Gibris , hubris ( dr. Greek ὕβρις - insolence) - arrogance, pride , arrogance, excessive vanity. In ancient Greek culture, a personified property of character, later - an important ethical concept.
Antiquity
In the ancient tradition, the hubris is an overly self-confident behavior of a leader, which the gods consider to be a challenge to themselves. According to the ancient Greeks, this behavior precedes and, as a rule, leads to upheaval ( Greek περιπέτεια ) - the sudden disappearance of good luck and further to the divine retribution - nemesis ( dr. Greek Νέμεσις ) [1] .
For the first time, the word appears in Homer and Hesiod . In the Homeric tradition, the hubris is a violation of the divine will combined with the desire (or unwillingness, depending on the will of pagan deities) to own deification. Retribution ( nemesis ) rests upon such a mortal. Such, for example, is the behavior of Achilles and Odysseus . The same line is manifested in the myths of Prometheus , Sisyphus , Oedipus and others. There are similar characters in monotheistic religions ( Adam and Eve , builders of the Tower of Babel ).
For Hesiod, the hubris is more of an ethical concept. It is shown by every person who is obsessed with vices, especially with a passion for acquiring wealth . We find traces of the Hesiodian concept at Solon and Aristotle . The term "hubris" was also used in jurisprudence in the meaning of "insult by word or action."
In Greek mythology, according to Apollodorus , Gibris is the goddess, mother of Pan [2] , whom she gave birth to from Zeus . Also - the mother of Cora [3] . Pindar considers Hubris the mother of satiety. [4] Her altar in Athens was built by Epimenides [5] .
Among the Romans of the late Republic era, who adopted the Hellenistic element of their culture from the Greeks, it eventually transformed into cognitive , that is, into nickname, moreover, with a touch of contempt. So, in particular, we are aware of two statesmen of the 1st century BC. e., wore such a nickname: this is a native of Roman Spain, Quintus Varius , who became the first senator of Spanish origin in the history of Rome [6] , and the uncle of the triumvirate Marc Anthony, so nicknamed for his unrestraint [7] [8] .
Modernity
The revival of interest in the hubris is due to the historical studies of Toynbee and the philosophy of postmodernism ( Michel Foucault and others). So, Toynbee talked about the hjubris of states and civilization, followed by disintegration (nemesis). In his opinion, the fate of large militarized countries (Assyrian and Roman powers) is connected with this. Postmodernists usually talk about the hubris in a sociological context, as an element of unbridledness, chaos in a social or cultural phenomenon [9] [10] .
In modern language, the word "hubris" (as well as pride ) can be used with both negative and positive coloration. So, the historian Jan Kershaw designated Hitler’s behavior with this term [11] . On the other hand, sports commentators can use it in relation to the participants of the competition, and L. Wall considers the Hubris one of the three virtues of a programmer [12] .
See also
In honor of Hybrid, the asteroid (430) of the Hybrid , discovered in 1897, is named.
Notes
- ↑ "Military hubris. Their own worst enemy " , The Economist , Nov 7th 2015
- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Mythological library I 4, 1
- ↑ Herodotus. History VIII 77, reference to Bakid's prophecy
- ↑ Zubets O.P. On Pride // Electronic Library of the IPh RAS
- ↑ Scholia to Clement. Protreptic II 26 // Fragments of the early Greek philosophers. Part 1. M., 1989. P.76
- ↑ Münzer F. Varius 7 // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). - 1955. - Bd. VIII A, 1. - Kol. 387-390.
- ↑ Pliny the Elder . Natural History , VIII, 53 (213).
- ↑ Belkin M. Cicero , Caesar and the process of Guy Anthony in 59 BC. e. // Political intrigue and trial in the ancient world. - 2015 .-- S. 261—274. - Page 262.
- ↑ Mozheiko M. A. The broad interpretation of creativity in modern post-non-classical philosophy (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Mozheiko M.A. Hubris // The latest philosophical dictionary. / Comp. and chapters. scientific ed. A.A. Gritsanov . - 3rd ed., Rev. - Mn .: Book House, 2003 .-- 1280 p. - (World of Encyclopedias). ISBN 985-428-636-3 .
- ↑ Ъ-Weekend - Non-fixation (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment May 9, 2009. Archived February 2, 2011.
- ↑ Laziness Impatience Hubris
Links
- Akhutin A.V. Turning Times. SPb., 2005.
- Drach G.V. Birth of ancient philosophy and the beginning of anthropological problems. Rostov-on-Don, 2001
- History of Philosophy. Minsk, 2002.
- Lubker F. The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. M., 2001.
- Huizinga J. In the Shadow of Tomorrow