Badiuzzaman Said Nursi ( Turkish Bediüzzaman Said Nursî [1] ; 1878 - March 23, 1960 ) [2] - Turkish Islamic theologian and scholar of Kurdish origin [2] [3] , interpreter ( mufassir ) of the Koran . Nursi’s youth period coincided with the First World War , the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the Turkish Republic .
| Said Nursi | |
|---|---|
| tour. Bediüzzaman said nursî | |
 | |
| personal information | |
| Birth name | Said Nursi |
| Nickname | Badiuzaman (Divo of time) |
| Profession, occupation | , , , , |
| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | |
| Date of death | |
| A place of death | |
| A country | |
| Religion | , , and |
| Father | Sophie mirza |
| Mother | Nurie Hanım |
| Battles | |
| Theological activity | |
| Area of activity | |
| Had an impact | Sufis |
| Proceedings | |
Possessing a very good memory [4] , already at an early age, Said Nursi received the prefix named Badiuzaman (“a marvel of his time ”) [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The nickname "Badiuzaman" was received only by the most distinguished Islamic scholars. [10]
Said Nursi had a significant impact on the development of Islam in modern Turkey , as well as around the world. Nursi's whole life was accompanied by unusual and dangerous events. He fought at the front, was in Russian captivity, traveled a lot. He was constantly in the center of attention of major political figures of the Ottoman Empire , Turkey and other states. For 28 years, he was repeatedly subjected to arrests, persecutions, attempts and other political pressure, but each court acquitted him.
It is one of the most studied and respected Islamic figures in Turkey and the Turkic world , as well as in a number of Arab countries and African countries, but it is little known in the West .
Believing that modern science and logic lead to the future, he advocated the teaching of religious sciences in secular schools and modern sciences in religious schools.
Nursi devoted a significant part of his activities to the interpretation of the Koran, the problems of Muslim society, but also paid attention to the problems of political and secular life. All this helped him write the main work of his life, Risale-i Nur, a commentary on the Qur'an that differs significantly from classical Islamic works. The tafsir written by him is called “Risale-i Nur”, translated into 50 languages, and is published in many countries of the world. These books reject all forms of enmity and violence, urging the people of Scripture to unite with Muslims in the fight against the godlessness and debauchery of the modern world. In the 1950s Nursi paid a visit to the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople with a proposal for cooperation against atheism, at a time when inter-religious dialogue was an unheard of. The ideas of S. Nursi coincided with the ideology of the Second Vatican Council, the recognition by the Vatican of traditional Islam as the Abrahamic religion, which was an important stage in the development of Muslim-Christian dialogue.
Mainly leading a hermit lifestyle, Nursi gathered around him a large number of students who copied many copies of Risale-i Nur. Despite the fact that several decades have passed since the death of Nursi, his ideas are relevant in the modern Islamic world, and his students continue to distribute Risale-i Nur.
Nursi’s life has been the subject of many books, mainly in Turkish. At the request of the students, Nursi wrote an autobiography during his lifetime, dividing his life between “Former Said” and “New Said”.
Content
- 1 Early years
- 2 Teaching
- 3 Ratings
- 4 Proceedings
- 4.1 Translations into Russian
- 5 See also
- 6 notes
- 7 Literature
- 8 References
The early years
Said Nursi was born in the mountain village of Nurs , in Eastern Turkey. His father was called Mirza, and his mother was Nurie (Nura). The father of the family was also called the Sufi Mirza for his membership in the Sufi order . Said was the fourth of seven children. The two oldest children in the family were girls, Durrier and Hanim. Hanym became a connoisseur in the field of religion. After the incident in Bitlis in 1913, both went into voluntary exile in Damascus . Hanım died in Mecca in 1945 when she bypassed al-Qa'aba . The next child was Abdullah, who also became a Hoja and was the first teacher of young Said. He died in Nursa in 1914. Following Said, Mehmed was born, who taught at a madrasah in the village of Arvas, located near Nursa. Then came Abdulmejid, who studied for many years with his older brother Said. He gained fame thanks to his translations into Turkish of two works of Nursi written in Arabic. Abdulmejid passed away in Konya in 1967. There is no information about the youngest child, a girl named Merjan. Durrier's older sister was the mother of Ubeid, also a student of Said. She drowned in a village river when her son was a young child. The father of the Mirza family died in the 1920s and is buried in the Nursa cemetery.
Leaving his home to continue his education, Said never saw his mother again. She died during the First World War and was also buried in Nursa. Said will later say:
From my mother I learned compassion, and from my father - accuracy and order. [eleven]
Said’s adolescence took place in Nursa with his family. He grew up extremely intelligent, loved to constantly research, ask and find answers to his questions. Many years later, explaining how scientific metaphors can degenerate and become superstitions “if they fall into the hands of an ignoramus,” he cited as an example a case illustrating this fact.
One night, when they heard the roar of metal cans and a rifle shot, everyone ran out of the house and saw a lunar eclipse. Said asked his mother:
"Why did the moon disappear?" She replied: "The snake swallowed her." Then Said again asked: “Then why is it still visible?” “Snakes in the sky look like glass. They show everything that is inside them. "
Said found out the correct answer only a few years later, when he began to study astronomy . [12]
Teaching
Said Nursi preached a short way in understanding the truth. He saw the meaning of religion in serving the principles of the Qur'an. The ideal of a patient person for him was Ayyub ( Job ). One of the topics in his tafsirs is the warning of the Dajjal ( Antichrist ). He believed that Islamic civilization would dominate in the future. He said: "In the future, in which the mind will rule, science and technology will undoubtedly be governed by the Quran, which is based on rational evidence and which is justified by reason with all its prescriptions." The tafsir written by him is called “Risale-i Nur”, translated into 40 languages, and is published in many countries of the world. These books reject all forms of enmity and violence, urging the people of Scripture to unite with Muslims in the fight against the godlessness and debauchery of the modern world. In the 1950s Nursi paid a visit to the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople with a proposal for cooperation against atheism, at a time when inter-religious dialogue was an unheard of. The ideas of S. Nursi coincided with the ideology of the Second Vatican Council, the recognition by the Vatican of traditional Islam as the Abrahamic religion, which was an important stage in the development of Muslim-Christian dialogue. Assessing modern world society from the point of view of the development of science and technology, Said Nursi claims that the world religion of Islam will wage a spiritual struggle against godlessness, proving the validity of the Koran on the basis of scientific discoveries in physics, mathematics, and other exact disciplines. He indicates in his writings that all world religions have one source, calls for respect and love for all of humanity, he considers all the blessings of modern civilization to be the achievement of true Christianity and idealism, and decline and godlessness are a consequence of the influence of materialism inherited from pagan Rome. [13]
Ratings
On May 21, 2007, the Moscow Koptev Court recognized some Russian translations of these books as extremist, finding in them “the presence of signs of extremism, in particular: incitement of religious hatred, propaganda of exclusivity, superiority and inferiority of citizens based on their attitude to religion”. The court decided on the basis of the examination. According to V.P. Lukin , the Organization of the Islamic Conference , the Council on Religious Affairs under the Turkish Council of Ministers, Al-Azhar University , Vatican gave positive conclusions on the books "Risale-i Nur". [fourteen]
By the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 10.04.2008, the international religious organization Nurdzhular [15] was recognized as extremist and banned in Russia. At the same time, the contribution of Nursi and his modern ideological followers to the dissemination of ideas of tolerance was noted by the Vatican and a number of Western researchers. [16] In this regard, the Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia V.P. Lukin [17] sent an appeal to the Koptevsky District Court of Moscow, in which he referred Said Nursi’s books to “religious instructive literature” and indicated the opinion of his working apparatus according to which "in books and brochures there is no opposition between citizens on the basis of their worldview choice (religious or non-religious) and, even less so, calls for religious hostility and intolerance." Employees of the Presidential Administration and the Government of the Russian Federation: Advisor to the Presidential Administration A. A. Grishin [18] considers it necessary to create a special expert council that would determine the criteria for making some Islamic books on the federal list of extremist literature. The Public Chamber considered the same issue [19] . In April 2010, experts from Moscow State University named after MV Lomonosov carried out an examination of S. Nursi’s book “The Tenth Word. On the resurrection from the dead ”from the collected works“ Risale-i Hyp ”and gave a positive assessment of this book [20] .
According to some experts of the Institute of the Middle East (President - Satanovsky E. Ya .; A. G. Gadzhiev [21] , non-existent [22] in nature “expert” M. N. Davydov [23] , E. V. Zagornova [24 ] , Z. S. Arukhov [25] ), the teachings of Said Nursi lie at the basis of the Nurjular ideology, operating in Turkey and several countries of the world, including the CIS countries. These researchers note that in the regions of Russia and the CIS countries with compact Muslim populations , Nurjular supporters allegedly are spreading the ideas of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism , which can provoke conflicts between representatives of different nationalities and faiths.
According to the rector of the Russian Islamic University, R. Mukhametshin, nowhere in the writings of S. Nursi there is not a single mention of either Pan-Turkism or Pan-Islam. It is known that Nursi was an opponent of all nationalism and racism [26] . At the request of the prosecutor's office at the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding the literature of Said Nursi, an answer was given that the books of Said Nursi do not propagandize extremism and are not prohibited in their country. Also, the Turkish Foreign Ministry officially confirmed the absence of such an organization as Nurjular. In addition, the Turkish Prime Minister and Chairman of the Justice and Development Party Recep Erdogan , speaking at the 3rd congress of the AKP, said: “Without Ahmad Hani, without Saeed Nursi, Turkey’s spirituality will suffer damage” [27] . In a review of the 2010 annual report of the US Commission on Religious Freedom in the Countries of the World, the Government of the Russian Federation is recommended to review recent court cases that have recognized the publications of Jehovah's Witnesses and Turkish theologian Said Nursi as extremist [28] . The 2010 report of the US State Department on Religious Freedom states: “The Russian Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and, in general, the government respects this right in practice. However, religious minorities, especially Muslims, followers of Turkish theologian Said Nursi, Jehovah's Witnesses and Scientologists have been banned from their religious literature and have difficulties registering their organizations. And although the constitution provides for equality before the law of all religious groups and the separation of the church from the state, the government did not always respect these prescriptions ” [29] .
On November 26, 2014, Said Nursi’s books were officially taken under the protection of the Turkish state.
On August 28, 2018, the European Court of Human Rights ruled on recognition of Said Nursi’s writings as extremist in Russia. In particular, the court noted that when the books were banned, no evidence was provided that their distribution led to any religious tensions or other negative consequences, and even more so to violence. The court also noted that the rules of the examination were violated in the Russian legal proceedings, according to which experts should not answer legal questions. All phrases quoted by Russian courts from Said Nursi’s books cannot be construed as inciting hatred and intolerance. The European Court concluded that, in examining cases regarding the recognition of Nursi books as extremist and their prohibition, the Russian courts did not provide sufficient and relevant grounds for the case and awarded 7500 euros in respect of non-pecuniary damage [30] .
Proceedings
The collection of works “Risale-i Nur” (“Treatises of Light”) is a tafsir - comments, interpretation of the Koran through the prism of modern understanding. These books logically, with the help of numerous arguments and evidence, substantiate such pillars of faith as faith in the existence of the Creator, life after death, Paradise, Hell, angels, the meaning of life and death, happiness and misfortune in this and in the Other Worlds. These books serve the knowledge of the revelation of the Almighty Creator, based on modern scientific achievements. They are far from religious extremism and fanaticism, they call for faith and love in the One God, His creatures - to all people, regardless of nation, race or religion.
The works of Risale-i Nur consist of 14 volumes:
- Words (Sözler) - 765 p.
- Radiance (Lem'alar) - 455 pages
- Letters (Mektubat) - 505 pages
- Rays (Şu'alar) - 655 pages
- The Miraculous Signs of the Quran (İşarat-ül İ'caz) - 202 pp.
- Mesnevi-i Nuriya (Mesnevi-i Nuriye) - 234 pages
- Musa's Staff (Asa-yı Musa) - 236 pages
- Life story (biography of Said Nursi) (Tarihçe-i Hayat) - 671 pages
- Comparison of Faith and Disbelief (İman ve küfür Muvazeneleri) - 250 pp.
- Barlin App (Barla Lahikası) - 348 pages
- Custom app (Kastamonu Lahikası) - 218 pages
- Emirdag application (Emirdağ Lahikası) - 486 pages
- Reasoning (Muhakemat) - 161 pp.
- Seal of Confidential Confirmation (Sikke-i Tasdik-ı Gaybi) - 229 pages
Said Nursi's books have been translated into Arabic, English, German, Spanish, French, Persian and other languages.
Translations into Russian
- Nursi S. Herald of Youth: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri." - 1999 .-- 185 s.
- Nursi S. Vera and Man: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. G. Tamimdarov. - 2000.
- Nursi S. Fundamentals of Sincerity: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri." - 2000.
- Nursi S. Truths of the Eternity of the Soul: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. Sh. Abdullaev. - 2000.
- Nursi S. Truths of Faith: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri." - 2000.
- Nursi S. A Guide for Women: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. Sh. Abdullaev. - 2000.
- Nursi S. Fruits of Faith: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. G. Tamimdarov. - 2000.
- Nursi S. Ramadan. Thrift. Acknowledgment: From comp. Op. "Risale-i Nuri." - 2000.
- Nursi S. Munajat (Prayer). Third Ray: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. G. Tamimdarov. - 2002.
- Nursi S. Brochure for Patients: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. G. Tamimdarov. - 2003.
- Nursi S. Thirty-three Windows: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. Irsal. - 2004.
- Nursi S. The Foundations of the Brotherhood: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. G. Tamimdarov. - 2004.
- Nursi S. The Way of Truth: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. Sh. Abdullaev, M. G. Tamimdarov. - 2004.
- Nursi S. The Staff of Musa: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by T. N. Galimov, M. G. Tamimdarov.
- Nursi S. Brief words: From Sobr. Op. "Risale-i Nuri" / translation by M. G. Tamimdarov.
See also
- Nurjular
Notes
- ↑ İki Mekteb-i Musîbetin Şahâdetnâmesi Yahut Divan-i Harb-i Örfî ve risalesinde kendinden bahsederken kullandığı ifade
- ↑ 1 2 Yavuz, Esposito, 2003 , p. 3.
- ↑ Vahide, 2005 , "[Nursi’s parents] They came from the settled Kurdish population of the geographical area that the Ottomans called Kurdistan," p. 12.
- ↑ Vahide, 2005 ,, p. 12.Original text (Russian)Like Mullah Abdullah, Mullah Fethullah-effendi was surprised at the number of books that Said had read and studied. He also examined Mullah Said, who again gave only excellent answers. Then Mullah Fet-hullah-effendi decided to check the memory of Saeed and handed him a copy of Al-Makamat al-Haririya, the work of al-Hariri (1054–1122), also known for its intelligence and memory power. Mulla Said read the page only once, remembered it and repeated it by heart. Mullah Fethul-lah expressed his amazement.
While there, Mullah Said memorized Jam al-Jawami, a work on the principles of fiqh, which he learned in Bayezite, reading it for one or two hours every day of the week. After this, Mullah Fethullah wrote in a book in Arabic: "He memorized the whole Jam al-jawami in one week." Said's own copy was preserved with the same inscription written in the first person in his own (bad) handwriting on the cover. The work consists of 362 pages. - ↑ Vahide, 2005 , , p. 28.Original text (Russian)From a letter written by Nursi in 1946, when he was in exile in Emirdag (this is precisely established), it is known that for his exploits in teaching he first received the nickname Badiuzaman - Miracle of the era from Mullah Fethullah-effendi. Nursi wrote to one of his students: “My curious brother Rethaf Bey, you ask for information about the works of Badiuzaman Hamadani created in the 3rd century [hijra]. I only know about him that he was exceptionally smart and had an extraordinary power of memory. Fifty-five years ago, one of my first teachers, the late Mullah Fethullah of Siirt, compared the "old" Said with Hamadani and gave him his name Badiuzaman. "
- ↑ Tarihçe-i Hayat | Birinci Kısım: İlk Hayatı | 41
- ↑ Bediüzzaman Said Nursi, İçtimai Reçeteler, İstanbul 1990, C.1, s. 23
- ↑ Abdülkadir Badıllı, Bediüzzaman Said Nursi: Mufassal Tarihçe-i Hayatı, İstanbul 1990, C.1, s.76
- ↑ Emre Aköz, Bir rüya gördü hayatı değişti, Sabah
- ↑ RadyoMirac Forum • Ana sayfa (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Bilinmeyen Taraflarıyla (Ed. 13th). - P. 280.
- ↑ Vahide, 2005 , "They reveal everything within them," p. 19.
- ↑ Risale-i Nur: Books from the Risale-i Hyp collection, Badiuzaman Saeed Nursi
- ↑ Will the Russian muftis, the pope and the OIC secretary general be declared extremists? Appeal of V. Lukin on the “Nursi case”
- ↑ Nurjular recognized extremist and banned // Rosbalt , 04/10/2008
- ↑ Colin Turner, Hasan Horkuc Said Nursi // Oxford Center for Islamic Studies
- ↑ Human Rights Ombudsman addresses Federal Judge Archived March 27, 2012 on Wayback Machine // Official website of the Russian Muftis Council
- ↑ Representative of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation - for creating an expert council to check for extremism in religious literature // Interfax-Religion , 06/28/2008
- ↑ The Public Chamber will consider an extremist list of books // Islam News, 02.24.2009
- ↑ Tkhostov A. Sh. , Karabanova O.A. , Orel E.V. Conclusion of a commission of specialists on conducting a civil case study No. 2-207.09
- ↑ Gadzhiev A. G. On the growing influence of the Nursists: a view from Russia // Official website of the Institute of the Middle East, December 26, 2009
- ↑ Non-existent expert revealed the whole truth about the non-existent “Nurjular” // Information and analytical portal “Voice of Islam”, September 6, 2012
- ↑ Davydov M. N. Activity of the Turkish religious sect “Nurjular” // Official website of the Institute of the Middle East, November 3, 2007
- ↑ Zagornova E.V. Islamic factor in Turkish politics // Official website of the Institute of the Middle East, November 20, 2004
- ↑ Victor Khinov Aggressive intentions of sectarians “Nurdzhular” // Parliamentary newspaper , No. 181 (2031) November 1, 2006
- ↑ RIU Rector R. Mukhametshin links S. Nursi’s ban in Russia with factors related to Turkey, but not with extremism.
- ↑ Recep Tayyip Erdogan Ulusrarasi Turkche Olimpyatlari.
- ↑ Обзор ежегодного доклада Комиссии США по свободе вероисповедания в странах мира за 2010 год // Кавказский узел , 20.06.2010 г.
- ↑ Мария Табак Религиозная свобода в РФ уважается, но не всегда, считает госдеп США // РИА Новости , 18.11.2010 г.
- ↑ Европейский суд по правам человека удовлетворил жалобы на запрет сочинений Саида Нурси , Информационно-аналитический центр «Сова» (29 августа 2018). Date of appeal September 21, 2018.
Literature
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- Turner C. Bediuzzaman and the Concept of ʿAdl: Towards a Nursian Ontology of Divine Justice // Asian Journal of Social Science. - 2010 .-- Vol. 38, № 4 . — С. 554—582 . — ISBN 1568-5314. — ISSN 1568-4849 . — DOI : 10.1163/156853110X517782 .
- Vahide S. Islam in modern Turkey: an intellectual biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi / Ed. IM Abu-Rabi . — New York: SUNY Press , 2005. — 440 p. — ISBN 978-0791465158 .
- Yavuz MH, Esposito JL Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement . — Syracuse University Press , 2003. — 280 p. — ISBN 978-0-8156-3040-1 .
Links
- Тимур Остапенко А. Полосин: Запрет Нурси — тревожный звонок для всех верующих, даже для православных // Ислам.ру , 2007
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