The prehistory of the Hungarians is a period in the history of the Hungarian people from the separation of the Hungarians from other Ugric peoples in 1000 - 500 BC. er , before their relocation to the territory of modern Hungary in 896 . Sometimes this period is extended to the coronation of Istvan I Saint .
Content
Origins of the Hungarians
The origin of the Hungarians and their original homeland remain controversial due to the scarcity of written materials and the lack of binding to archaeological cultures. Until the XIX century, it was not even known which group the Hungarian language belongs to; however, thanks to the linguistic data, it became known that the related languages are the languages of the Khanty and Mansi . Later studies of linguistic material made it possible to prove that the selection of the Hungarian language from the Ugric linguistic community did not occur until 1000-500 BC. e. According to some sources, originally the Khanty and Mansi lived to the west of the Urals, and only in the 10th - 12th centuries were they forced out to Siberia . According to others, the ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi advanced north from the Southern Trans-Urals. These facts allow us to place the historical ancestral home of the Hungarians in the areas adjacent to the South and Middle Urals . This opinion is also supported by the rather poor material about the mythology and life structure of the ancient Hungarians, which testifies to the significant role of horse breeding [1] .
Hungarians and Khazar Khaganates
The main written source on the prehistory of the Hungarians is the treatise of the Byzantine emperor Constantin Porphyrogenitus " On the management of the empire ", fragmentary information is also contained in other Western European, Byzantine and Persian authors. For the first time, the Hungarians are referred to as the inhabitants of the Levedy area:
| ... the people of the Turks had an ancient settlement near Khazaria, in an area called Levedia, nicknamed by their first governor. This voivode was named after Levedia personally, and by the name of his dignity they called him voivod, as well as others after him. So, in this area, already called Levedia, the river Hidmas flows, which is also called Hingilus. In those days, they were not called Turks, but for some unknown reason were called savarts-asphals. The Turks had seven tribes, but they never had an archon over themselves, whether theirs or those of others; they had some kind of governor, of which the first named Levedia was the first. They lived together with the Khazars for three years, fighting as allies of the Khazars in all their wars ... [2] |
The position of the Levedia region is controversial, different authors place it in various places from the Volga to the Dnieper.
Migration
Around 890, under the pressure of the Khazars and Oguzes, part of the Pecheneg tribes crossed the Volga and began to crowd the Hungarians who roamed here. As a result, the Hungarians were forced to leave Levedia and migrate west across the Dnieper .
| In the year 6406 (898). The Ugrians passed by Kiev on the mountain, which is now called Ugorskaya, they came to the Dnieper and became vezhami: they walked the same way as now the Polovtsi. And, coming from the east, they rushed through the great mountains, which were called the Ugorsky Mountains, and began to fight the Volokhs and Slavs who lived there ... |
According to the Hungarian chronicle Gesta Hungarorum , Prince Almos defeated an unnamed Russian prince (probably Oleg ), laid siege to him in Kiev and agreed to leave only after the Ruses paid him a ransom of 10 thousand marks in silver [3] .
The appearance of the Hungarians on the Dnieper's right bank led to a conflict with Bulgaria . At this time, the Bulgarian king Simeon waged war with Byzantium, but despite this, the Hungarians were defeated and were forced to continue to move westward, beyond the Carpathians - into Pannonia .
Conquest of Pannonia
Around 895, the Hungarians, having crushed the remnants of the Great Moravian state , seized the Pannonian Plain .
| After some time, the Pachinakites, having attacked the Turks, expelled them along with their archon Arpad . Therefore, the Turks, wandering in search of land for settlement, appeared, drove the inhabitants of Great Moravia and settled in their land, where the Turks now live to this day. [2] |
Notes
- ↑ V. Ya. Petrukhin. Finno-Ugric myths. AST Publishing House, 2003. ISBN 5-17-019005-0
- ↑ 1 2 Constantin Porphyrogenitus. On the management of the empire. Archived June 22, 2012.
- ↑ Sakharov A.N. “We are from the kind of Russian ...” The birth of Russian diplomacy