Professional institute

A school may have the status of a college ^{[2] [3]} , a technical school ^[4] or a lyceum ^[5] , whose graduates continue their studies at universities (for example, at academies ) ^[6] . At the same time, admission to the school required an age (over 10 years) and an educational qualification higher than the initial one (reading, writing and counting) ^{[7] [8]} , which allows schools to be classified as secondary vocational schools . The school is usually headed by a director ( head ^[8] ), who is assisted by deputies (assistants) ^[9] . Students were often referred to as pupils ^[10] , because they lived in a dormitory (at a boarding school) ^[11] . They could study at the school from 1 ^[8] to 5 years ^[7]

Classrooms , laboratories , workshops and a library are located in the educational buildings of schools ^[12] . In addition, the schools had a teacher , a canteen and a kitchen ^[13] , as well as an assembly and gymnastic ^[14] halls.

• Military schools , including naval, artillery, aviation, engineering, cavalry and higher command (higher military schools are universities that teach higher education).
• Theological Schools
• Commercial Schools
• Flight schools
• Medical Schools
• Marine (river) schools
• Music Schools
• Teacher Training Schools
• Real schools are primary and / or secondary education, not vocational.
• Primary , including lower primary ( parish ) schools - primary education, not vocational.
• Theater Schools
• Choreographic Schools
• Art schools

The oldest schools were theological schools , some of which appeared in 1749 ^[15] . Commercial schools were established in 1772, the pupils of which, among other subjects, studied law , accounting and navigation . ^[sixteen]

The first technical schools appeared in 1865 ^[7] , and in 1873 real schools appeared. ^{[17] [18]}

Vocational technical school belonged to primary vocational schools (sometimes vocational schools are mistakenly classified as secondary vocational schools ), vocational schools for young people who have graduated from high school or did not finish it (after 8th grade before, 9th grade now ) Also, technical schools and educational complexes belonged to the category of secondary special educational institutions.

A vocational technical school trained skilled workers in professions requiring a high general educational level.

The predecessors of the vocational technical school were factory apprenticeship schools (FZU) and craft schools that existed since the time of the Russian Empire.

In 1954, technical schools (TU) (1-2 years) were opened for secondary school graduates. In 1958-1959, all types of vocational schools were reorganized into urban and rural vocational schools (vocational schools) and transferred to the jurisdiction of the vocational education committees of the Union republics. In vocational schools (1-2 years of study), young people who graduated from an 8-year school were accepted. Students were provided with food, clothing (or a scholarship). Personnel were trained in more than 450 working professions ( welder , builder , locksmith , electrician , plumber , auto mechanic , carpenter , gardener and others). The term of study ranged from 0.5 years to 4 years. Technical schools were restored in 1966 (with a learning period of 1–1.5 g). In 1972, a new type of vocational education institution was established — secondary vocational schools, which, along with their working specialty, gave students a general secondary education (graduates of 8 classes were accepted, term of study 3-4 years).

In 1974, there were 6028 vocational education institutions in the USSR, and the number of students was 3 million. In 1981, this number exceeded 7,000, and the number of students was 3.6 million.

In 1975 , there were about 700 TUs in the USSR (364 thousand students), graduation was about 254 thousand people, and admission was 308 thousand people ^[1] . In the 1980s, there were more than 100 vocational schools in Moscow alone.

Vocational school students were provided with preferential tickets for public transport , uniforms (including raincoats and hats until 1954), free (preferential) meals and had benefits, provided they studied well, when they entered specialized universities .

Some vocational schools trained specialists in rare, highly qualified specialties. For example, vocational school No. 90 in Leningrad trained subway drivers.

Varieties

In different years, there were several types of vocational schools: technical schools (TU), urban vocational technical schools (GTU), rural vocational technical schools (SPTU), secondary vocational technical schools (SPTU), special (correctional) vocational technical schools of closed type (SpecPTU) , actually representing places of imprisonment of adolescents, whose responsibility for the crimes committed did not come due to age.

Reorganization

Since September 1, 2013 , due to the combination of the primary vocational education system with secondary vocational education, many schools received the status of technical schools and colleges.

• Primary vocational education
• School of factory training (FZO)
• School of Factory Apprenticeship (FZU)
• Vocational school
• College

• Vocational education / Sayushev V. A. // Proof - Remensi. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vols.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 21).
• Vocational educational institutions // Proof - Remensi. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vols.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 21).