Zarutsky, Ivan Martynovich

A native of western Russia. According to some news , he was born in the Ukrainian city of Ternopol , a boy fell into captivity to the Crimean Tatars , and from there fled to the Don , where he became a Cossack. Standing out with his remarkable abilities, Zarutsky became one of the Don atamans .

Bolotnikov Uprising

Zarutsky early joined Smoot , was a supporter of the first False Dmitry and with him arrived in Moscow, where, however, he did not play a prominent role at first and returned to the Don. From there, after the death of False Dmitry in 1606, he appeared to Ivan Bolotnikov and False Petr . Together with them he stood near Moscow, and then defended Tula from the troops of Tsar Vasily Shuisky . From Tula, Zarutsky went to Seversky cities to look for “Tsar Dimitry Ivanovich,” stubborn rumors about whose miraculous salvation during the Moscow May movement in 1606 were held in Russia. In the fall of 1607, thanks to the timely removal from Tula, soon after that taken by Shuisky, Zarutsky avoided imminent death.

Tushino camp

In Starodub, Zarutsky really found "Tsar Dmitri Ivanovich," that is, False Dmitry II , and entered his service. From this time begins the rapid rise of Zarutsky. A handsome, handsome, prominent, courageous, energetic, intelligent chieftain liked the False Dmitry II and became one of the closest people to him. Along with these properties, Zarutsky was distinguished by cruelty, cunning, and illegibility in means. One of the observant contemporaries of the Time of Troubles so characterizes the famous military leader: “the governor over the Cossack regiments was the Moscow service captain pan Ivan Zarutskaya. This speed is not brave, but with heart and evil they are evil. ” The last qualities of the remote chieftain were not, however, reprehensible in the eyes of False Dmitry II, who appreciated in his favorite unconditional devotion to his work, himself and outstanding orderliness. So Zarutsky, sent to the Don with the aim of attracting new forces to the side of False Dmitry II, managed in the spring of 1608 to bring a five-thousand detachment of Cossacks to Oryol to "Tsar Dimitry Ivanovich". Then he and Alexander Lisovsky were subordinated to all the Cossack troops of False Dmitry II. Similarly, during the first campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow, Zarutsky commanded the right wing of his army.

In 1608, “Tsar Dimitry Ivanovich” ( False Dmitry II ) settled in Tushino , Zarutsky took one of the first places in his council. False Dmitry granted his pet the dignity of a boyar . The Cossack governor provided at that time many services to the case of False Dmitry. He was especially famous on the day of the unsuccessful battle for Moscow for “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich”. This battle, disastrous for the Tushins, occurred in 1609, on Trinity Day , and began with an attack by their troops on the outskirts of Moscow. A large detachment approached the capital, defeated the Muscovites sent against him, drove them all the way to the city, returned and stood behind Khodynka on the shore. Tsar Vasily Shuisky sent his troops against the Tushins with cannons and walk-cities . The Poles took possession of these walk-cities, but at that time significant reinforcements approached the Muscovites. Then the army of Shuisky went on the offensive, recaptured their walk-cities, drove the enemy away and nearly burst into Tushino itself. But here Zarutsky arrived in time with his Don Cossacks. He entered into a heated battle with the Muscovites and managed to keep them on the Khimka River.

He put his personal goals to the forefront, and, by his West Russian origin, having some connections with the Poles, he was not averse sometimes to come closer to them. Therefore, when “Tsar Dimitry Ivanovich” was forced to flee from Tushin to Kaluga in August 1609 , Zarutsky found himself inclined to join the supporters of King Sigismund and during a meeting of many influential Tushins with his ambassadors agreed not to recognize either Shuisky or False Dmitry.

And even when the vast majority of Don Cossacks reached “Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich” in Kaluga, the former chieftain did not follow his comrades, but chose to go to the camp of the Polish king near Smolensk . From there, Zarutsky and his army of hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky set off on a campaign to Moscow. However, the relationship between the noble talented pan and upstart Tushino "boyar" did not work out.

As a result, Zarutsky returned to False Dmitry in Kaluga and faithfully served him until the day of his death, that is, until December 1610. The death of False Dmitry posed the question to his "boyar": whether to negotiate with the Poles, or act on their own. First, Zarutsky is decided as if on the first. At least in February 1611, he was in talks with Jan Sapieha .

First Militia

In 1611, under the influence of an awakened consciousness of national danger, at the call of the patriarch Germogen and at the initiative of the Duma nobleman and Ryazan governor Prokop Lyapunov , the first militia rose up to cleanse Moscow of the Poles who possessed it. Zarutsky made a choice in his favor and, with his Cossacks, who loved his leader very much, moved to Moscow to join Lyapunov. Significant forces brought by Zarutsky under the walls of the capital, his personal abilities and his influential position among the former Tushins, finally, the high rank he received from False Dmitry and at that time had the strength put forward the former Don Cossack to one of the very first places in the state. When the Council of the whole earth was formed near Moscow, it was headed by the boyar Dmitry Trubetskoy , the boyar Ivan Zarutsky and the duma nobleman Prokopy Lyapunov. Two of them represented the interests of the Cossacks, and the third stood at the head of the Zemstvo.

Lyapunov, who had a very strong character and relied on the sympathy of very influential zemstvo circles, was gradually able to gain primacy in the camp near Moscow and on the Council of the whole earth. He held on June 30, 1611 a series of resolutions that were very disadvantageous for the Cossacks. After that, the fragile alliance between two essentially hostile parts of the Moscow Region militia finally collapsed. Zarutsky took advantage of this circumstance. The former Cossack, who became the boyar, began to solicit a primacy in the state. Lyapunov stood on his road. Zarutsky decided to get rid of a dangerous and hated opponent. He is "and honor the envy of Prokopiev and make up evil sedition . " When his forged letter drawn up by order of Lyapunov’s enemies, in which the Zemstvo leader allegedly incited Zemstvo people to beat and execute the Cossacks, wherever they met, Zarutsky was able to support the indignation that flared up among the Cossacks, was skillfully released. Lyapunov “betrayed swiftly in bloodthirsty hands to the ill-intentioned hostess, they don’t sleep without evil,” in other words, he was called into the Cossack circle for explanation. The ardent and proud leader of the Zemstvo during explanations with the Cossacks did not want to restrain himself and was July 22, 1611 killed by an angry mob. His like-minded people, seized by horror, left the camp near Moscow.

Near Moscow there were only Tushino residents. By birth among them, the first place belonged to Prince Trubetskoy, but in fact the main role fell into the hands of Zarutsky. He, along with Trubetskoy, appropriated income from the rich Vazhskaya volost . Together with Trubetskoy, the “boyar” Zarutsky sent letters to the cities, calling for ratification to cleanse the state’s capital from the Poles. The influential Trinity-Sergius Lavra under pressure from Zarutsky composed appeals that invited county people to join the Moscow "boyars and governors."

Militia Conflict

Taking advantage of his proximity to the widow of False Dmitry, Marina Mnishek , he decided to proclaim the king of his young son "Tsar Dimitry Ivanovich . " With such a turn of affairs, Zarutsky would consolidate his position by becoming for a long time the de facto ruler of the state. However, even in the camp near Moscow, Zarutsky’s idea was met without much enthusiasm. In particular, she alarmed the patriarch Germogen. The patriarch hastened to appeal to the Zemstvo people with a fiery admonition "they do not want to have a son who doesn’t want the son of the kingdom of the damned pannin Marinkin." The leaders of the new Nizhny Novgorod militia , Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, did not support this idea.

Then Zarutsky tried to find another way to stay in power. At first, having correctly assessed the important strategic and political importance of Yaroslavl , the Tushino "boyar" tried to take over this city. Having failed in his plan, on March 2, 1612, Zarutsky swore allegiance to the third False Dmitriy , who sent his embassy to the Moscow camps back in December 1611. However, the Zemstvo movement, directed both against the Poles and the Cossacks, was becoming increasingly stronger in the country. It possessed large material means and impressive military force. The advance detachments of the Zemstvo militia gradually seized the approaches to Moscow, pushing back and smashing the Cossacks, many of which, attracted by generous salaries, crossed the banner of Pozharsky. Then Zarutsky sent to Yaroslavl a request for help against the Poles and hypocritically expressed remorse for swearing False Demetrius III. But Pozharsky did not believe him. After that, Zarutsky and his closest supporters sent their agents to Yaroslavl. They organized, but unsuccessfully, an attempt on Prince Pozharsky: the sent killers were captured and revealed all the circumstances of the conspiracy. Pozharsky forgave the minor participants in the conspiracy and sent them to Moscow camps to expose his instigators. A great excitement arose in the camps, which intensified even more when a new intrigue of Zarutsky was discovered. He entered into negotiations with the hetman Jan Khodkevich , who was going to the rescue of the Poles who were in Moscow ^[1] .

Zarutsky saw that his position in the camp near Moscow was greatly shaken. At the same time, the Second Militia was approaching the capital. Then, in August 1612, the Cossack “boyar and voivode” with the loyal significant part of the Cossacks (“few and a half troops”) remaining to him left for Kolomna , taking Marina Mnishek and her son with him, which could well be used as a nominal candidate for Russian throne.

From Kolomna, the movement of Zarutsky soon spread to the Ryazanshchina. From December 11, 1612, the chieftain's residence was the Ryazan city of Mikhailov .

Zarutsky did not make the decision of the February Zemsky Sobor in 1613, at which Mikhail Fedorovich was called to the kingdom. Zarutsky, having influence on the widow of the former ruler of False Dmitry Marina Mnishek , cherished the hope of leading the state with an alternative candidate. The new government declared Zarutsky an enemy of the state, to which he responded by ruining the cities of Epifan , Dedilov , Krapivna on the territory of the Tula region .

To combat the Cossacks of Zarutsky, an army was formed in Moscow under the command of the governor Ivan Odoevsky . Zarutsky’s associates began to hesitate. A number of cities, which were previously controlled by Zarutsky, swore allegiance to the elected Tsar Mikhail.

Astrakhan Shutter

Ataman retreated to Voronezh . Here Odoevsky overtook him and fought with him for two days. After this battle, Zarutsky crossed the Don and by the end of 1613 reached Astrakhan . Zarutsky did not lose his presence of mind. There is news that he was married at that time with Marina Mnishek.

The possibility of connecting Zarutsky with the Volga Cossacks scared the government. Exhortations from the tsar, clergy and the council of all ranks of people flew to the Don and the Volga; The tsar even sent gifts to the Volga Cossacks. Letters were sent from the king and the cathedral to Zarutsky himself, with the promise of complete pardon. Meanwhile, in addition to Astrakhan, Tersky town also sided with Zarutsky. At the same time, the former chieftain did not lose hope of raising the free Cossacks again, sent "lovely" letters to the Don, but was not successful. Having received the sovereign "a lot of salaries", the donors announced that they would not start a new "theft". However, among these Cossacks there were about 500-600 people who were seduced by the Zarutsky campaign in Samara and Kazan , which was being undertaken, and by the " extraction of zipuns " during this enterprise.

In the spring of 1614, Zarutsky was forced to lock himself in the Astrakhan Kremlin . To Astrakhan from Moscow were the boyar Ivan Odoevsky, the deceased Semyon Golovin and the clerk Vasily Iudin . Zarutsky did not wait for the Moscow ratification sent against him. He was frightened of the appearance near Astrakhan of the “ Kazan Vasily Khokhlov with military men ”, whom the Terek governor P.V. Golovin had sent against Zarutsky. Zarutsky’s forces quickly melted away, and in May 1614 with Marina Mnishek and her son fled to Yaik , where he took refuge on the Bear Island , but after the fight he was captured by the arrowhead Gordey Palchikov and the head Sevastyan Onuchin , which were sent by Odoevsky. July 6, 1614 Zarutsky was brought to Astrakhan, and from there, together with Marina Mnishek and her son, was sent to Moscow . “ In Moscow, Comrade Zarutskovo is put on a stake , while Vorionka is hung up, and Marina will die in Moscow ” (in prison in 1614).

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