Paper machine

• 1799 - Frenchman Louis-Nicolas Robert (1761–1828) invented the first continuous paper-making machine. This year is considered the date of the invention of the paper machines.
• 1803 - in England , the first papermaking machine (the so-called Fourdrinier Machine ) was installed and installed according to Robert’s drawings, but improved by the English mechanic Brian Donkin . The construction was financed by the London publishers of the Fourdrinier brothers. On the first paper machine, the paper was molded from rag and cotton in the form of a roll. It consisted of the following main parts: net, press, drying, finishing.
• 1816 - the first Russian paper-making machine, built by Russian artisans at the St. Petersburg foundry, was put into operation at the paper mill in Peterhof . The construction was led by an Englishman Westinghausen - a representative of the Donkin company.
• 1979 - for the first time in the USSR, the press section of a paper machine was manufactured. ^[2]

First generation paper machines

For machines of the first generation, the following features are characteristic:

• has a flow mechanized line of machines and units;
• one machine produces a wide range of products;
• processes occurring on the machine, have a low intensity;
• simplicity of design and high reliability;
• low water consumption, paper production, energy consumption;
• slow speed increase;
• manual control;
• repair work after failures directly on the machine.

An example of such a machine is the paper machine made in 1864 with the gauch-shaft of the Slavutz paper mill that operated until the end of the 20th century. ^[3]

Second generation paper machines

For machines of the second generation, the following features are characteristic:

• preservation of the basic principles of the machines of the first generation;
• increase in size, weight, significant complexity of structures;
• automatic information collection system;
• specialization by type of paper;
• system of specialized maintenance and repair. ^[3]

Third generation paper machines

For cars of the third generation the following features are characteristic:

• narrow specialization of machines;
• Closed wiring of the canvas;
• implementation of an automated process control system ;
• scientific substantiation of the maintenance and repair system. ^[3]

Fourth generation paper machines

For the fourth generation of machines are characterized by the following features:

• paper production method based on two-mesh forming and automatic continuous wiring of the paper web;
• narrow specialization of machines;
• automatic management of all work processes;
• unification of key parts of the machine;
• reduced idling and downtime for repairs. ^[3]

• The main components of paper production: material grinding, boiling, netting and pressing.
• Initially (since 105) ^{[ what? ]} Paper was mined from cotton and rags , since 1857 mainly from wood, although herbs are still used to produce some high-quality grades of paper.
• After the paper was made from wood, the main stage of paper production was cooking in a boiler, where lignin (a component that gives hardness to wood ) is removed from ground wood ( wood chips ) using thermal and chemical treatment.
• The fibers of the resulting mass are thoroughly mixed and stirred up into a thin suspension.
• To increase the whiteness and smoothness of the paper, additional components are added to it: kaolin , chlorine , rosin , barium sulphate , talc , titanium white .
• After removing the water, the paper sheets are pressed, heated, and dried. The result is paper in the form of rolls up to several tens of meters wide. Further, these rolls are cut into rolls of lesser width according to typographical standards. These rolls are loaded into a paper-shredding machine , at the exit of which paper sheets of industrial or consumer formats are obtained.
• If the paper is made from waste paper, then it is pre-discolored, ground and mixed with wood pulp. Also for the production of paper as a raw material can be used rags - rag raw materials of non-synthetic origin.

• Flat-panel (canteens)
• Circular grid (cylindrical).

The main difference between the two is that paper is molded (ebb) on a long horizontal grid on a flat grid and on a cylinder cylinder on a grid.

In the paper industry, the most common flat-bed machines, which produce almost the entire volume of paper. Cylindrical machines (with several cylinders) are used mainly for the manufacture of multi-layer paper and cardboard. In the paper mills of Goznak, money and securities are made both on canteens and cylindrical machines. However, papers with a local watermark are made on cylindrical machines.

Drying part

The drying part of the machine is closed by a cap. Air heated in heat exchangers up to 80 ... 100 ° is injected from below under the hood. The air in the ascending flows rises to the top, absorbs vapors and the exhaust is removed from under the cap. The steam-air mixture with a temperature of 60 ... 70 ° enters the heat exchanger, gives up its heat to fresh air and is released into the atmosphere. ^[4] If a paper web breaks in the drying part of the machine equipped with a closed-type cap, the hot air supply should be automatically stopped. ^[5]

Paper machines have two parts: wet and dry, which differ sharply in fire hazard. ^[6]

The fire danger of the shops where the paper machines are located is associated with the presence of a large amount of paper dust, which is released during the paper production process and accumulates on the machine structures and communications. Observations show that the largest amount of dust accumulates in the first drying group on the drive side. Paper dust is made up of fine wood firefire fibers. Auto-ignition temperature for deposited paper dust is 333 ° C. ^[6]

Studies of fires and fire on paper-making machines show that in many cases the fire system worked during the fire, which contributed to the development of fire. When ventilation is turned on, the fire through the drying logs and the oiled bed can spread with great speed, reaching more than 10 m / s. ^[6]

In case of fires on a paper machine, intense spread of fire is possible throughout the drying part of the cardboard paper machines. At liquidation of burning it is necessary:

• take measures to stop the supply of mass on cardboard and paper machines simultaneously with the introduction of water trunks and foam;
• in case of fire, do not stop the machine ^[7] , the stop is made by special order ^[8] .

In the event of a fire in the dryer part of the machine, it is necessary to turn off the ventilation and the entry of steam into the drying cylinders. Put the machine into operation at auxiliary speed. The car should not be stopped, because a wet sheet of paper, entering the drying part of the machine, will quickly lower the temperature there and prevent the drying of the drying cloths ^{[9] [10]} .

Paper- and cardboard-making and drying machines must be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems in the drying section. ^[5] Water or foam is used as a fire extinguishing agent. As part of the system, they assemble the piping units, evenly distributed in two tiers under the hood and the overlap of the second floor of the drying part of the machine, with sprinklers and sensors. The system is connected to the existing fire water supply system. ^[eleven]

In 1975, a fire broke out at the De Eendracht Karton factory ( English , Holland ), which resulted in the burning of 8 papermaking and board-making machines (PM 1-8). The number of staff was reduced from 450 to 250 people. ^[12]

On March 12, 2004, a fire occurred at BDM-1 of the Kotlas pulp and paper mill . The fire was assigned the second number of difficulty. Four cars of three fire brigades participated in the fire fighting. Clothing and a machine cap, equipment and equipment and a centralized lubrication system were seriously affected by the fire. ^[13] Property worth about 2 million rubles in 2004 prices burned. The fire occurred due to poor cleaning of the car. Garbage was accumulated for a long time. Dust and oil leaks caused a fire. ^[14]

On January 12, 2005, at 4 o'clock at KDM-3, the Kotlas pulp and paper mill turned off the steam supply, and after 50 minutes the car was stopped for scheduled preventive maintenance. Was carried out cleaning marriage, trimming and wrapping the paper web. They did not start dusting because they waited for diagnosticians to check the condition of the bearings . As soon as they arrived, the car was turned on at working speed. About 5 hours and 30 minutes after starting the car, the diagnostician, passing under the hood from the drive side between 1 and 2 drying groups, felt the smell of burning, and then saw the flame. He reported this to shift specialists. The dryer opened the main valve of the fire extinguishing system, and the shift wizard switched on the KDM fire extinguishing system, reporting the incident to the remote control of the fire station. The rest began to extinguish. By the time the fire department on duty arrived, the fire on the car had been eliminated. Before launch, the KDM worked at auxiliary speed with raised hoods of the hood, at high temperature on the drying cylinders and other machine structures. This created conditions for drying the cloth and cylinders, increased the likelihood of discharges of static electricity, which caused the ignition. ^[15]

July 19, 2008 at 22 o'clock there was a fire in one of the shops at the Krasnokamsk Pulp and Paper Mill "Kama" . The paper machine burned, the fire went to the roof of the workshop. The burning area was 1000 square meters. The fire was assigned 3 difficulty number. The firemen brought 22 workers out of the workshop. No harm done. For seven hours, 36 units of equipment, 60 personnel fought fire. At 5 am on July 20 the fire was extinguished. The cause of the fire is a malfunction of the production equipment ^[16] .

December 16, 2009 at 19:49 at Kondopoga pulp and paper mill there was a fire of dust and waste in the ventilation chamber of the eighth paper-making machine. It took about an hour to locate a fire of about 25 m². The complicated design of the ventilation equipment and the strong smoke did not immediately reveal the source of ignition. At 16 hours and 10 minutes the fire was localized, at 17 hours and 20 minutes - eliminated. None of the workers of the plant was injured ^[17] .

May 10, 2010 at the Finnish factory Kaipola , owned by UPM, there was a fire on PM 6, with a capacity of 300 thousand tons, producing light-coated papers. Ignition occurred in the drying chamber. Thanks to the actions of the workers of the enterprise and the fire system that worked, the fire was quickly eliminated. No injuries. The damage is minor. ^[18]

• OJSC "Paper Engineering" (OJSC "Bummash") in Izhevsk , Republic of Udmurtia . It was created on the basis of the production capacity of the Izhtyazhbummash plant, founded in 1959 as an enterprise for the production of heavy paper machines and equipment for the pulp and paper industry.
• Petrozavodskmash CJSC in Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia. Created in 1960 according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 478 dated 04/07/1960. Together with the Izhevsk plant, it had to overcome and to a large extent overcome the country's lag in providing the pulp and paper industry with modern equipment. The company has become the country's main supplier of equipment for the production of pulp and, together with the Izhevsk plant, paper-making equipment.
• OAO Gatchina Experimental Paper- Making Equipment Plant (OAO GOZBO) in the Leningrad Region. The company was founded in 1877.
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Printing & Packaging Machinery.