Problem

By system level

• Problems of mankind ( global problems )
  • quality of life - ecology , health , food and energy resources ( heat , lighting , transportation , etc.).
  • prospect of demographic crisis
  • deforestation
  • crime
  • ignorant attitude to the planet
• countries
  • food shortage ( hunger )
  • lack of raw materials (water, etc.)
  • economic problems (problems in the labor market, etc.)
• regions
  • in Russia, part of the regions on subsidies
• cities
  • problems in the social sphere
  • in the field of housing and communal services
  • construction of transport infrastructure ( traffic jams )
• organizations ( firms )
  • decrease in demand for products
• the streets
  • insufficient bandwidth
  • bad condition
• in the family
• personalities
  • work problems
  • with housing
• with human health

Forecast Possibility

• poorly predicted, for example, earthquakes or meteorite
• projected, for example, global warming

By complexity

• problems solved by solving a large number of other problems, for example, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
• problems quickly solved, for example, crossing the street, buy products

Psychological Issues

• Phenomenological
• Theoretical
• Methodological
• Historical and psychological

Science is the activity of man to identify the problems of ignorance (production of knowledge), and, accordingly, control , forecasting, management of phenomena , processes , events . Scientific activity should be distinguished from scientific knowledge. Researchers are engaged in scientific activity, and scientists are engaged in the reproduction and systematization of knowledge through education (training) . The substitution of these concepts is a problem of science management. The tasks of science and education differ in the production of knowledge and the production (reproduction) of educated specialists - scientists. Many research scientists form schools , areas of a scientific and practical nature.

The scientific problem is awareness, the formulation of the concept of ignorance. If the problem is identified and formulated in the form of an idea, concept, then this means that you can start setting the task to solve it. With the introduction of the Russian language into the culture, the concept of “problem” underwent a transformation. In Western culture, a problem is a problem requiring solution. In Russian culture, the problem is the strategic stage of solving the problem, at the ideological-conceptual level, when there are implicitly many conditions, a list of which can be formalized and taken into account in the statement of the problem (a list of conditions, parameters , boundary conditions (limit of values) of which are included in the conditions of the problem).

The more complex the subject matter to be considered (the more complex the chosen topic), the more ambiguous, vague questions (problems) it will contain, and the more difficult problems will be to formulate the problem and to find solutions, that is, the problems of the scientific work should include classification and prioritization in the direction .

Problem and problematics is not scientific knowledge, but when formulating definitions , thesaurus , ideas, concepts, the fundamental methodology of science is carried out: description, personification (name), classification of problems, tasks, directions, objects, which is the production part (target designation) for the search strategy and practical testing of hypotheses , concepts, ideas.

The topic and problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate different topics and problems to artists. For example, the author of the 12th-century Old Russian poem, “ The Word of Igor’s Regiment, ” was worried about the topic of princely feuds, and he asked himself questions: how to make Russian princes stop caring only about personal gain and quarrel with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of a weakening Kiev state?

The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about the scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what an ideal ruler should be, put in the literature the problems of civic duty and the equality of all citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the secrets of life and death, penetrated into the dark corners of the human soul, solved the problems of a person’s dependence on fate and unsolved demonic forces, the interaction of a talented and extraordinary person with a soulless and mundane society of ordinary people.

The 19th century, with its focus on the literature of critical realism, turned artists to new topics and forced them to reflect on new problems:

• Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, a " little man " entered the literature, and the question arose about his place in society and relations with "big" people;
• the most important was the women's theme, and with it the so-called social “women's issue”; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid much attention to this topic;
• the theme of home and family took on a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and the person’s ability to be happy;
• unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused keen interest in the peasantry, and the topic of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became the leading one in literature, and with it the question: how will the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?
• the tragic events of history and public moods brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky , Turgenev and Tolstoy in trying to resolve the questions: how to prevent the younger generation from the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile generations of “fathers” and “children” in a turbulent and bloody world? How to understand the relationship between good and evil today and what is meant by both? How in the desire to be different from others not to lose yourself?
• Chernyshevsky addresses the topic of the public good and asks: “What to do?” So that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase social wealth? How to “equip” Russia to a prosperous life? Etc.

Sometimes in art, it is precisely the question posed by the author that becomes a real breakthrough - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now vital, vital. Many works are created in order to pose a problem.

The problem is an obstacle to achieving the goal .

To solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze it and take into account both current conditions and risks in the project.

A problematic situation is a situation in which an activity is not realized by previously accepted methods, and the achievement of the result of an activity under changed conditions is unpredictable (difficult or excluded).

The analysis of the problem should be formulated so that the person facing the problem can quickly make decisions. That is, the root reason must be visible, and the description must be complete, consistent and reliable, so that the manager can coordinate changes in the project with real resources and circumstances to achieve the final result.

• Task
• Problem solving
• purpose
• Question