Boulevard ( French boulevard , from German bollwerk - fortified earthen rampart ) - an alley or strip of green space along (usually in the middle) of the street (originally - on the site of the old city ramparts), along the banks of the river , sea , intended for walking. Boulevards also serve for walking , short breaks , protect sidewalks and buildings from dust and noise . Monuments and sculptures , fountains , children's and sports grounds, cafes , shopping stalls , as well as temples and other religious buildings are placed on the boulevards.
The boulevard (from the Middle Dutch, meaning a rampart , a bastion ) in fortification is a closed earthen fortification , used in the XV century during the siege of fortresses .
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Perception of the boulevard in Russian
- 3 Boulevard in painting
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
History
The boulevards were first used by the British in 1428 during the siege of Orleans . At that time, the boulevards consisted of square redoubts with round ledges in the corners, in which three guns were placed, firing through blinded embrasures . Later, the name "boulevard" passed to the line of earthen ramparts in the fortresses [1] [2] . In the XV and XVI centuries in France, a boulevard designated a fortification (located in the ill.) Placed outside the city walls , replacing the medieval barbican . It was built originally from land covered with sod , which later began to be covered with a stone wall, and served to protect against enemy artillery . The boulevard was often connected by walls to the main fortification. These structures, which constitute an independent part, often completely separate from the main system of fortifications, turned into bastions , as soon as the successes of the siege artillery made the fortress trenches closer to each other, for the purpose of mutual protection. Excellent examples of these structures are the boulevards in Schaffhausen and in Troyes .
The name “boulevard” was retained after itself by tree lined walks and serving for walking, arranged on the old ramparts. In Paris during the alarm that arose in 1536, several boulevards were built in the northern part of the city, traces of which have survived to this day, not far from the line of current boulevards.
The author of the “Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language” Chernyh P. Ya ., Pointed out that almost the first mention in Russian written texts dates back to 1771 - 1773 and is contained in the description of Parisian streets and their names in the Traveler's Journal: ... went to the Boulevard for a walk ”(with a capital letter, as a toponym ) [3] .
Perception of the boulevard in Russian
The concepts of "tabloid press", " tabloid literature ", are associated with the concept of "boulevard" [4] through the concept of "tabloid drama" [5] , which, in turn, was formed from the " tabloid theater ".
Boulevard in Painting
Boulevard by the Volga River ( B. M. Kustodiev "Walking on the Volga")
Montmartre Boulevard in the spring ( Camille Pissarro )
Kazimir Malevich "On the Boulevard"
See also
- Boulevard Ring
- Boulevard Theater
Notes
- ↑ Colonel V. F. Shperk, “Fortification Dictionary”, publication of the V.V. Kuybyshev Military Engineering Academy of the Red Banner Academy (VIA), Moscow - 1946.
- ↑ Yandex, Boulevard Dictionaries Archived copy of October 1, 2015 on the Wayback Machine (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1207 days])
- ↑ Moscow: rings of centuries - Gorbanevsky M.V. - Libros.am . Archived September 10, 2018 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ S. Osovtsov. Why do we say that? . Neva 2003, No. 12.
- ↑ Patrice Pavis, Christine Shantz. Dictionary of the theater: terms, concepts, and analysis . University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Literature
- Boulevard // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Forest Encyclopedia / Ch. Editor G.I. Vorobyov. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1985. - T. 1. - 563 p. - 100,000 copies.
- Colonel V. F. Shperk, “Fortification Dictionary”, publication of the V.V. Kuybyshev Military Engineering Red Banner Academy (VIA), Moscow - 1946.
- Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - 3rd ed. - M., 1999. - T. 1, 2 (The first edition of the dictionary was published 23 years after the death of the author, in 1993. The second edition - in 1994, the third - in 1999)
- "Dictionary of Fine Arts", 2004 - 2009.
Links
- Information Riot site, Word History on Mondays with Maxim Russo No. 49 “Boulevard”
- Yandex, Dictionaries "Boulevard" (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1207 days])