Gutia

Gutia appeared on the historical scene at the end of the XXIII century BC. e. By this time, the Goutian tribes had reached quite considerable political strength and began to invade the territory of Southern Mesopotamia, where at that time a powerful Akkadian kingdom was located , devastating the country ^[4] .

Around 2200 BC e. the supreme leader of the Gutievs, a certain Erridupizir , defeated the Akkadian king Naram-Sin , managed to take over the city of Nippur and took the royal title. By his order, the scribes of Sippar carved an inscription in honor of his victories, which has survived to this day. But in the following years the Akkadians successfully repelled the invasion of the Highlanders.

The two successors of Erridupizir suffered serious defeats from the Akkadians, and the next king, Sarlagab , was even captured by the Akkadian king Sharkalisharri . However, when Sharkalisharri died, the guts again began to win one victory after another and soon managed to take over almost all of Mesopotamia .

The Sumerian and Semitic inscriptions of that time eloquently describe the disasters caused by the unfortunate and devastated country. So, in one inscription there is a long list of cities ( Akkad , Akshak , Hursang-kalama , Der , Nippur, Adab , Larak and many others), "whose daughters cry because of the Gutians . " And in the Sumerian hymn to the god Ninib, the cruelties of the Gutians are described:

Only Lagash , lying somewhat away from the main path of their raids, and maybe Uruk and Ur , protected by a strip of swamps, were not so badly affected.

Gutian people have not created their national management for the Lower Mesopotamia; when they stopped the military robbery, they continued the robbery in the form of tributes that were collected for them by the local Akkadian and Sumerian rulers. Gutia ruled over Mesopotamia for 91 years (during this time 20 kings were succeeded). However, it is known that the first 50 years of their rule coincide with the last years of Akkad. Information about this time is very scarce, since the guts practically did not leave written sources. In general, it seems to be an era of political instability and cultural stagnation. It is impossible to determine the influence of this nation on Mesopotamian civilization.

In addition to the Akkadian kingdom, the guts also conducted military operations with the Elamite king Kutik-Inshushinak and, apparently, in the end, defeated the Elamian kingdom of the Avan dynasty .

The Gutian leaders called themselves "kings", but, apparently, they were elected by the tribal assembly of soldiers only for a term (from 2 to 7 years). The center of their state, apparently, was in Arrapha .

The power of the Gutians was overthrown by the king of Uruk - Utuchengal , who circa 2109 BC. e. defeated the last Gutian king Tirigan (the Tsar’s List reports that he reigned for only forty days), threw the Gutiev to the mountains of Zagros and restored the “Kingdom of Sumer and Akkad”. In his inscription, Utuchengal calls the Gutiev “a stinging serpent of the mountains, that she raised her hand against the gods, that she took away the right of Sumer’s reign to the [foreign] country, that she filled Schumer with enmity, that she tore the wife from the one who had a wife, that had torn off the child from the one had a child, [and] betrayed Land hostility and discord. "

Although the guts continued to threaten subsequent Mesopotamian dynasties and kingdoms from Zagros, they never again controlled such vast territories.

In the 1st millennium BC. e. the term "gutii" lost the meaning of a particular ethnic group and began to be applied to various peoples living north and east of Babylonia ( Urartians , Manaeans, and Medes ).

According to Jewish tradition, the Samaritans (Shomronim), resettled by Assyria in the territory of the former kingdom of Israel , are called “Kutis” (“Kutim”).

The names of the Gutian kings and a few words preserved in linguistic texts are all that we know about the Gutian language. Some researchers believe that the Gutiev language belonged to the Caucasian languages ^[5] , while others claim their kinship with the Indo-Europeans (related to Tochars ) ^{[6] [3] [2]} . In the 19th century, Jules Oppert identified the Goutians with the later Goths , which was not confirmed.

The royal dynasty of the Gutiev tribes, which ruled in the XXII century BC. e.

• Erridupizir (Enridavazir) - approx. 2230 - 2202 BC. e.
• Imta - 2202 - 2197 BC e. - rules of 3 or 5 years.
• Inkeshush (Ingeshush I) - 2197 - 2191 BC. e. - rules 6 years.
• Sarlabab - 2191 - 2185 BC e. - rules for 6 years.
• Shulme - 2185 - 2179 BC e. - rules 6 years.
• Elulu-Mesh (Elulumes) - 2179 - 2173 BC e. - rules 6 years.
• Inimabagesh - 2173 - 2168 BC e. - rules 5 years.
• Igeshaush (Igneshush II) - 2168 - 2162 BC e. - rules 6 years.
• Yarlabab - 2162 - 2147 BC e. - rules 15 years.
• Ibate - 2147 - 2144 BC e. - rules 3 years.
• Yarlangab (Yarlagan I) - 2144 - 2141 BC e. - rules 3 years.
• Kurum - 2141 - 2140 BC e. - rules 1 year.
• Habilkin (Habilkin) - 2140 - 2137 BC. e. - rules 3 years.
• Laerabum (Laharab) - 2137 - 2135 BC. e. - rules 2 years.
• Irarum - 2135 - 2133 BC e. - rules 2 years.
• Ibranum - 2133 - 2132 BC e. - rules 1 year.
• Hablum - 2132 - 2130 BC e. - rules 2 years.
• Puzur-sin (Puzur-Suen) - 2130 - 2123 BC e. - The son of Khablun - ruled 7 years.
• Yarlaganda (Yarlagan II) - 2123 - 2116 BC e. - rules 7 years.
• Sium - 2116 - 2109 BC e. - rules 7 years.
• Tirigan - 2109 BC e. - rules 40 days.

• History of Ancient Mesopotamia

• Dandamaev M.A. Mesopotamia and Iran in the VII-IV centuries. BC. Social institutions and ideology . - SPb. : Faculty of Philology and Arts, St. Petersburg State University, 2009. - 512 p. - (Historical research). - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-8465-0834-7 .
• Turaev B.A. History of the Ancient East / Editors Vasily Struve, I. Snegirev. - in 2 volumes. - Moscow: State Socio-Economic Publishing House, 1936. - 680 p. - (The Ancient East). - 10,250 copies.
• Stephen Bertman Mesopotamia = Stephen Bertman: “Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia” / Translation: A. Pomogaybo. - M .: Veche, 2007 .-- 416 p. - (Great civilizations). - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9533-1916-4 .

• Kutii // History. - Kurdist.ru (Kurdish history), 2008 .-- April 30. - Date of treatment: 06/12/2016.
• Alexander Minkov. The era of Kutiev (Rus.) // "Murzim": an almanac. - 2011.
• The formation of the state of Akkad and the III dynasty of Ur // Ancient East. - Ancient world history. - Date of treatment: 06/12/2016.