о переводе всех отношений по поставкам газа на линию «Газпром» — «Нафтогаз Украины», минуя посредника — RosUkrEnergo [39] . При этом базовая цена российского газа для Украины была снижена до 179 долл. за тысячу кубометров [40] .

В начале 2009 года отношения двух стран прошли через новый газовый кризис, затронувший интересы европейских потребителей. 1 января 2009 года прекратилась подача газа для Украины, с 5 января уменьшилась подача для европейских потребителей [41] . С 7 января транзит российского газа через территорию Украины был прекращён полностью.

19 января 2009 года по итогам переговоров премьер-министров России и Украины Владимира Путина и Юлии Тимошенко руководители ОАО «Газпром» и НАК «Нафтогаз» подписали прямой договор о поставках и транзите газа на 2009—2019 годы. Комментируя это событие, Путин отметил достижение договорённостей «по всему комплексу вопросов, связанных с поставкой природного газа на Украину и с транзитом российского природного газа в Европу», но вместе с тем подчеркнул необходимость строительства альтернативных маршрутов транспортировки российского газа европейским потребителям. Идея газопровода « Северный поток » перешла в стадию практической реализации в апреле 2010 года [40] .

20 января поставки газа для Украины и транзит в Европу возобновились. Итогом конфликта можно считать переход России и Украины на прозрачные принципы в торговле газом и устранение посредников. По условиям подписанного договора «Нафтогаз» обязан расплачиваться за потребленное топливо в полном объёме не позднее седьмого числа каждого месяца, следующего за месяцем поставки. В случае нарушения этого условия «Газпром» имел право перейти на авансовую систему расчётов с Украиной [42] .

Договором предусматривалось стандартное в международной практике условие «бери или плати»: за недобор газа Украина должна была выплачивать штрафы в размере 300 % от его стоимости в зимний период и 150 % — летом. Начиная с 2010 года Украина была обязана ежегодно покупать не менее 52 млрд куб. м. Ставка на транзит через украинскую территорию была установлена на уровне 1,7 долл. за 1 тыс. м³ на 100 км. При этом была предусмотрена специальная формула роста транзитной ставки, благодаря чему к 2013 году она достигла 3,4 долл. [5]

Согласно достигнутым договорённостям, за основу цены для Украины бралась базовая «европейская» цена (на тот период — 450 долл. за 1 тыс. куб. м) со скидкой в 20 %. Позднее, при президенте Януковиче, по специальным договорённостям устанавливались дополнительные политически мотивированные скидки: например, в 2010 году — 20 % под гарантии в счёт оплаты пребывания Черноморского флота в Севастополе, а в конце 2013 года — дополнительный скидочный коэффициент [5] .

В августе 2009 года газовый конфликт между Россией и Украиной приобрёл новый оборот. 10 августа вице-премьер Российской Федерации Игорь Сечин заявил, что Россия не намерена выдавать кредит Украине на закупку российского газа. В начале августа представители европейских банков подтвердили возможность выделения кредита Украине на закупку газа в размере 1,7 миллиарда долларов [43] .

21 апреля 2010 года в Харькове Виктор Янукович и Дмитрий Медведев подписали новое соглашение о стоимости закупок и транзита газа через украинскую ГТС, увязав снижение ставки на 30 % от текущей величины с продлением соглашения об аренде Черноморским Флотом Российской Федерации базы в Севастополе на 25 лет, до 2042 года.

2013—2014

В декабре 2013 года президент РФ Владимир Путин объявил о снижении для Украины цены на газ на треть (с 400 до 286 долл.) [44] . Одновременно было объявлено о предоставлении Украине кредита в размере 15 млрд долл. В рамках этой программы помощи на Ирландской бирже были выпущены евробонды с купоном 5 % годовых на сумму 3 млрд долл., которые были выкуплены Россией за счёт средств Фонда национального благосостояния [45] .

In 2014, against the backdrop of a sharp deterioration in Ukrainian-Russian relations, caused by the change of power in Kiev and the annexation of Crimea to Russia , Russia terminated the Kharkiv agreements [46] and the Treaty on the Basis of the Black Sea Fleet.

On April 1, 2014, Gazprom canceled all discounts offered, which led to an increase in the cost of gas for Ukraine to basic European - at that time, $ 485. [5] [47] [48] . The new Ukrainian authorities did not recognize the abolition of discounts and said that the “fair” price of the first quarter of 2014 was $ 268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. m. [5]

On June 16, 2014, Gazprom appealed to the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in connection with the inadequate execution by Naftogaz of Ukraine of the 2009 contract, demanding to recover from Naftogaz of Ukraine unpaid debt for natural gas and the corresponding interest. On the same day, Naftogaz of Ukraine applied to arbitration with demands for a retroactive change in the price of natural gas, reimbursement of all overpaid amounts from May 20, 2011 (at least $ 6 billion) and cancellation of the provision of the contract prohibiting the resale of natural gas supplied through it gas outside Ukraine. On July 21, these cases were consolidated [49] .

Since June 16, due to the growth of debt (according to Gazprom estimates, it exceeded $ 5 billion), Russia transferred gas supplies to Ukraine on a prepayment basis , which led to their cessation [50] ; gas pipelines supplied only gas intended for transit to Europe in the amount of 185 million cubic meters per day. Russia also demanded payment from Ukraine by the end of the year [51] . Ukraine did not agree to the use of the prepayment mechanism for gas supplies from Russia and insisted that payment be made upon its receipt [52] .

Due to the unsettled nature of these issues, Ukraine has increased the reverse gas supply from Europe through the gas transmission systems of Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. According to Gazprom, in 2014 Poland, Hungary and Slovakia exported 1.7 billion cubic meters of gas to Ukraine, and in 2012–2014, the total volume of Ukraine’s gas imports from these countries totaled 3.8 billion cubic meters [53] [54 ] .

European gas buyers (in particular, Slovakia) turned to Gazprom with a request to increase Russian gas supplies to Europe. Gazprom considered this appeal as evidence of intentions to organize the resale of Russian gas to Ukraine and refused to provide additional volumes, stating its intention to reduce production [55] [56] .

At the end of August, tripartite negotiations began in Russia, Ukraine and the European Union, on which the Ukrainian side insisted on buying Russian gas at a price of $ 320 per thousand cubic meters in the summer and at $ 385 in the winter (previously there was no discussion of the price of summer and winter) [57 ] .

Ukrainian authorities stated that Ukraine will be able to find a replacement for 30 billion cubic meters of gas that the country received from Russia in 2013, and survive the autumn-winter period thanks to reverse supplies of fuel from Europe, reserves from underground gas storage facilities, as well as reducing consumption [58] [ 59] [60] .

Meanwhile, in October 2014, Naftogaz filed a second lawsuit against Gazprom with the Stockholm Arbitration, demanding payment of compensation for a decrease in transit volumes of $ 3.2 billion and another $ 3 billion for a low transit rate [61] .

On October 30, as a result of difficult multi-day negotiations in Brussels, agreements were reached, according to which for the period from November 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015, the price was set at $ 385 per thousand cubic meters of gas (taking into account a discount of $ 100 for November 1). thousand cubic meters). Ukraine, in turn, pledged to repay part of the debt in the amount of 3.1 billion dollars before the end of the year [62] . In addition, an agreement was reached that during the term of this agreement Ukraine will not apply the “ take-or-pay ” regime [63] .

On November 4, Naftogaz transferred $ 1.45 billion to Gazprom as the first tranche in payment for gas volumes supplied and not previously paid [64] ; On December 9, Russia resumed gas supplies to Ukraine after an almost six-month hiatus.

On December 24, Naftogaz of Ukraine transferred $ 1.65 billion to Gazprom in payment for gas volumes supplied and not previously paid for gas [65] .

2015

Since mid-February 2015, the gas conflict has received a new direction of development: on February 19, Ukraine stopped gas supplies to the territory of Donetsk and Lugansk regions, controlled by self-proclaimed DNR and LC , referring to damage to gas pipelines; in response to this, Gazprom began to supply gas to these areas directly through deliveries to Ukraine on an advance payment for February [66] . In this case, an application for gas supply was received from Donbasstransgaz, controlled by the authorities of the self-proclaimed republics, but the Ukrainian side refused to accept this application. As a result, Ukraine did not make an advance payment for gas supplies in March [67] .

In March, Naftogaz turned to Gazprom with a request to extend the gas discount for another three months (up to and including June). This request was granted by the Russian side [68] .

On June 12, 2015, Gazprom clarified the amount of claims for “Naftogaz” in the Stockholm court, increasing it to $ 29.2 billion [69] [70] .

On June 29, Gazprom offered Naftogaz to continue purchasing gas at a price of $ 247.18 per thousand cubic meters. However, the advance payment for July was not received, and since July 1, 2015, direct gas supplies to Ukraine were stopped (gas was supplied to Ukraine only according to the reverse scheme from Slovakia) [71] .

On September 18, Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk stated that the total amount of claims for claims against Gazprom in the Stockholm court was already $ 16 billion [72] .

On September 25, Russia, Ukraine and the European Energy Commission initialed a tripartite protocol for the winter package 2015–2016 at an average European price for Ukraine of $ 232, taking into account the Russian discount of $ 20 for the 4th quarter of 2015 [73] . On October 12, Gazprom resumed gas supplies to Ukraine [74] , but on November 25 it stopped deliveries until new payments were received [75] . From this period, Ukraine stopped buying Russian gas directly, replacing it with reverse Russian gas from Europe [5] [76] .

2016—2019

2016

In January, Ukraine announced its refusal to buy Russian gas at a suggested price of $ 212 per thousand cubic meters, since it buys it from Europe at a price of about $ 200 [77] .

In February, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine fined Gazprom 85.9 billion hryvnia (about 3.26 billion dollars) for allegedly abusing the monopoly position on the Ukrainian gas transit market. Subsequently, the committee counted 100% of the fine on this fine. In April 2017, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine initiated enforcement proceedings for the enforcement of a fine and fine from Gazprom. Ukraine has resorted to the seizure of assets in which Gazprom has a stake, such as Gaztranzit, Gazprom Sbyt Ukraine, the International Consortium for the Management and Development of the Ukrainian Gas Transit System, the Institute UZhNIIHIPROGAZ [78] .

2017

By 2017, the total amount of Gazprom’s claims against Naftogaz on claims in the Stockholm Arbitration was $ 37 billion, and Naftogaz against Gazprom - $ 27 billion. The hearings ended on October 11, 2017. On December 22, 2017, the Stockholm Arbitration announced the first decision on the issue of gas supplies to Ukraine, obliging Naftogaz to pay Gazprom 2.019 billion. The court reduced mandatory take-or-pay annual purchases from 52 to 4 billion m³ per year and rejected most of Naftogaz’s claims on Gazprom for overpayment for gas [5] .

In October 2017, the Russian government announced that the commissioning of the Nord Stream - 2 gas pipeline or the second line of the Turkish Stream would allow achieving the officially announced goal of reducing gas transit through the territory of Ukraine by the end of 2019 [79] . The European Commission and the United States, however, will try to prevent the construction of the Nord Stream-2 gas pipeline [80]

2018

On February 28, the Stockholm Arbitration Court ruled on the issue of transit through Ukraine, obliging Gazprom to pay Ukraine $ 4.673 billion in a lawsuit for short supply of agreed gas volumes for transit, but at the same time retained transit tariffs. According to the results of offsetting counter claims, Gazprom is obliged to pay Naftogaz $ 2.56 billion. [5] .

Gazprom declared its disagreement with this decision, filed an appeal several days later, in March, initiated the termination of all existing agreements with Ukraine on the supply and transit of Russian gas [81] [82] .

In April, the head of Gazprom, A. Miller, stated that Gazprom could save gas transit through the territory of Ukraine in the amount of 10-15 billion cubic meters. m, if the Ukrainian side proves the economic feasibility of a new contract [83] . President Putin at a press conference in July following the Russian-American summit in Helsinki , said that Russia is ready to continue gas transit through Ukraine even after the launch of the Nord Stream-2 gas pipeline, if transit conditions are economically acceptable [84] .

In the summer of 2018, Naftogaz began the process of enforcing the recovery of $ 2.56 billion from Gazprom through the seizure of its assets in Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The Swedish Court of Appeal for Svea County suspended the execution of the decision of the Stockholm arbitration, but this measure was later canceled. Naftogaz said it would continue to push for the arrest of Gazprom assets. Gazprom appealed the decision of the Stockholm arbitration. Preliminary hearings in the Court of Appeal of Svea County (Sweden) were held in November 2018, the start of the main hearing was scheduled for October 7, 2019 [85] . Naftogaz said it would continue to push for the arrest of Gazprom assets. In March 2019, the High Court of England and Wales suspended the case on the suit of Naftogaz for the enforcement of $ 2.6 billion from Gazprom. As stated by representatives of Gazprom, the process is suspended until the decision of the Swedish court on the appeal of Gazprom [86] .

2019

At the end of 2019, gas contracts between Gazprom and Naftogaz, signed in 2009, expire. The issue of preservation of transit after 2019 is discussed at trilateral consultations with the participation of representatives of the European Commission, including in the context of the construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, which will bypass transit countries [87] .

In early January 2019, the head of Naftogaz, Andrei Kobolev, reported on the Ukrainian 5 channel that Naftogaz filed a lawsuit against Gazprom in Stockholm arbitration in connection with a possible reduction in the cost of the Ukrainian gas transportation system after Russia built bypass flows; the amount of the claim is 12 billion dollars. [88] At the same time, according to Kobolev, Naftogaz is ready to withdraw the claim or reconsider it if Gazprom is “ready to sign a long-term contract according to European rules,” with guarantees of payment.

On January 21, a trilateral meeting on the transit of Russian gas through Ukraine was held in Brussels with the participation of Russia, Ukraine and the European Commission. The European Commission is trying to preserve this transit as an important source of funds in the Ukrainian budget. The meeting, however, ended in vain. Ukrainian Foreign Minister Pavel Klimkin said that Ukraine had received an offer from Gazprom to extend the gas transit contract, but could not accept it. The head of Naftogaz of Ukraine, Andrei Kobolev, stated that Naftogaz is ready to consider future agreements only if they fully comply with European energy legislation. These agreements, he said, should also comply with the decisions of the Stockholm arbitration and should “assume the full fulfillment by the Russian side of its obligations in lost cases” [89] . The next meeting is scheduled for May 2019, and the final meeting is to be held in September-October.

According to the newspaper Kommersant, Gazprom plans to maintain gas exports to Europe in the coming years at a level of at least 200 billion cubic meters, and in the medium term, it expects a further increase in supply due to a reduction in its own gas production in Europe. To do this, however, the company will either have to agree on gas transit with Ukraine, or build new gas bypass pipelines [90] .

On March 21, Naftogaz told the media that, according to its information, Gazprom began sending notifications to its European partners about its intention to stop gas transportation through the territory of Ukraine from 2020 [91] . The Hungarian side reported that an agreement was reached with Gazprom on gas supplies to bypass Ukraine from 2020 if Gazprom does not reach an agreement on the transit of gas through Ukraine [92] .

On March 22, Viktor Medvedchuk and the presidential candidate of Ukraine, Yuriy Boyko, met in Moscow with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. The head of Gazprom, Alexey Miller, who was present at the talks, assured that he was ready to extend the transit contract with Ukraine, reduce the price of gas in direct deliveries by at least 25% and enter the consortium to manage the gas transmission system of Ukraine. It was said that in the event of Boiko’s victory, the price of Russian gas for Ukraine could amount to $ 240–260 per thousand cubic meters [93] .

At the end of March, Denmark proposed the Nord Stream 2 AG project company for the Nord Stream-2 pipeline to explore an alternative route for laying the gas pipeline through the Danish exclusive economic zone in the Baltic Sea south of Bornholm. It was stated that the two other applications submitted earlier Nord Stream - for laying in the territorial waters of Denmark south of Bornholm and in the economic zone north of the island - will not be considered until the project company studies the southern route. This threatens to delay the construction of the pipeline for an indefinite period of time and forces Gazprom to negotiate with Ukraine on the transit of very substantial volumes of gas, at least in 2020. At the same time, significantly reducing the transit through Ukraine (87 billion cubic meters in 2018) will not work even with the launch of the second line of the Turkish Stream. In addition, one will have to take into account the incomplete readiness of the intra-European gas transmission system (Eugal gas pipeline) [94] .

On April 26, the executive director of NAK Naftogaz of Ukraine, Yuri Vitrenko, stated that Gazprom significantly increased gas transit through Ukraine, which, in his opinion, is related to the injection of raw materials into gas storage facilities in Europe - and therefore, this indicates that “Russia preparing for a new gas war " [95] .

On April 27, answering journalists' questions at a press conference following a working visit to China, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that if he ever had a meeting with Vladimir Zelensky, it would be necessary to discuss issues of an economic nature - in particular, to discuss signing gas transit agreement: “ And if there is no transit? Do you understand that then there will be no reverse? After all, reverse, he's virtual. Our gas that goes to Western Europe. Soviet-era gas pipe how is it arranged? There from the transit gas pipe are branches to the whole of Ukraine. This is an absolutely famous thing for professionals. The public only perhaps does not understand this. But this is nonsense, this is nonsense, this is deception. There is no real reverse. Here comes the gas through the pipe, because it is impossible in the morning to start up in the obverse mode, that is, to launch gas in transit to Europe, and at night, like a thief in the night, turn into reverse mode. This is technologically impossible. It's impossible. So what happens? There is gas to Europe, branches from gas transit pipes go to the whole territory of Ukraine. The gas is taken as usual, then it is written on the papers that it is a reverse. Partially enters the territory of neighboring countries, from there a small pipe was laid, a couple of pipes were connected, and they pretend that they are chasing these volumes. In fact, they are not. Imagine that there is no transit. So then there will be no gas supply in Ukraine. This is such a serious question. They are fooling around there, are engaged in some kind of political squabbles, instead of thinking about the ordinary citizen of Ukraine, who lives in current worries and has to pay an exorbitant price for all these political tricks ” [96] .

On May 30, the new secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Alexander Danilyuk, said that stopping the transportation of Russian gas through Ukraine could have serious economic and geopolitical consequences: Ukraine will not only lose about $ 3 billion in revenues from gas transit, but “if Ukraine is a country “A transit company does not transit gas, then we simply become an object, not a subject,” he said on the TV channel “1 + 1” [97] .

5 июня премьер-министр РФ Дмитрий Медведев после встречи со своим словацким коллегой Петером Пеллегрини зявил, что Россия не отказывалась от продления договора с Украиной на транзит газа в Европу, и использования этого маршрута, но подобное сотрудничество должно быть взаимовыгодным и основываться на нормальных коммерческих отношениях и приемлемых тарифах. По его словам, для этого необходимо отказаться от «бесконечных» судебных споров и должно быть определено, каким образом будет управляться газотранспортная система Украины. В ходе переговоров стороны обсудили подключение Словакии к «Северному потоку-2» или «Турецкому потоку» [98] .

В своих первых заявлениях по вопросам внешней политики Украины новый президент Украины Владимир Зеленский подчеркнул, что рассчитывает на поддержку ЕС на переговорах по транзиту российского газа через газотранспортную систему Украины после 2019 года и на «солидарную позицию ЕС в вопросе противодействия реализации строительства газопровода „Северный поток-2“» [99] .

Украина и Северный поток — 2

Украинское руководство присоединилось к кампании США и ряда европейских государств и институций против строительства газопровода «Северный поток — 2».

Так, президент Украины Пётр Порошенко заявляет, что газопровод «Северный поток — 2», на его взгляд, представляет собой геополитический проект, имеющий целью «подрыв единства Европы» и её «уничтожение», это «попытка ввести против Украины экономическую и энергетическую блокаду и нанести ей значительный ущерб». По мнению Порошенко, как только «Северный поток — 2» заполнится российским газом, идущим в обход Восточной Европы и Украины, Кремль начнёт «ещё более жёсткое наступление» на европейские ценности [100] [101] . Премьер-министр Украины Владимир Гройсман на встрече с министром экономики ФРГ Петером Альтмайером заявил, что «Северный поток — 2» является «исключительно геополитической конструкцией», которая несёт «прямую угрозу» Киеву. [102]

Глава правления «Нафтогаза» Андрей Коболев призывает США «распространить действие антироссийских санкций на все компании, прямо или косвенно участвующие в реализации проекта „Северный поток — 2“» [103] .

Коммерческий директор НАК «Нафтогаз Украины» Юрий Витренко заявляет, что прекращение транзита газа через украинскую территорию увеличит вероятность полномасштабного конфликта между Украиной и Россией [104] . Депутат Верховной рады, экс-советник главы МВД Украины Антон Геращенко также требует сохранить зависимость России от Украины в плане транзита природного газа в Европу. По его мнению, если Россия перестанет нуждаться в территории Украины для транзита энергоносителей на Запад, вероятность «прямого вооружённого нападения вырастет в десятки раз» [105] .

See also

  • Газотранспортная система Украины
  • Юлия Тимошенко ( Уголовное преследование Ю. Тимошенко )
  • Внешняя политика России
  • Внешнеэкономическая политика Украины
  • Российско-белорусские энергетические конфликты

Links

  • Метленко Е. А. Проблема поставок и транспортировки энергоносителей как фактор российско-украинских отношений в 1990-е гг. // Современные проблемы науки и образования, № 1, 2013
  • Газовые конфликты России за последние 15 лет. Справка // РИА, 12.02.2008
  • Кто выиграл в споре между Россией и Украиной // versia.ru, 2008
  • Соглашение об урегулировании отношений в газовой сфере // « Украинская Правда », 5.01.2006
  • Украина объявила газовую блокаду Европе // iaim.ru
  • Граждан «лечат» от кризиса газом // Росбалт , 7 января 2009
  • Газовые договоренности угрожают смертью украинской химической промышленности (недоступная ссылка)
  • Борис Немцов: «Газовая труба для Украины — некий фаллический символ независимости» // НБН, 09.06.2011
  • Виктор Трегубов. «Нафтогаз», «Газпром», перемога (неопр.) . petrimazepa.com . "Петр и Мазепа" (24 декабря 2017). Дата обращения 25 грудня 2017.
  • Почему «Газпром» не доверяет украинской трубопроводной системе // НГ , 16 янв 2018

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Метленко Е. А. «Газовый» конфликт между Россией и Украиной: опыт разрешения в 1992—1999 гг. // Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Серия: История. Политология. Экономика. Информатика. № 19 (138) / том 24 / 2012
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Метленко Е. А. Проблема поставок и транспортировки энергоносителей как фактор российско-украинских отношений в 1990-е гг. // Современные проблемы науки и образования, № 1/2013
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Заклятые соседи // Несанкционированный отбор. Lenta.ru
  4. ↑ «Нафтогаз» подал в Стокгольмский арбитраж иск о пересмотре тарифа на транзит // ТАСС, 06.07.2018
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Международный арбитражный спор «Газпрома» и «Нафтогаза Украины». Досье ТАСС // 01.03.2018
  6. ↑ Суд Швеции рассмотрит жалобу «Газпрома» по спору с «Нафтогазом» осенью 2019 года // ТАСС, 11.12.2018
  7. ↑ Оттепели не будет: чем обернется для «Нафтогаза» заморозка активов «Газпрома» в Англии // ТАСС, 03.07.2018
  8. ↑ Угода між Урядом України і Урядом Російської Федерації про поставки природного газу і транзит газу через територію України
  9. ↑ График цены на природный газ для Европы за 1992 год
  10. ↑ Угода між Урядом України та Урядом Російської Федерації про ціни на природний газ і тарифи по його транспортуванню
  11. ↑ Угода між Урядом України та Урядом Російської Федерації по експорту російського природного газу в Україну і його транзиту через територію України в Європейські країни
  12. ↑ Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации и Кабинетом министров Украины о стратегическом сотрудничестве в газовой отрасли
  13. ↑ Елена Иванова. Газовая промышленность // журнал «Коммерсантъ Власть», № 47 от 27 ноября 2001, стр.62
  14. ↑ 1 2 У Ющенко считают, что Украина в 1990-х годах финансировала экономику России // Украинские новости, 06.06.2007
  15. ↑ International Energy Agency : “Russia's Energy Policy. The review. ", 2002, p. 169.
  16. Пу Putin's Petersburg acquaintances turned out to be the beneficiaries of the Ukrainian gas transit in the 2000s
  17. ↑ The Russian-Ukrainian gas crisis: Implications for Russia
  18. ↑ Russian-Ukrainian gas conflict: consequences for the Russian side - 3
  19. ↑ Error in footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> ; no text for footnotes eeg2
  20. ↑ Prilipukhov A. A., Features of the territorial organization of the economy of Ukraine // Bulletin of the Tambov University. Series: Natural and Technical Sciences, № 2 (16), 2011
  21. ↑ Krotov M. I. Economy of Ukraine: the need for a new course // Problems of the modern economy, № 4 (48) / 2013
  22. ↑ 1 2 Illarionov: “gas war” is the third scam of the year .
  23. ↑ 1 2 “Gas War” with Ukraine. Interview with Alexei Illarionov. "Echo of Moscow", 12/31/2005
  24. ↑ Sworn Neighbors // Kremlin Fiasco. Lenta.ru
  25. ↑ History of Russian-Ukrainian gas trade
  26. ↑ Turkmen gas for Ukraine
  27. ↑ Direct deliveries of Turkmen gas to Ukraine in transit through Russia look incredible
  28. ↑ Usova L. S., FOREIGN POLICY OF UKRAINE: BETWEEN INTERLOCKS AND EURO-ATLANTIC INTEGRATION // “Power”, № 7, 2011
  29. Крем Kremlin gas gambit
  30. 2 1 2 Lysenkov A. V., UKRAINE'S MUTUAL RELATIONS WITH CIS COUNTRIES AFTER THE "ORANGE" REVOLUTION: INTERESTS AND RESULTS (2005—2009) // Nizhny Novgorod University Newsletter. N.I. LOBACHEVSKY No. 6-1 / 2011
  31. ↑ PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF TRANSIT OF RUSSIAN ENERGY RESOURCES THROUGH BELARUS
  32. " Vesti.ru ": "Putin: Ukraine is able to buy gas at a market price . " December 8, 2005
  33. Газпром Gazprom left Ukraine without Russian gas
  34. "Ukraine will estimate losses and review the agreement" // gazeta.ru
  35. ↑ Turkmen strike in Ukraine
  36. ↑ New Gas War
  37. Га The "gas war" continues. Turkmenbashi shoves Ukraine in the pipe
  38. ↑ Turkmenistan intends to raise gas prices for Russia by 1.5 times
  39. ↑ Who won the dispute between Russia and Ukraine // Version. Ru, 11.03.2008
  40. ↑ 1 2 Khmylyov V. L. Modern international relations. Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2010
  41. ↑ V. Putin: Gazprom will reduce gas transit through Ukraine // rbc.ru , January 5, 2009
  42. ↑ Tymoshenko vzhe kazhe, vryatuval Ukraine v_d Yushchenko with gas for $ 450 // “ Ukrainian Pravda ”, 01.22.2009
  43. ↑ Russia refused to lend to Ukraine // Lenta.ru
  44. ↑ Russia reduced the price of gas for Ukraine by a third // lb.ua, December 17, 2013
  45. ↑ Yatsenyuk declared Ukraine’s readiness to pay off debts to Russia. // Online Journal Vesti, 10/04/2014
  46. ↑ The State Duma unilaterally denounced the "Kharkiv agreements" - Korrespondent.net
  47. Газпром Gazprom raised gas price for Ukraine by 43.5% // BBC, April 1, 2014
  48. ↑ Government returned zero duty on gas supplies to Ukraine - Interfax
  49. ↑ Yatsenyuk: Ukraine is demanding that Gazprom return $ 16 billion (Undecided) . TASS (September 18, 2015).
  50. ↑ Russia is ready to supply 5 billion cubic meters of gas to Ukraine on an advance payment // lb.ua, October 6, 2014
  51. ↑ issue price. How much does the Europeans cost Russian gas // Correspondent, June 12, 2014
  52. ↑ Ukraine refused to prepay for Russian gas (Neopr.) (Inaccessible link) . The date of circulation is October 14, 2014. Archived October 19, 2014.
  53. ↑ Ukraine is buying more from the EU not taken from Gazprom. Monopoly considers virtual reverse to be doubtful // Kommersant, 03.10.2014
  54. ↑ From Germany, Ukraine peacefully buys gas at $ 375.8 // News. Economy, 06.24.2014
  55. ↑ Over low heat. Gazprom promised Europe minimal export // Kommersant, 09/18/2014
  56. ↑ Reversible curtsy. Europe hinted that they would not add gas to Ukraine for the sake of Ukraine // Kommersant, 09/18/2014
  57. ↑ Ukraine has made Russia a new proposal for the price of gas
  58. "In winter, we will find out whether cold affects the increase in the adequacy of politicians" // Kommersant, 09/24/2014
  59. ↑ Kiev recorded debt. Russia and the EU are ready for gas supplies, but Ukraine is not // Kommersant, 09/27/2014
  60. Газпром Gazprom is asked to return to the basics. Kiev does not want temporary solutions to gas problems // Kommersant, 10/01/2014
  61. ↑ Yatsenyuk: Ukraine is demanding that Gazprom return $ 16 billion (Undecided) . TASS (September 18, 2015).
  62. ↑ Documents - Government of Russia
  63. ↑ Ukraine has achieved a temporary discount on gas. News from Germany about Ukraine // DW.DE, 10.30.2014
  64. ↑ Naftogaz transferred $ 1.45 billion to Gazprom as the first tranche
  65. ↑ Naftogaz: $ 1.65 billion transferred to Gazprom // December 24, 2014
  66. ↑ Gas dispute between Russia and Ukraine: the Donbass turn (Neopr.) . RIA News (February 20, 2015).
  67. Газпром Gazprom warned Ukraine about the risk of supply interruption (Unsolved) . Interfax.ru (February 24, 2015).
  68. ↑ Russia will extend the gas discount for Ukraine (Neopr.) . Russian Newspaper (March 31, 2015).
  69. ↑ Yatsenyuk: Ukraine is demanding that Gazprom return $ 16 billion (Undecided) . TASS (September 18, 2015).
  70. Газпром Gazprom in June filed a lawsuit against Naftogaz for $ 29.2 billion (non-pro) . RIA News (August 14, 2015).
  71. Газпром Gazprom confirms the cessation of gas supplies to Ukraine from July 1 (Neopr.) . RIA News (July 1, 2015).
  72. ↑ Yatsenyuk: Ukraine is demanding that Gazprom return $ 16 billion (Undecided) . TASS (September 18, 2015).
  73. ↑ Russia, Ukraine and the EC agreed on a gas price for Kiev of $ 232 (Unc.) . korrespondent.net (September 25, 2015).
  74. ↑ Gazprom has resumed gas supplies to Ukraine (Neopr.) . korrespondent.net (October 12, 2015).
  75. На Naftogaz: Ukraine will buy gas in Europe (Unc.) . Kommersant (November 26, 2015).
  76. ↑ Ukraine continues to overpay more than 10% for gas from Europe compared to Russian // TASS, 07/10/2018
  77. ↑ Ukraine refused to buy Russian gas at $ 212 (January 10, 2016). The date of circulation is January 15, 2016.
  78. ↑ Media: The Supreme Court of Ukraine dismissed the complaint of Gazprom against the cancellation of a $ 6 billion fine // TASS, 25.11.2018
  79. ↑ RF confirmed the termination of gas transit through Ukraine after 2019 , RIA Novosti . The appeal date is October 10, 2016.
  80. ↑ Brussels and Washington are disrupting the Nord Stream 2 project. The European Commission does not expect to enter the gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea by 2019 // NG, 25 Oct 2017
  81. Сток Stockholm arbitration forms a tribunal for termination of contracts between Gazprom and Naftogaz // TASS, 06/29/2018
  82. ↑ There will be no thaw: what will turn freezing of Gazprom assets in England for Naftogaz // TASS, 07/03/2018
  83. Газпром "Gazprom" can save transit through Ukraine with economic feasibility // TASS, 04/10/2018
  84. ↑ Putin called the condition for the extension of gas transit through Ukraine (Rus.) , Interfax.ru (July 16, 2018). The appeal date is September 21, 2018.
  85. ↑ Swedish court will consider the complaint of "Gazprom" on the dispute with "Naftogaz" in the autumn of 2019 // TASS, 11.12.2018
  86. Газпром Gazprom defended itself from Naftogaz in the UK // Kommersant.
  87. ↑ The European Commission confirmed plans for gas negotiations between the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the EU in January // TASS, 12.15.2018
  88. На Naftogaz filed a new lawsuit against Gazprom for $ 12 billion // Kommersant, 01/09/2019
  89. ↑ Kiev received offers on gas transit from Russia from two sides // TASS, 01/21/2019
  90. Газпром Gazprom will not let Europe go. But to keep the market, he will need Ukraine // Kommersant, 01.30.2019
  91. На Naftogaz announced Gazprom’s warning to stop transit through Ukraine (Neoprov.) (March 21, 2019). The appeal date is March 21, 2019.
  92. ↑ Hungary will receive Russian gas bypassing Ukraine (March 22, 2019). The appeal date is March 22, 2019.
  93. ↑ The presidential candidate of Ukraine crossed the boundaries. Yuriy Boyko and Viktor Medvedchuk will pay for a criminal case in Moscow // Kommersant, 03/28/2019
  94. ↑ Pipes bend under Ukraine. Gazprom will have to solve the transit problem without Nord Stream-2 // Kommersant, 04/16/2019
  95. На Naftogaz believes that Russia is preparing for a new gas war // Kommersant, 04/26/2019
  96. ↑ Press conference on the results of the working visit to China. April 27, 2019
  97. ↑ Ukraine estimated at $ 3 billion loss in case of gas transit termination in 2020, 05/31/2019
  98. ↑ Medvedev announced the possible extension of the gas transit agreement with Ukraine // Kommersant, 05.06.2019
  99. ↑ President of Ukraine Vladimir Zelensky discussed cooperation between Ukraine and the EU with Vice President of the European Commission Maros Shefchovich. 05.05.2019
  100. ↑ Poroshenko said that the “Nord Stream - 2” is “dangerous” for Europe (Russian) , RIA Novosti (20180520T0059 + 0300Z). The appeal date is May 20, 2018.
  101. ↑ Poroshenko: unlike Ukraine, Russia for Europe is an “extremely unreliable partner” - InoTV , InoTV . The appeal date is April 28, 2018.
  102. ↑ A political scientist spoke about the "nightmare" of Kiev, which is becoming a reality (Russian) , RIA Novosti (20180514T1830 + 0300Z). The appeal date is May 20, 2018.
  103. ↑ The head of Naftogaz is asking the United States to impose sanctions on all participants in Nord Stream 2 (Rus.) , TASS . The appeal date is May 1, 2018.
  104. ↑ The cessation of gas transit through Ukrainian territory will increase the likelihood of a large-scale conflict between Ukraine and Russia, - Vitrenko (Rus.) . 112.ua. The appeal date is April 28, 2018.
  105. ↑ Deputy Rada called for preserving Russia's transit “dependence” on Ukraine (Neopr.) . RBC. The appeal date is April 28, 2018.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_conflicts_and between_Russia_and_Ukraine&oldid = 101374727


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