Content
Soil classification
Soil classification [1]
The classification of soils includes the following taxonomic units, distinguished by groups of characteristics:
- class - according to the general nature of structural relationships;
- group - by the nature of the structural bonds (taking into account their strength);
- subgroup - by origin and conditions of education;
- type - by material composition;
- type - by the name of the soil (taking into account the particle size and indicators of properties);
- varieties - by quantitative indicators of the material composition, properties and structure of soils.
- type - by the name of the soil (taking into account the particle size and indicators of properties);
- type - by material composition;
- subgroup - by origin and conditions of education;
- group - by the nature of the structural bonds (taking into account their strength);
CLASSES:
- subdivided into groups, subgroups, types, species and varieties.
- Class of natural rocky soil - soils with rigid structural bonds (crystallization and cementation)
- The class of natural dispersed soils - soils with water-colloidal and mechanical structural bonds.
- The class of natural frozen soils [2] - soils with cryogenic structural bonds.
- The class of technogenic (rocky, dispersed and frozen) soils are soils with various structural connections formed as a result of human activity.
- and other classes of private classifications on the material composition, properties and structure of rocky, dispersed and frozen soils.
Class I of Natural Rock Ground
| Class | Groups | Subgroup | Type of | View | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rocky (with rigid structural bonds - crystallization and cementation) soils | Rocky | Magmatic | intrusive | Silicate | ultrabasic composition | Peridotites , dunites , pyroxenites |
| basic composition | Gabbro , norites , anorthosites , diabases , diabase porphyrites , dolerites | |||||
| medium composition | Diorites , syenites , porphyrites , orthoclase porphyries | |||||
| acid composition | Granites , quartz granodiorites , syenites , diorites , quartz porphyries , quartz porphyrites | |||||
| effusive | basic composition | Basalt , dolerite | ||||
| medium composition | Andesites , volcanic-clastic soils [3] , obsidians , trachytes | |||||
| acid composition | Liparites , dacites , rhyolites | |||||
| Metamorphic | Silicate | Gneiss , shale , quartzite | ||||
| Carbonate | Marbles , Hornfels , Skarns | |||||
| Ferrous | Iron ore | |||||
| Sedimentary | Silicate | Sandstones , conglomerates , breccias , tuffites | ||||
| Carbonate | Limestones [3] , dolomites | |||||
| Semi-rock | Effusive | Silicate | Volcanic-clastic soils [3] | |||
| Sedimentary | Silicate | Mudstone , siltstone , sandstone | ||||
| Siliceous | Flasks , tripoli , diatomites | |||||
| Carbonate | Chalk , marls , limestones [3] | |||||
| Sulphate | Gypsum , anhydrite | |||||
| Halide | Halites , carnoliths | |||||
Varieties are distinguished by:
- ultimate strength for uniaxial compression in a water saturated state;
- soil skeleton density;
- weathering coefficient;
- degree of softening;
- degrees of solubility;
- degrees of permeability;
- the degree of salinity;
- structure and texture;
- temperature
Class II dispersed natural soil
| Class | Groups | Subgroup | Type of | View | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dispersed (with mechanical and water-colloidal structural bonds) soils [4] | Connected | Sedimentary | Mineral |
| Clay soils |
| Organic and Mineral | Silt , Sapropel , Ground Under Ground | ||||
| Organic | Peat , etc. | ||||
| Incoherent | Mineral |
| Sands , coarse soils | ||
Varieties are distinguished by:
- granulometric composition (coarse soils and sands);
- plasticity and particle size distribution (muddy soils and silts);
- the degree of heterogeneity of the particle size distribution (sands);
- flow index (clay soils);
- relative deformation of swelling without load (clay soils);
- relative deformation of subsidence (clay soils);
- water saturation coefficient (coarse clastic soils and sands);
- porosity ratio (sand)
- degrees of density (sand)
- weathering coefficient (coarse)
- coefficient of abrasion
- relative content of organic matter (sands and muddy soils);
- degrees of decomposition (peat)
- degree of zonality (peat)
- the degree of salinity;
- relative deformation of heaving;
- temperature
Class III natural frozen soil
| Class | Groups | Subgroup | Type of | View | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frozen (with cryogenic structural bonds) soils | Rocky | Chilled |
| Ice Mineral | The same as for rocky soil |
| Semi-rock |
| ||||
| Connected | Chilled |
| Ice Mineral | Same as for dispersed soils | |
| Ice organo-mineral | |||||
| Ice Organic | |||||
| Icy | Constitutional (internal) | Ice | Ice - segregated, injected, glacial | ||
| Buried | Ice - icy, river, lake, sea, bottom, infiltration (snow) | ||||
| Cave veins | Ice - veined, reproduction, cave | ||||
Varieties are distinguished by:
- ice content due to visible ice inclusions;
- temperature and strength properties;
- the degree of salinity;
- cryogenic texture
Class IV of natural soils (rocky, dispersed and frozen)
| Class | Groups | Subgroup | Type of | View | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rocky |
| Natural formations altered in conditions of natural occurrence | Altered by physical impact | The same as for natural rock soils | The same as for natural rock soils | |
| Modified by physico-chemical effects | ||||||
| Disperse |
| Natural formations altered in conditions of natural occurrence | Altered by physical impact | The same as for natural dispersed and rocky soil (crushed) | The same as for natural dispersed and rocky soil (crushed) | |
| Modified by physico-chemical effects | ||||||
| Natural displaced formations | bulk | |||||
| alluvial | ||||||
| Anthropogenic education | bulk | Industrial and economic waste | Household waste ; industrial wastes : construction wastes, slags , sludges , ashes , ash and slag , etc. | |||
| alluvial | ||||||
| Frozen |
| Natural formations altered in conditions of natural occurrence | Modified by physical (thermal) exposure | Same as for natural frozen soils. | All types of natural rock soil | |
| Modified by chemical and physical effects | ||||||
| Natural formations altered in conditions of natural occurrence | Modified by physical (thermal) exposure | Same as for natural frozen soils. | All types of natural dispersed soils | ||
| Modified by chemical and physical effects | ||||||
| Natural displaced formations |
| modified by physical (thermal) or chemical-physical effects | ||||
| Anthropogenic education |
| Household waste; industrial wastes: construction wastes, slags, sludges, ashes, ash and slag, etc .; artificial ice | ||||
Varieties for these classes:
They are distinguished as corresponding varieties of classes of natural soils, taking into account the specific features and properties of man-made soils.
Qualifier "Soils" as part of citywide classifiers of St. Petersburg http://classif.spb.ru/classificators/view/igi.php?st=A
Notes
- ↑ GOST 25100-95 * “Soils. Classification". UDC 624.131.3.001.33: 006.354. ISS 13.080. 93.020 OKSTU 5701
- ↑ Negative temperature primers that do not have cryogenic structural bonds (do not contain ice) belong to the class of natural dispersed soils.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Soils of the same species, differing in the value of uniaxial compressive strength
- ↑ Soils (gravelly, salted, sandy, clayey, peaty, etc.) are distinguished by a combination of features as an appropriate type and type of soil.