Cyprus

According to synopsis, the poem consisted of eleven songs. Based on the average size of songs in Homer's poems, this means that it contained 5-7 thousand lines. 52 poetic lines, a synopsis (short retelling) of the poem in extracts of Patriarch Photius (IX century) from the so-called “Proclam of the Proclus” (possibly II century AD), which takes about two pages printed text, as well as a number of references in other sources (about 40 fragments in total). Quotations from the poem are cited by a number of authors of the 2nd-3rd centuries, but not later (only retelling is found among the scholiasts), which suggests that its last copies were lost after the fire of the Library of Alexandria in 273 . In addition to the synopsis of Proclus, a coherent account of the causes and the beginning of the Trojan War is contained in the Mythological Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus ^[1] . However, this author also used other sources, and one should use his data for information on the contents of “Cyprus” very carefully (although many of his details are quite consistent with the synopsis, often verbatim ^[2] ). The Roman poet Ninny Crassus wrote The Cyprus Iliad, which, apparently, was a revision of the Greek Cypriots, but only two of its lines are included in the reconstruction ^[3] . In addition, a vase painting of the archaic period, illustrating the plots of the poem, can also serve as a source. The scarcity of these data complicates the task of reconstructing its content, which, however, is very important for ideas about the history of the archaic epos and the transformation of mythological tradition.

In antiquity, the poem was most often quoted without indicating the name of the author. She was attributed both to Homer himself (which Herodotus also refuted - see below), and to some Hegesius (who is considered identical to Hegyus, the author of Returns) and Stasin ^[4] . According to an inscription from Halicarnassus found in 1995, a certain Cypriot of Halicarnassus was named the author ^[5] . Elian and Tzets report that Homer passed this poem in a dowry for his daughter Stasin instead of money (since he was poor), and Stasin supplemented it ^[6] . Stasin is called Cypriot , but the city from which he came is unknown. As noted by S. P. Shestakov, the origin of the author of the poem from Cyprus is noteworthy, which “has long been in close relations with the Achaean cultural community” ^[7] . The time of his life is not mentioned in antique chronographic works; now he is usually dated to the 7th century. BC e. ^[8] .

The poem begins with a story about ^[9] how Gaia suffered from many people who crowded the earth. Zeus took pity and decided to arrange a war to facilitate the Earth. The expression “Zeus's will was completed” in this text coincides with verse I 5 of the Iliad and is a vivid example of the “formula style” of the archaic epic. The story that Zeus organized the Trojan War is also contained in Hesiod’s poem “The Catalog of Women” ^[10] , but Gaia is not mentioned there, and the motivation for Zeus is the glorification of the demigods and the desire to make them blessed. Having made a decision, Zeus consults with Themis.

When the gods celebrate the wedding of Peleus and Thetis , Eris stirs up a dispute between Hero , Athena and Aphrodite , which of them is more beautiful. It is also said that Thetis for the sake of Hera rejected the love of Zeus, and he angrily condemned her to become the wife of a mortal ^[11] ( Prometheus , apparently, was not mentioned). The gods gathered at Pelion and brought gifts to Peleus: Chiron gave him a strong trunk of ash, from which he made a spear, Athena polished it, and Hephaestus attached a tip ^[12] .

By order of Zeus, Hermes takes the goddesses to Mount Ida , where Alexander ( Paris ) should judge them. The lines of the first song of the poem have been preserved, describing the outfit of Aphrodite and her companions before the court (or after it?) ^[13] .

His body was clothed in a veil: Kharita and Ory

They were created by staining with spring flowers.

The oras tread in the covers of: hyacinth, saffron,

Lush-blooming violets, the most beautiful rose of ovaries,

Sweet nectar soaked in cups of immortal food,

In the fragrant color of a daffodil. And so Aphrodite

An incense has been clothed in cloth, which keeps incense in every pore. ^[14]

Alexander decides in favor of Aphrodite, who promised him a marriage with Elena . On her advice, Alexander builds ships, Gelen predicts his future, Aphrodite orders Aeneas to sail with Alexander, and Cassandra prophesies about what will happen later (here or below the name of Eneas's wife - Eurydice ^[15] was mentioned).

Alexander arrives in Lacedaemon and is received by the sons of Tyndareus, and then Menelaus in Sparta , where he brings gifts to Elena at a feast. Probably, there was a mention that Castor was mortal, and Polydeus was immortal ^[16] , as well as a story about how Nemesis tried to hide from Zeus who fell in love with her and turned into a fish and a beast, but was overtaken by Zeus and gave birth to him Elena ^[17] . Probably, the narrative allegedly related to “Cyprus” was placed here about how Helen was kidnapped by Theseus and taken to Aphidna as a child, Dioscuri freed her, and Castor was wounded by Aphid in the right thigh in battle ^[18] . In one of the attic red-figure vases and in the painting, Parrasius Aeneas is depicted next to Dioscuri ^[19] , perhaps this episode was illustrated here (the same Parrasius depicted in the paintings of Telephus and Achilles ^[20] , as well as Agamemnon with Odysseus, Philoctetus on Lemnos and Odyssey's feigned insanity is also a scene from "Cyprus").

Menelaus sets sail for Crete, ordering Elena to provide guests with everything they ask. Aphrodite brings Elena and Alexander together (“he rushes inside, takes possession of the property” ^[21] ), and those, having enjoyed love, put huge treasures aboard and sail at night. Perhaps the line refers to Elena’s description: “A string of semiprecious stones on a marble voya has closed” ^[22] .

Further sources are contradictory. According to the synopsis, Hera sends a storm on them, and brings them to Sidon , where Alexander takes the city. From there he set sail for Troy and celebrates his marriage with Elena. Elena had already had children by that time, and she took her son Plisfen to Cyprus, then she gave birth to Alexander the son of Agan ^[23] . Herodotus, referring to “Cyprus” ^[24], mentions that Alexander on the third day arrived with Elena from Sparta to Ilion “with the wind blowing their breaths along the surface of the calm sea”, in contradiction with the “Iliad”, from which the historian concludes that The Cypriots do not belong to Homer. The mention of the visit by Paris and Elena Sidon is contained in the Iliad (VI 290-292). Thus, the text at the disposal of Herodotus (5th century BC) contradicts the Iliad, and the text used by the author of the synopsis (2nd century AD) and Pseudo-Apollodorus ^[25] is quite corresponds to it ^[26] , which once again testifies to the textual instability of the archaic epic and makes us wary of any reconstructions.

At the same time, Castor and Polydeus kidnap the cattle of Idas and Linkey and hide him in a hollow oak. Linkey climbs to the top of Taygetus and with his sharp eyesight discovers them ^[27] . Idas kills Castor with a spear throw, but Polydeus kills Idas and Linkey. Zeus grants immortality to both Dioscur brothers in a day. The poem also mentioned the Leucippids of Gilair and Phoebe, whom the author called the daughters of Apollo ^[28] .

Irida tells Menelaus what happened at his house. Menelaus returns and, together with his brother, plans a campaign against Ilion. Someone (Agamemnon? Nestor?) Consoles his grief with wine ^[29] . Menelaus goes to see Nestor . Nestor tells him stories of how Epic seduced Lick's daughter ; the story of Oedipus ; the story of Hercules madness; the story of Theseus and Ariadne . Then they go on a trip to Hellas and collect the leaders on a campaign.

Odysseus does not want to go to war and pretends to be insane. On Palamed’s advice, they kidnap his son Telemachus and force him to go camping. Leaders gather in Aulis for a sacrifice. The story of a snake and sparrows is described. Kalhant predicts future events. Leaders feast all day; Agamemnon provides them all with food ^[30] .

As is evident from the following account, Achilles was among the leaders. However, there is a clear contradiction in the poem and myth. Synopsis does not note significant time intervals in the poem, which implies that all the events described (from Peleus's wedding to the abduction of Helen) should take only a few months ^[31] . However, Achilles, who should be still a baby, is already an adult (according to Pseudo-Apollodorus, he was 15 years old ^[32] ). It is not known how this absurdity was resolved in the poem, and whether it was resolved at all ^[33] .

The Achaeans sail into the sea and moor in Tevfraniya ^[34] , mistakenly take her for Ilion and ruin her. Telek comes to the rescue and kills Fersander , the son of Polynic , but is himself wounded by Achilles . The Achaeans set sail from Misia, a storm arose, and their ships scattered across the sea. Achilles moors at Skyros ("dolopova land" ^[35] ) and marries Deidamia , daughter of Lycomedes . Likomed gives their son the name Pyrrhus, after which he receives the name Neoptole from Phoenix ^[28] . Phon as directed by the oracle arrives in Argos. Achilles heals him, in return he becomes their guide on the way to Ilion.

It takes several years ^[36] . Participants in the campaign gather for the second time in Aulis. Agamemnon, on the hunt, kills a doe and boasts that it is superior to this Artemis. Artemis in anger sends stormy winds and prevents them from sailing. Kalkhant tells them about the wrath of the goddess and orders them to sacrifice Iphigenia to Artemis ^[37] . They send Iphigenia to be brought in, saying that she is married to Achilles (the four daughters of Agamemnon were mentioned in the poem: among them Ithianassa and Iphigenia ^[38] ). However, Artemis carries her away and takes her to the Taurus, making her immortal, and replaces her on the altar with a doe (it is likely that the reference to the Taurs, which is available in the synopsis, was absent in the original text of Cypriot ^[39] ).

Achaeans sail to Tenedos ^[40] . While they feast, Philoctetus is bitten by a snake, and he is left on Lemnos due to the stench of his wound. Here, Achilles quarrels with Agamemnon , since he was invited late. Agamemnon apologizes to him ^[41] .

The Greeks try to land at Ilion, but the Trojans prevent them, and Protesilaus is killed by Hector . The wife of Protesilaus in the Cypriots was called Polydor, daughter of Meleager ^[42] . Achilles kills Cycne (the son of Poseidon) and knocks the Trojans away. The Greeks give them the bodies of the dead and send the embassy to Troy, demanding Helen and treasure ^[43] . The Trojans do not agree, and the Achaeans besiege the city. Achaeans devastate the area and destroy nearby cities.

After this, Achilles wants to see Elena , and Aphrodite and Thetis organize a place for them to meet ^[44] . When the Achaeans are ready to return home, Achilles holds them back. According to the synopsis, he takes away the cattle of Aeneas and destroys Lirness and Pedas, as well as many nearby cities, and also kills Troilus . In the presentation of Pseudo-Apollodorus, events were rearranged and a number of details were added: Achilles lurks in ambush of Troilus and kills him in the temple of Apollo Fimbreysky, captures Lycaon at night, and then captures the flocks of Aeneas on Mount Ida, killing Mestor ( Priam’s son) ^[45] . It is not clear whether the synopsis is inaccurate here or whether Apollodorus retold a different work.

Patroclus takes Lycaon to Lemnos and sells it; from prey ^[46] Achilles takes Briseida as his reward, and Agamemnon takes Chrysida . It is mentioned that Chryseida was captured in the city where she arrived to make a sacrifice to Artemis ^[47] .

Then, the death of Palamedes is described (he was drowned by Diomedes and Odysseus when they went fishing together ^[48] ) and Zeus’s plan to alleviate the situation of the Trojans by removing Achilles from among Achaean allies, as well as a catalog of allies who came to the aid of the Trojans ^[49] . This concludes the poem, bringing the presentation to the place from which the Iliad begins.

Some more surviving quotes are difficult to confine to a specific place. It:

• the phrase: “Can’t you drive this crowd away from me, miserable old man?” ^[50] (perhaps it’s about the Telephon who pretended to be a beggar).
• phrase of one of the heroes:

"Zeus the creator, from which everything is growing,

He doesn’t want to remember? Where there is fear, there is always reverence ” ^[51] ;

• mention of the mother of the Gorgon monsters that live on the rocky island of Sarpedon ^[52] (perhaps they were mentioned when Paris and Elena sailed near Cilicia).
• The famous expression: “He who kills his father but spares his sons is unreasonable” ^[53] .

In addition, there are red-figured images on vases (kilik Sosia, c. 500 BC), where Achilles bandages his wounded Patroclus ^[54] (there is no such episode in the Iliad ^[55] ). It is not clear in which battle Patroclus was wounded. In The Iliad (XI 809-848), Patroclus heals the wound of Euriphilus . It is unclear which of these scenes is primary.

Based on the small surviving passages, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the style. There are epic formulas that coincide with other poems. Obviously, in the poem, like in the Iliad and Odyssey, there were several false stories at feasts. Many of the Cypriot scenes were further developed in tragedies. S.P. Shestakov writes:

Knowing that the Cypriots told about the sacrifice of his daughter Iphigenia by Agamemnon, we can’t abandon the idea that the magnificent scenes of the struggle of opposite feelings in the father and the military commander and in Iphigenia in her heroic decision to sacrifice themselves for the happiness of the motherland ... were already in this poem ^[56]

The Iliad and Odyssey mention many of the events described in the Cypriots. It is not at all obvious whether the author of “Cyprus” used brief references in the Iliad, expanding them in his poem (which was an a priori truth for many scholars of modern times ^[57] ); either the author of the Iliad refers to plots already developed by his predecessor ^[58] ; either both authors used pre-existing "small songs" or a large, unsaved poem.

The Iliad has the following obvious parallels with the Cypriots (except for trivial coincidences like mentioning Ariadne or the functions of Irida as a messenger) ^[59] :

• Hera arranged the marriage of Thetis, and all the gods were guests on the marriage (XXIV 60–63). Zeus doomed her to a marriage, which she did not want (XVIII 431-434).
• Mention of the “Court of Paris” (XXIV 27-30) ^[60] .
• The construction of the ships of Paris (V 62-64), in the Iliad the name of the architect is named Ferekl .
• Efra , the mother of Theseus, and Klymene are the servants of Helen in Troy (III 144). As is known from later sources, they came to Helen after the capture of Afidne by the Dioscuri, which was mentioned in the Cypriots; although their names are not mentioned in a brief retelling, tradition does not contain other coherent versions of their entry into Troy.
• Paris captured from Sparta not only Helen, but also the treasures of Menelaus (VII 389-390). The abduction itself was mentioned repeatedly (III 47, XXII 115), and Elena recalls the previous conversation with Aphrodite (III 399).
• Elena is surprised that she does not see her brothers among the Achaean heroes (III 236-242), and indeed, according to the Cypriots, they died after her departure from Sparta. What for many years she did not know about their death is a typical "epic incongruity."
• As mentioned above, the Iliad (VI 290) refers to a visit by Paris and Elena Sidon.
• The sign in Aulis of the serpent and sparrows and its interpretation by Kalkhant is described in the Iliad (II 303-332).
• In the Iliad and Odyssey, the name of mother and grandfather Neoptolemus is not mentioned, but the son of Achilles himself is named. It is mentioned there (Iliad IX 668) that Achilles (whose companion was Patroclus) destroyed the city of Skyros. The Cypriots say that Achilles sailed to Skyros and married Deidamia, but because of the brevity of the retelling, it remains unclear whether this happened peacefully or after the battle ^[61] . Thus, the question of the coincidence or difference of the plots remains open.
• Philoctetus is bitten by a snake and left on Lemnos (II 721-724).
• Protesilaus was the first of the Achaeans to jump ashore, but perishes (II 700–702). Homer does not name his killer.
• Antenor recalls (III 205-224) how Odysseus and Menelaus came with the embassy to Troy, demanding that Elena be returned, and Antenor friendly received them in his house. Antimach (XI 138-142) made a proposal to kill Menelaus at the council, having received gold from Paris (XI 123-125). The story about the embassy was in "Cyprus".
• Ахилл разрушает Лирнесс и берёт в плен Брисеиду (II 688-693), причём Брисеида вспоминает свою беседу с Патроклом после этого события (XIX 291—299).
• В «Илиаде» Эней вспоминает (XX 90—96), как бежал от копья Ахилла с Иды, что рассказывалось в «Киприях». Диомед же отбил у Энея тросских коней (XXIII 291). Вероятно, в «Киприях» содержался и рассказ Энея о себе и своём роде, аналогичный приводимому в «Илиаде» (XX 200—258).
• В «Илиаде» упоминается, что Ахилл ночью взял в плен Ликаона (XXI 34—39), кормил его за своим столом (XXI 76), а Патрокл продал Ликаона на Лемносе (XXIII 747), эти же события излагались в «Киприях». Смерть Местора и Троила бегло упомянута там же (XXIV 257), а в «Киприях» гибель Троила и (возможно) Местора излагалась подробно.
• Ахилл берёт Фивы плакийские и убивает (VI 414—428) Этиона , отца Андромахи (VI 395, 397, XXII 480); Хрисеида попадает в плен (I 366; XXIII 828).
• Каталог троянцев. В «Илиаде» он довольно краток (II 816—877), много короче, чем « Каталог кораблей » ахейцев (II 494—759). Давно обосновано предположение, что в «Киприях» он был длиннее, и оба каталога были перенесены оттуда ^[62] , причём в «Киприях» «Каталог кораблей» располагался там, где говорилось об их прибытии в Авлиду (так у Псевдо-Аполлодора ^[63] ).

Несовпадения:

• Как и в «Киприях», в «Илиаде» (XVI 143; XIX 390) упомянуто, что Хирон срубил на Пелионе ясень, из которого было изготовлено копьё Пелея, позже перешедшее к Ахиллу, но об участии богов в изготовлении копья Гомер, в отличие от Стасина, не упоминает ^[64] . Однако Гомер рассказывает (XVIII 84), что на свадьбу боги подарили Пелею доспехи, которые тот отдал сыну.
• Гелен назван птицегадателем и прорицателем (VII 44), но пророческий дар Кассандры не упоминается, в «Киприях» же и брат и сестра — прорицатели.
• У Стасина Парис и Елена впервые сочетались любовью до отплытия из Спарты, а у Гомера — после, на острове Краная (III 445).
• Упомянута лишь одна дочь Елены от Менелая («Илиада» III 175), причём её имя Гермиона известно лишь из «Одиссеи» (IV 14). У Стасина же названы как минимум двое детей от Менелая и один от Париса.
• По «Илиаде», Диоскуры покоятся «в недрах любезной земли их родимой» (III 243—244), по Стасину и «Одиссее» (XI 298), они вознесены на небо.
• У Гомера не упоминаются Немесида , Ферсандр , Кикн и Паламед , фигурирующие у Стасина, Телеф же упомянут лишь в «Одиссее», но не в «Илиаде» ^[65] .
• Ещё в античности было замечено, что никто из героев Гомера не ест рыбы. У Стасина же в рассказе о смерти Паламеда упомянута рыбная ловля.
• Гомер полемизирует с представлениями о неуязвимости Ахилла (XX 102; XXI 569). Возможно, в «Киприях» упоминалось, напротив, как Фетида закаляла младенца Ахилла в огне ^[66] .

Параллели с «Одиссеей»:

• Елена бросила мужа и дочь по воле Афродиты (IV 261—264).
• Посещение Одиссеем Делоса («Одиссея» VI 162—167). Согласно изложению у Цеца, Аний , царь Делоса, предложил войску ахейцев оставаться на Делосе девять лет, получая продовольствие от его дочерей. В. Г. Борухович полагает, что это описание Цеца восходит к «Киприям» ^[67] .
• Вероятно, рассказ о ссоре Ахилла с Одиссеем на пиру, которой радовался Агамемнон и которая была предсказана Пифией («Одиссея» VIII 75—82), относится к пиру на Тенедосе, что подтверждается фрагментами сатировской драмы Софокла «Сотрапезники». Описанное в «Одиссее» посещение Агамемноном Дельф ни во фрагментах «Киприй», ни у Псевдо-Аполлодора не упомянуто, но другие авторы связывают его с историей Телефа, которая в «Киприях», бесспорно, излагалась.

Расхождения с «Одиссеей»:

• Anti -ope in Stasin’s Nestor’s insertion story is Lika’s daughter ^[68] , and Homer has Asop’s daughter (XI 260).
• Agamemnon recalls (XXIV 115–119) that he tried to convince Odysseus to take part in the war, which took a month, in the Cypriots the king Ithaki forces Palameds by force, and his companions are Menelaus and Nestor.

A number of episodes could be recounted in Cypriots, but they are not mentioned in synopsis and other fragments, and there is no evidence for this:

• The gods for the wedding (XVIII 85) give Peleus armor (XVII 195). He receives immortal horses (XVI 381; XVII 443) as a gift from Poseidon (XXIII 278).
• A visit by Idomeneos from Crete Menelaus and Helena (Iliad III 233). Since it is mentioned in the Cypriots that Menelaus went to Crete, it is possible that he was called there by Idomeneus (according to Pseudo-Apollodorus, he should have buried his grandfather Katreus ^[69] ).
• The promise of Hera and Athena to Menelaus that he will defeat the Trojans (V 715).
• The story of how Nestor visits Peleus and in response to his questions tells about the clan and offspring of the leaders of the Achaeans (VII 127-128). Menethius, in the presence of Nestor and Odysseus, instructs Patroclus, while Peleus gives instructions to Achilles (XI 765–803).
• Gifts that Kinir sent to Agamemnon before the war (Iliad XI 19-23).
• Gifts of Echepol from Sikion to King Agamemnon (Iliad XXIII 296).
• The ruin of Achilles of Tenedos (XI 625) is mentioned. I recall the feasts on Lemnos (VIII 229–234). It is summarized that Achilles ravaged 12 cities by sea and 11 by land (IX 328–329) ^[70] .
• The capture of Lesbos by Achilles (Iliad IX 129). The victory of Odysseus at Lesbos over the strongman Philomelides (Odyssey IV 342–344; XVII 133–135). However, the visit by Achilles and Odysseus of Lesbos was also described in Ethiopida.
• Among the booty of Achilles at Thebes of Placiae were Kiphara ("Iliad" IX 188), disk (XXIII 827) and horse Pedas (XVI 152).
• Achilles at the foot of Ida captured the grazing sheep of the sons of Priam, Isa and Antifa, but then returned them for ransom (XI 101-112). At the oak tree, he encountered Hector (IX 354).

All these parallels can have various explanations, and the differences are not significant, but they show that the question of which of the poems was written earlier can hardly have a generally accepted solution.

More than 30 tragedies were devoted to the same subjects, of which only one was preserved (the influence of “Cyprus” on the tragedy was already noted by Aristotle ^[71] ). Thus, the influence of the epic on the literature of the New Age was very indirect - through the play of Euripides.

• The causes of the war were portrayed in Sophocles’s satire dramas Eris, Feast and The Wedding of Helen [and Paris] ^[72] , as well as the play of Sophocles and the comedy of Alexis “Abduction of Helen”.
• The actions that forced Odysseus to participate in the war, in a strong deviation from the epic depicted in the tragedy of Sophocles "Odysseus the Foolish."
• The content of Sophocles’s tragedy “Achaean’s collection” is unknown, but it goes back to the epic.
• The story of the wound of Teleus was described in the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Agathon and the unknown author of the Misi, and his healing in the plays of Teleus (at least 11 with the same name are known, see Telef ).
• On the plot of the sacrifice of Iphigenia no less than seven ancient plays are known (see Iphigenia ), of which only Euphidias Iphigenia in Auclide has survived.
• The events on Tenedos were set forth in the satire drama of Sophocles “The Comrades” ^[73] .
• The first battle is in the tragedies of Aeschylus and Achaeus of Eretria, "Cycnus" and the tragedy of Sophocles "Shepherds" ^[74] .
• Attempts at reconciliation are in the tragedies of Sophocles and Timesipheus “Embassy of Helen”.
• Palamede's death - in no less than five tragedies (see Palamede ) and a number of comedies.
• The death of Troilus is in the tragedies of Frinich and Sophocles “Troilus”.

Kolluff ’s poem “The Abduction of Helen” and the incomplete poem of Stacius “Achilleide” were also preserved.

In honor of the poem, the asteroid (669) of Cyprus was discovered, discovered in 1908 ^[75] .

Sources:

• English translation of fragments by Evelyn-White ( Hesiod, Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica . Translated by Evelyn-White, HG / Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914). [one]
• Collection of fragments of the Greek epic edited by Kinkel.
• Poetarum epicorum Graecorum testimonia et fragmenta. Pars I. Ed. A. Bernabé. Leipzig, 1987. (Bernabe Collection).
• M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta (Göttingen) 1988.
• English translation of synopsis in the publication of G. Nadia (2000) [2] .
• ML West, Greek Epic Fragments. Cambridge, MA. 2003. (Greek with English translation) ( review )
• Cypriot legends / Per. O. Tsybenko // Hellenic poets of the VIII — III centuries. BC e. - M .: Ladomir. 1999. - S. 111-113, 451 (commentary). (translation from the Bernabe edition).
• Trojan cycle: [Cyprus] / Transl. and comment. M. Sychev // Scriptorium: History of the Trees. world and environment. centuries. - Minsk, 2012. - No. 1 (7). - S. 48-60.

Research

• The history of Greek literature. T. 1. Epic, lyrics, drama of the classical period. M.-L., 1946. S. 155-156 (the author of the section is S. P. Shestakov)