University candidate (in short, candidate ) - academic degree.
It was introduced in the Russian Empire by the decree "On the establishment of schools" of January 24, 1803 [1] ; canceled in 1884. It was the first (from 1819 to 1835 - second) academic degree in the country at that time. The next, higher in rank, were the degrees of master and doctor .
According to the hierarchy, the pre-revolutionary degree of a candidate is comparable with the current qualification of an excellent master’s degree (and the pre-revolutionary master’s degree, on the contrary, corresponds to the modern academic degree of a candidate of science ).
In 1803-1884 the candidate’s degree was awarded to those who graduated with honors from a university or equivalent to another higher education institution ( lyceum , academy ) and submitted a written work on their chosen topic. Persons who graduated from the university without distinction either did not receive a degree or (from 1819 to 1835) received the lower academic degree of a real student established then; they could apply for a candidate’s degree no earlier than a year after passing a number of exams.
The term candidate was used in combination with the name of the educational institution (candidate of Kazan University, candidate of the Moscow Theological Academy) or branch of knowledge (candidate of literature, candidate of rights, etc.). Upon entering the civil service, the degree of candidate of the university gave its holder the right to the rank of 12th grade (since 1822 - 10th grade, ie, college secretary ) [2] .
The candidate’s degree was canceled at most universities with the adoption of the General University Charter of 1884 (a 1st degree diploma was issued instead), but remained in higher education institutions that were not subject to this charter: Warsaw and Yuryevsky (Tartu) Universities, Demidov Lyceum as well as theological academies. Persons who graduated with honors from commercial schools in St. Petersburg and Kharkov received a degree in commerce .
Finally, the degree of the candidate of the university was canceled by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in 1918, together with the remaining academic degrees and related rights.
Notes
- ↑ Feofanov A. M. Academic degrees at Moscow University in the second half of the 18th century.
- ↑ Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2010 .
Literature
- Imperial Moscow University: 1755-1917: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Andreev A. Yu., Tsygankov D. A. .. - M .: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2010. - P. 295. - 894 p. - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-8243-1429-8 .