Enver Halil Hoxha ( Alb. Enver Halil Hoxha ; October 16, 1908 , Gjirokaster , Ottoman Empire - April 11, 1985 , Tirana , People's Socialist Republic of Albania ) - Albanian revolutionary, state, political, military and party leader. The leader of socialist Albania in 1944 - 1985 . People's Hero of Albania .
| Enver Khalil Hodge | |||||||
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| Alb. Enver halil hoxha | |||||||
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| Predecessor | position established | ||||||
| Successor | Ramiz Aliya | ||||||
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| Predecessor | position established; (as prime minister of Albania under German occupation ) | ||||||
| Successor | Mehmet Shehu | ||||||
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| Head of the government | he himself | ||||||
| Predecessor | Omer Nishani | ||||||
| Successor | |||||||
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| Head of the government | he himself | ||||||
| Predecessor | position established | ||||||
| Successor | Bekir Baluku | ||||||
| Birth | Gjirokaster , Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Death | Tirana , People's Socialist Republic of Albania | ||||||
| Burial place | The memorial cemetery of the “Fallen Heroes of the Nation” in Tirana, in May 1992, was reburied in a public cemetery on the outskirts of Tirana [1] | ||||||
| Spouse | |||||||
| Children | Ilir Khoja, Sokol Khoja, Pranver Khoja | ||||||
| The consignment | |||||||
| Education | Brussels University | ||||||
| Religion | absent ( atheist ) | ||||||
| Autograph | |||||||
| Awards | |||||||
| Military service | |||||||
| Years of service | 1939 - 1985 | ||||||
| Affiliation | |||||||
| Type of army | Partisan | ||||||
| Rank | army General | ||||||
| Commanded | Albanian National Liberation Army Armed Forces of Albania | ||||||
| Battles | The Second World War | ||||||
He served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labor Party (1941–1985), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1954), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1946–1953) and Minister of Defense of Albania (1944–1953), also being the supreme commander of the armed forces (1944– 1985) [5] .
When he came to power, he focused on rebuilding a country that remained in ruins after World War II. Over the forty years of his reign, success has been achieved in the development of the Albanian economy , education and health. The construction of the first railway line of Albania was carried out, a higher education system (University of Tirana), a professional theater, television were created in the country; adult literacy rate increased from 5% to 98%; self-sufficiency in agriculture was achieved. However, Hodge is criticized for a series of political repressions, which included the creation and use of forced labor camps, extrajudicial killings and executions against anti-communists, most of which were carried out by the secret police of Sigurimi . The "alleged disloyal elements" among the members of the ruling party were destroyed, a complete ban on any religious activity was introduced, and mass destruction of churches took place.
In foreign policy, he initially focused on Yugoslavia and the USSR , taking the latter's position in the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict . After the start of de-Stalinization in the USSR, Albania broke off relations with him and began to develop close cooperation with Maoist China . But the coming to power of reformists in China led to the severance of relations with this country, as a result of which there was actually a distinctive ideology of Khojaism , which was also adopted by some organizations that considered the policies of the USSR and China to be “revisionist” and not corresponding to Marxism-Leninism .
Before coming to power
Khoja was born in the town of Gjirokastra in southern Albania , which at that time was part of the Ottoman Empire . His parents belonged to the sect of the Bektashes : an unorthodox trend in Islam , which played a significant role in the national liberation movement of the Albanians. The family respected the faith of their ancestors, and his father took Enver before a trip to France for a blessing to one of the spiritual leaders of the Bektash. Grandfather Khoji Bekir was a member of the Prizren League , the first significant political organization of the Albanians. His father, a cloth merchant, was constantly traveling around Europe, so his uncle, Hisen Khoja, was mainly engaged in upbringing. Khisen Khoja was a supporter of the independence of Albania (Enver was four years old when Albania gained independence) and a fighter against the repressive policies of the governments that led the country after gaining independence. Enver was inspired by his uncle's ideas, especially after King Zogu came to power in the country in 1928 .
In 1926, Khoja graduated from primary school in Gjirokaster, then a lyceum in the city of Korce (in the summer of 1930 ). He was fond of music , wrote poetry , organized debates and literary evenings . By the age of 25, Enver, who had time to master the French and Turkish languages, published in the press and began to get acquainted with the works of Marx , Engels , Lenin and Stalin .
In October 1930, Hodge entered the University of Montpellier in France at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, where he studied for a state scholarship, but was soon expelled. Party historiography gives a reason - adherence to socialist ideas. From 1934 to 1936 he was secretary of the Albanian consulate in Brussels , and also studied law at the Free University of Brussels and was a member of the student group led by Lazar Fundo .
Hodja met with the leaders of the Albanian section of the French Communist Party , as well as with such prominent communist figures as Marcel Cashen , Maurice Thorez , Henri Barbus , Louis Aragon . Khoja collaborated in Umanita , edited the Albanian Communist Bulletin. He admired the activities of Stalin and the CPSU (b) , believing that Albania needed just such a party. Enver translated into Albanian the most important speeches of Stalin, the decisions of the Bolshevik Party, the speeches of the leaders of the Comintern . Enver Hoxha, as a member of the French Communist Party, traveled to Belgium in 1935-1936, where he joined the Belgian Communist Party , published in its press.
In his articles, Khoja criticized the Trotskyists , Bukharinites , the "Albanian monarchist fascists" (Zogu regime). The Greek and Italian sections of the Comintern helped Hodge establish contacts with the communist underground in Albania, which sought to form its own communist party.
In the spring of 1936 he returned to Albania and began to teach French in Korce . Hoja was elected to the leadership of the communist groups in Korce and Tirana , and in his hometown of Gjirokaster he led such a group.
In 1938, the leader of the Korchyn communists A. Kelmendi died of consumption in a Paris hospital. Khoja, supported by the Greek and French sections of the Comintern and personally G. Dimitrov , led this group.
Visit to Moscow. Meeting with Stalin
The life of a revolutionary — an illegal situation, a ban on working in Albania, and arrests — gave Khoja the image of a “fighter for the people's cause” and brought him fame among the Albanian opposition . At the insistence of the leaders of the Albanian section of the French Communist Party and his own request, contained in a letter addressed to M. Kashen and G. Dimitrov, in March 1938, Khoja was sent to the USSR, where he spent a little more than a year. In Moscow, Enver studied at the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin and at the Institute of Foreign Languages, while continuing to translate into Albanian speeches and books by Stalin, Molotov , Vyshinsky . In April 1938, he first met with Stalin and Molotov. This meeting was the most important event in life, contributed to the ideological conviction of Khoja, who promised his interlocutors to unite the Albanian Communists into a single Bolshevik party. He subsequently kept this promise.
Fighting the invaders
When Mussolini's troops occupied Albania in April 1939 , Khoja lost his teaching job for refusing to join the Albanian fascist party. By decision of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, Khoja was transferred to Albania along with two assistants from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, who maintained contact with Stalin.
The Italian occupation court sentenced Hodge to death in absentia. But despite this, he was actively engaged in anti-fascist activities: he wrote proclamations and articles, organized, working in the oil fields, logging, in seaports, trade unions, participated in protests against the Italian invaders.
At the same time, he sought leadership in the then emerging Communist Party of Albania . In Albania, sabotage and other acts of sabotage against the Italians became more frequent. Partisan detachments increasingly engaged in battles with invaders and collaborators. The most active partisan movement was in southern Albania, its leaders were Khoja, Shehu , Banluk , Lesha , Pesa .
He organized a tobacco shop in Tirana , which became the meeting place of a small communist group.
On November 7, 1941 , in Tirana, an underground communist conference proclaimed the creation of the Communist Party of Albania. Khoja became deputy first secretary K. Dzodze . In addition, he was approved as commander in chief of partisan formations.
On January 1, 1945, Hodge married 24-year-old Nejmie Giuglini , who served in the 1st division of the National Liberation Army. Nejmie Hodge became a like-minded and associate of her husband in all his endeavors. She was a member of the Central Committee, director of the Institute for the Study of Marxism-Leninism and the Higher Party School, after the death of her husband, she headed the Democratic Front of Albania (that was the name of the National Liberation Front created in 1943).
In the fall of 1942, Khoja came to Moscow , where he met with Stalin , Molotov, Zhdanov, Malenkov , Mikoyan and Dimitrov. He assured them of the inevitability of the defeat of the Nazis and their accomplices, of the intention to build socialism in Albania on the basis of the teachings of Lenin and Stalin. At the end of the visit, in December 1942, Khoja made a statement emphasizing the need to restore Albania’s independence and rejecting the territorial claims of Italy and Greece. This statement was a blow to Churchill's plans, which did not exclude the possibility of a post-war division of Albania between Italy, Greece and Yugoslavia.
Following the successful operations of the Albanian People’s Liberation Army (ANAA), the strategic initiative in Albania was completely transferred to the Communists. In September 1943, the Italian army capitulated and the 9th Italian army located in Albania joined the Albanian partisans led by Enver Hoxha. The Italian General Kamynielo and Sergeant Tercilio Cardinali transformed the 9th Italian Army into the partisan detachment "Antonio Gramsci". In October 1944, German troops in Albania were defeated, their remnants left for Yugoslavia, ANAA participated with the Italians in the liberation of northwestern Greece, as well as Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia (Kosovo). Thus, Albania became the only country in Europe freed from the fascist occupation without the participation and help of foreign troops . From October 1944, E. Khoja became Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the newly formed government. Supreme Commander Enver Hoxha remained until his death.
At the Potsdam Conference (1945), Stalin warned Churchill against the implementation of plans for the partition of Albania.
Social and Economic Reforms
Khoja declared himself a staunch Marxist-Leninist and admired the personality of Stalin . Stalin declared his support for the new Albania personally during his visit to the USSR in June 1945 . Khoja attended the Victory Parade , was in Stalingrad , received assurances of Soviet technical and scientific assistance. Already in August 1945, the first Soviet steamers arrived in Albania with food, equipment, machinery, and medicines.
Geologists, oil workers, designers, teachers, and doctors began to come to the country from the USSR. Hundreds of Albanian students began to study at Soviet universities. E. Khoja said in the same year that Albania would face industrialization , collectivization , “cultural re-education of the people” and that it would follow the path of the USSR [6] .
Immediately after the war, a conflict arose between Hodge and Tito . Tito, Jilas and Kardel persuaded Enver to support the idea of forming a confederation and the entry of Albania into Yugoslavia. But the stubborn Hodge was absolutely adamant. He convinced the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks that Tito was in danger, warned that Belgrade was deceiving the Stalinist leadership. When his former allies - the Yugoslav Communists - ideologically and economically separated from Moscow in 1948 , he broke off relations with them.
Khoja and his supporters, supported by Moscow, revolutionized the party in 1947 . Enver became the first secretary of the Central Committee, and M. Shehu - his first deputy. Later, in 1954 , Shehu was appointed prime minister.
In the summer of 1947, Khoja again came to the USSR. Stalin handed him the Order of Suvorov , which Enver always wore during official ceremonies. Albania was granted a soft loan for the purchase of a variety of goods. Khoja said at a dinner in the Kremlin that “Stalin and the Soviet Union are our saviors and comrades. We Albanians swear eternal friendship and devotion to you . ” In 1950, Albania joined the CMEA , and in 1955, the Warsaw Pact .
After Khoja became the leader of the party, he named the first automobile tractor complex in Albania, built in Tirana in 1946 with the help of the USSR. Subsequently, the name of Khoja was given to many factories, collective farms, streets, schools, mountain peaks, as well as the metropolitan university. The First Congress of the Communist Party of Albania, renamed the Albanian Party of Labor , held in 1948, declared its commitment to the experience of the USSR and the CPSU (b), solidified with the Cominformburo and urged the Albanians to carry out the "Stalin five-year plans." Shepilov attended and spoke at this congress. In 1948-1951, a campaign was launched in the country and in the party "against the enemies of the people and agents of Tito." According to the Albanian Criminal Code ( 1948 ), the maximum term for exile or imprisonment was 30 years. A demonstration process was organized over the “Titovites”, as a result of which the party rival Khoji Kochi Dzodze was executed and his associate Pandi Kristo sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.
The Second Congress of the Albanian Party of Labor ( 1952 ) announced the completion of the country's reconstruction and its systematic development. The first 5-year plan of Albania was developed in the Soviet Gosplan . Stalin and Khoja made a number of adjustments to this plan, after which he was sent to Albania, where the collectivization of agriculture, the construction of power plants and enterprises processing various Albanian raw materials were unfolding. Albania's relations with China, Vietnam, the DPRK, the GDR, and other countries of popular democracy began to develop (and not only with them). In the early 1950s, duplicate plants of ZIS and ZIM were built in Tirana and Durres , a gift from Stalin of Albania. With the help of the USSR, later - Italy, Greece and Turkey, railways and schools, new cities and towns were built, the Albanian army was equipped.
In a speech at the XIX Congress of the CPSU, Hodge spoke about the positive role of Stalin, the successes of the USSR, periodically languidly criticizing the United States , the West and Tito (asking them for funds). While still in Moscow, Khoja approved another “purge” in Albania, which lasted until 1955 . Returning to Tirana in January 1953 , he later found out about the death of Stalin.
He became more cautious with new leaders in Moscow and tougher in his own country. On March 5, 1953, he did not go to Stalin's funeral, citing a sudden illness. Mao Zedong was not present in those days in Moscow either . Both Hodge and Mao suspected Stalin's entourage of conspiring against him.
Foreign Policy
Outwardly, nothing has changed: Khoja, as before, was called the friend and ally in the Soviet press, and Albania was called a fraternal country. But implicitly, the contradictions grew. Khoja did not agree with Khrushchev’s liberalization policy in the USSR. At the XX Congress of the CPSU , when Khrushchev made a closed report on the " personality cult " of Stalin, Khoja and Zhou Enlai left the congress in protest before they closed. A conference of the tyrant party organization and the Third Congress of the APT ( 1956 ) were soon held, where many delegates, under the influence of the Khrushchev report in Moscow, sharply criticized Khoja and Shekh. There is a version that these speeches were undertaken in support of the Khrushchev leadership of the CPSU.
However, in the same year, a new campaign began in Albania against the “restorers of capitalism”, during which hundreds of opponents of Khoja and their families were repressed. In particular, Dali Ndreu and Liri Gega were executed, Panayot Plaku was killed in exile. The party-state leadership entrenched in the autocracy of Khoja. The second and third positions were occupied by Mehmet Shehu and Husni Kapo .
The leadership of Albania (together with the leaders of the PRC and DPRK ) refused to de-Stalinize the geographical names and the country as a whole. Moreover, on the eve of the 80th anniversary of Stalin, E. Hodge established the Order of Stalin . In the summer of 1959, Khrushchev came to Albania, hoping to make its leaders change their policies, and threatened to stop helping Tirana. Disagreements could not be resolved. In the fall of 1961, at the XXII Congress of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev, launching a new round of de-Stalinization , sharply criticized E. Hoxha and M. Shehu, accusing them of mass repressions against the Albanian communists and the lawlessness that was going on in Albania. In response, the Albanian side broke off diplomatic relations with the USSR in December 1961 (they were restored only in the summer of 1990, after the death of E. Khoja and the beginning of both the collapse of the socialist camp and the beginning of the end of the communist regime in Albania itself ). The break with Albania deprived the USSR of a naval base in the Balkans and contributed to the decline of Khrushchev's authority. An official Albanian view of these events is given in the novel by Ismail Kadar “Dimri i vjetmisë së madhe” (Russian translation of “Severe Winter” 1992). Among the characters in this book are Khoja, Khrushchev, Dolores Ibarruri. The author, by his own admission, gave Hodge the qualities that he most likely did not possess, for example, humanity. Kadare does not speak of attempts by the Albanian leadership to play the “Chinese card”. Enver is represented as the heir to all Albanian national heroes, starting with the legendary Illyrian kings fighting alone for independence. At the same time, Albanian leaders became close to China. The leadership of the PRC in 1956 (i.e., even before the Sino-Soviet split ) assured Khoja of political and economic support.
In 1962, Albania left the CMEA .
Khoja reoriented to China, and in 1968 announced that it did not intend to pay the debts of Italy, Greece and Turkey (Albania in 1968 was close to default). In the 1970s, he completely "closed" the country to the rest of the world. In the seventies, Albania collaborated with China: relations with its neighbors were completely ruined, and therefore, it simply needed its economic and technical assistance. With its diverse natural resources , the country urgently needed processing industries, communications, investments and skilled personnel. Оборонный потенциал Албании тоже поддерживался в те годы за счёт импорта . Поэтому Ходжа, несмотря на идеологическую «несовместимость» с маоистами, всячески содействовал албано-китайскому сотрудничеству.
С 1962 по 1972 год Албания представляла интересы КНР в ООН, а с 1972 года китайцы и албанцы в ООН совместно критиковали руководство СССР и США ( отказываясь оплачивать займы ) и призывали развивающиеся страны объединиться в борьбе со сверхдержавами . Для КНР Албания долгое время оставалась единственным политическим союзником в Европе и мире, «глашатаем» в ООН и важным пропагандистским партнёром.
В начале семидесятых годов КНР пошла на примирение с Западом, а с середины шестидесятых - с Японией. Албано-китайские отношения резко ухудшились. В 1968 году Ходжа заявил о выходе из Варшавского договора в связи с вводом войск в Чехословакию . Единственной страной Варшавского блока, с которой поддерживались отношения, была Румыния , лидер которой, Чаушеску , осудил вторжение в Чехословакию. По мере возможностей албанские власти и спецслужбы старались содействовать ортодоксально-коммунистическим группировкам в странах Восточной Европы, в частности Коммунистической партии Польши [7] Казимежа Мияля [8] .
Ходжа продолжал оказывать помощь Индокитаю , арабским странам , жертвам «израильской агрессии» (а также Западносахарской республике , провозглашённой в 1967 году и боровшейся с марокканской интервенцией), активизировал отношения с Венгрией (единственной страной, у которой Ходжа ещё не взял невозвратимые суммы). В связи с сокращением экономических контактов с Китаем Албания возобновила торговлю со странами СЭВ , кроме СССР, и постепенно помирилась с соседями и Западом: помощи и сотрудничества ждать было больше не от кого. Продолжая критиковать Тито, Ходжа санкционировал торговый обмен и с Югославией.
Энвер Ходжа с уважением относился к Шарлю де Голлю , который, в свою очередь, симпатизировал Ходже и Албании, не зависящей от США и СССР. Это способствовало развитию албано-французских связей, в том числе списанием Францией албанских задолженностей. По многим проблемам ( Индокитай , Южная Африка , ядерные вооружения ) де Голль и Ходжа имели сходные позиции. VIII съезд АПТ ( 1981 ) провозгласил победу социализма и начало строительства коммунизма в Албании. Одновременно Ходжа начал расширять внешнеэкономические связи.
Экономические причины вынудили Албанию увеличить торговлю с Югославией, скандинавскими странами, со странами СЭВ (кроме СССР), Ираном и возобновить с 1984 года торговый обмен с Китаем. Ходжа не примирялся с руководством СССР. Советское руководство не отвечало на критику Тираны с 1965 года . Албанию замалчивали в средствах массовой информации .
Внутренняя политика
Внутренняя политика Ходжи соответствовала «сталинской модели», которую он признавал наиболее приемлемой, а культ личности Ходжи в Албании напоминал культ личности Сталина, которого он считал образцом руководителя. В частности, военная форма и знаки различия в Албании были скопированы с советских (сталинских) времён. Внутри страны албанская тайная полиция « Сигурими » использовала репрессивные методы, позаимствованные у СС и НКВД. Чтобы искоренить активность внутренней оппозиции, власти прибегали к систематическим «чисткам» — противников режима увольняли с работы, направляли на каторжные работы и даже казнили. Количество политических казней за сорокалетнее правление Энвера Ходжи оценивается в 5—7 тысяч человек, более 34 тысяч были осуждены на различные тюремные сроки, из них около 1 тысячи умерли в заключении [9] . Интернированию и депортациям подверглись 50 тысяч человек [10] . Задержания, допросы, принудительные работы, полицейский надзор применялись, по имеющимся данным, к трети населения Албании [11] [12] .
Политические репрессии, начавшись в 1940-х (уже в 1945 году состоялся первый показательный процесс над противниками нового режима, проведённый по сценарию, утверждённому Ходжей), не прекращались до 1980-х годов — против «фашистов и буржуазных элементов», против «титовцев», принудительная атеизация, регулярное раскрытие заговоров (наиболее известны — «военный заговор» середины 1970-х и «заговор Шеху» начала 1980-х). Под руководством Ходжи была осуществлена Резня 1951 года в Албании — бессудное убийство 22 оппозиционных интеллигентов и предпринимателей в феврале 1951 года. В качестве предлога был использован взрыв в советском посольстве, устроенный подпольщиками- антикоммунистами , в результате которого были выбиты стёкла в нескольких посольских окнах [13] . Вскоре после расстрела 26 февраля 1951 Ходжа призвал к «бдительности и беспощадности в классовой борьбе» во имя «любви к Сталину — гению, отцу и спасителю» [14] .
Сталинистская политика Ходжи вызывала активное сопротивление антикоммунистических сил. Были подавлены несколько крупных восстаний — в Малесии-э-Мади ( Восстание Коплику , январь 1945), Шкодере ( Пострибское восстание , сентябрь 1946) [15] , Мирдите ( Горный комитет , август 1949). Крупным и драматичным событием 1973 стало жестоко подавленное восстание в тюрьме Спач [16] .
До конца 1980-х годов в Албании сохранялся культ Сталина, его именем назывался современный город Кучова , произведения Сталина переиздавались (в том числе на русском языке), дни рождения и смерти Сталина официально широко отмечались (как и ленинские дни, и годовщина Октябрьской социалистической революции). Уже после смерти Ходжи, в 1986 году , по случаю кончины В. М. Молотова в Албании был объявлен национальный траур.
Идеологические враги режима именовались « хрущёвцами » и « титовцами »; им приписывалась связь с властями СССР и граничившей с Албанией Югославии. Употребление этих ярлыков было аналогично «троцкистам» в СССР в 1930-е годы.
В условиях конфронтации с другими соцстранами Восточной Европы Ходжа призывал «жить, работать и бороться как в окружении», исходя из тезиса «строительства коммунизма в окружении ревизионистов и империалистов». На вооружение были взяты советские лозунги и методы тридцатых-сороковых годов.
В Албании с начала 1970-х всё было подчинено «блокадной» жизни. Тому способствовало преддефолтное состояние албанской экономики и регулярные конфликты с соседями. Проводились «антиревизионистские» кампании, «чистки» партгосаппарата. В стране ускоренно внедрялся продуктообмен, заменявший товарно-денежные отношения. Гражданам с 1968 года было запрещено иметь автомашину, дачу, слушать рок-музыку, джаз, носить джинсы, пользоваться «вражеской» косметикой и тому подобным.
С 1967 года , по прошествии двух десятилетий, происходили всё более жёсткие гонения на церковь , Ходжа торжественно провозгласил свою страну первым атеистическим государством в истории. Вдохновляемый китайской культурной революцией , он подверг конфискации имущество и здания мечетей, церквей, монастырей и храмов. Многие из этих зданий были демонтированы, в других размещали мастерские, склады, конюшни и кинотеатры. Родителям запрещали давать детям церковные имена [17] . Преследованиям подвергалось даже тайное соблюдение религиозных обрядов. Известен случай казни в Шкодере католического священника, крестившего ребёнка в домашних условиях [17] .
В Албании выросло целое поколение, не посещавшее церквей и мечетей. Ходжа говорил: «У албанцев нет идолов и богов, но есть идеалы — это имя и дело Маркса, Энгельса, Ленина и Сталина» [18] .
Ходжа считал, что если политические деятели, а тем более коммунисты имеют привилегии, то партия не может считаться коммунистической, а страна — социалистической. С середины восьмидесятых годов по его указанию снижалась заработная плата работников партийного и государственного аппарата. Это позволило сэкономить деньги на увеличение пенсий и пособий, оплаты труда в сельском хозяйстве, увеличение окладов рабочих и служащих [6] .
В 1960 году был отменён подоходный налог, а в 1985 году упразднён налог на холостяков и малосемейных.
Разрыв с Китаем. Полная изоляция
После VII съезда АПТ (ноябрь 1976 ) в Албании был принят закон , запрещавший иностранные кредиты и займы . К тому времени страна пережила технический дефолт, и Ходжа решил соорудить в стране социально-экономический механизм , являвшийся точной копией механизма, действовавшего в 1946—1953 годах в СССР. Албания перешла к полному самообеспечению продовольствием, медикаментами, промышленным и энергетическим оборудованием, в оплату долгов стала экспортировать многие промышленные товары, сокращая вывоз сырья. Ситуация в экономике стала улучшаться. Ходжа с этого времени мог позволить себе рассориться с соседями (в который раз), ещё более усилив централизацию всех ресурсов Албании и её внешнеполитическую изоляцию. Однако некоторые коллеги Ходжи (в том числе министр обороны Бекир Баллуку , министр экономики Абдюль Келези , глава гостелерадио Тоди Лубонья ) пытались убедить его активизировать связи со странами СЭВ и с Югославией, не идти на «матерный» разрыв с КНР. Результатом стала волна репрессий середины 1970-х: по обвинению в «военном заговоре» были расстреляны генералы Бекир Балуку, Петрит Думе , Хито Чако , по обвинению в «экономической контрреволюции» казнены Абдюль Келези, Кочо Теодоси , по обвинению в «либеральном уклоне» осуждены на длительное тюремное заключение Фадиль Пачрами , Тоди Лубонья.
Летом 1978 года китайское руководство во главе с Хуа Гофэном прервало всякие отношения с Албанией. Бывшие «друзья» превратились в «банду оппортунистов и наймитов Запада». После ссоры с Китаем Албания стала ещё более закрытой, чем после её разрыва с СССР. Неосталинские кампании в стране стали ежегодными.
В 1981 году Ходжа провёл новую чистку, предав казни нескольких партийных и государственных чиновников. 17 декабря при неясных обстоятельствах погиб Мехмет Шеху , считавшийся второй фигурой албанского коммунистического руководства. Шеху был объявлен изменником и заговорщиком. Вероятнее всего, что устранение Шеху произошло в ходе борьбы трёх тенденций в руководстве АПТ: примирения с «братьями по социализму», постепенного открытия Западу (отношения были испорчены ещё в конце 1960-х) и попыток сохранения статус-кво [19] (Ходжа был приверженцем последнего).
В 1983 — 1985 годах здоровье Ходжи резко ухудшилось, он перенёс инфаркты , инсульты , у него обострился диабет . Он удалился от дел, передав большую их часть Рамизу Алии . Несмотря на это, в ноябре 1984 года Ходжа лично принимал последний в своей жизни праздничный парад в честь 40-летия освобождения Албании. В марте 1985 года врачи предписали Ходже длительный отдых ввиду нарастающей сердечной недостаточности .
Группа Мустафы. Попытка покушения
25 сентября 1982 года группа эмигрантов-антикоммунистов во главе с Шевдетом Мустафой нелегально проникла в Албанию с целью убийства Ходжи. Мустафа ставил задачу свержения коммунистического режима и восстановления монархии [20] .
Пробираясь в Тирану, Мустафа совершил несколько убийств, в частности, застрелил патрульного МВД. 27 сентября 1982 года он был блокирован госбезопасностью, отказался сдаться и погиб в перестрелке [21] . Погибли и двое его соратников.
Лишь один из членов группы, бывший служащий «Сигурими» Халит Байрами , остался жив и предстал перед судом [22] . После процесса он был депортирован из Албании и вернулся в Новую Зеландию. Столь снисходительное решение, возможно, объяснялось тем, что в годы службы в «Сигурими» Байрами конфликтовал с Шеху, который на момент процесса считался врагом режима. Кроме того, Байрами дал затребованные показания на преемника и сподвижника Шеху Кадри Хазбиу , осуждённого и расстрелянного в сентябре 1983 [23] . Репрессиям подверглись близкие родственники Шеху, в том числе вдова Фикирете (член ЦК АПТ) и племянник Фечор (преемник Хазбиу во главе МВД).
Акция Шевдета Мустафы — единственная документально подтверждённая попытка покушения на Энвера Ходжу.
Death
Ночью 11 апреля 1985 года , после кровоизлияния в мозг, Энвер Ходжа скончался в возрасте 76 лет, спустя ровно месяц после прихода к власти Горбачёва в СССР.
Траур в Албании длился 9 дней. Из-за рубежа в Тирану допустили только лидеров «истинных марксистско-ленинских партий» и эмиссаров из КНДР , Вьетнама , Кубы , Румынии , Лаоса , Кампучии , НДРЙ , Никарагуа , Ирана и Ирака . Телеграммы соболезнования, присланные из зарубежных стран, в том числе из СССР, Италии и Югославии, албанцы отправили обратно, кроме соболезнований от Ф. Кастро , Н. Чаушеску и Ким Ир Сена . Прощание с Ходжей происходило во дворце имени Сталина в Тиране.
Могила и музей Э. Ходжи
В русскоязычной прессе нередко встречаются утверждения [24] , что тело Энвера Ходжи было забальзамировано и помещено в мавзолей . На деле [25] албанский лидер был погребён на кладбище Павших героев нации в Тиране. В мае 1992 г. тело Энвера Ходжи было тайно эксгумировано новыми властями Албании и перезахоронено на общественном кладбище на окраине Тираны. При этом надгробная плита была изъята и использована для создания памятника английским солдатам союзных войск. Здание, которое ошибочно называют «мавзолеем», было построено как Музей Энвера Ходжи, which opened on October 14, 1988 (to the 80th birthday of E. Khoja). Currently, the museum’s exposition has been dismantled, the building is abandoned, the entrances and windows are boarded up. The question of its demolition is being decided.
Board Summary
Enver Hoxha tried to build a socialist state according to the Soviet model of the Stalin period. Voluntarily drove his country in the 1970s into conditions of almost complete international isolation .
Albanian propaganda claimed that communist Albania fully provided for its food needs, developed industry, electrified most rural areas, and eradicated illiteracy and disease.
The first years after the death of Enver Hoxha passed under the sign of his covenants. In 1988, his eightieth birthday was celebrated, monuments and museums were erected. However, after the death of Hoja, the domestic and foreign policies of Albania became less rigid, due to the general crisis of the communist system in Eastern Europe. In Albania, this led to the rejection of the one-party system in 1990 , as well as to the defeat of the reformed Socialist Party in the 1992 elections .
In the early nineties, the society of Albania split. It was noted that in the south prevailed enverists, in the north their opponents. The destruction of monuments and other commemorative signs related to Khoja and the communist past took place. The Enverists threatened to go on a campaign against Tirana and deal with Ramiz Aliya as if they had not defended the memory of the leader . Clashes occurred, on both sides there were casualties.
However, the poverty of the population of our days has generated nostalgia for the Khoja era, and at present, among the older Albanians, the motto is popular: “There was order under Enver.”
Sali Berisha , the main destroyer of communism in Albania and a former doctor of Khoja, praised the role of his former patron in the liberation of the country from fascist occupation. The writer Uranus Butka did not agree with him. Butka calls the Albanian Communists and their leader national traitors who carried out the genocide of the Albanian people.
Image in Literature
In the story of Ismail Kadar “Farewell gift of evil” by Hodge, not named by name, is compared with the Antichrist . In the novel "Spiritus" ("Spirit") of the same author, a portrait of a dictator in the last years of his life is given.
The meeting with the Albanian leader is described by the Brazilian writer Jorge Amado in the memoir book “ Coastal Swimming ”.
Khoja is mentioned in the novel by Vasily Aksyonov “ Island of Crimea ”. A rather positive image of the leader of Albania was deduced in the novel “Albanian Tango” by the Belarusian writer Vintsya Mudrov.
Compositions
- Khoja E. Khrushchevtsy
- Hodge E. Titovtsy. Publishing house of RKPO "Rus". St. Petersburg (the output indicates "Leningrad"). 1997.
- Archive of works by E. Khoja (English)
- Speech at the Conference of Communist and Workers Parties, 1960 (Spanish)
- Enver Hodge. His life and work. Archival materials. Works translated into Russian (Russian)
Notes
- ↑ Questions - Answers. - S. 2 // Website “Enver Hodge. His life and work ”
- ↑ 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ 1 2 SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ BNF ID : 2011 Open Data Platform .
- ↑ Hoja Enver - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ 1 2 Mussky I.A. 100 great dictators. - M .: Veche, 2004 .-- 656 p.
- ↑ Albańska przygoda towarzysza Mijala
- ↑ Kazimierz Mijal - marksista bezkompromisowy
- ↑ Albanians want Hoxha stripped of hero titles
- ↑ A mund të quhet thjesht diktaturë regjimi komunist shqiptar? Archived October 12, 2016.
- ↑ Lavinia Stan. Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the communist past. Routledge 1 edition, 2008.
- ↑ Sigurimi - Activities
- ↑ Uran Butka . Bombë në Ambasadën Sovjetike, 2008.
- ↑ 26 shkurt 1951 / Hidhet një bombë, thyhen dy xhama, pushkatohen: 22 intelektualë! (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment August 28, 2016. Archived September 11, 2016.
- ↑ DOSSIER / Fotot e Sigurimit të Shtetit: Vitet e terrorit 1945-1949
- ↑ Ju tregoj kryengritjen e Spaçit në majin e vitit 1973
- ↑ 1 2 Smirnova N. D. History of Albania in the XX century / N. D. Smirnova; Institute of World History. - M: Nauka, 2003 .-- 431 p.
- ↑ kyrgyznews.com (archive). Albania: Enver Hoxha, isolation, Board Summary.
- ↑ "Abroad." Review of the foreign press. No. 51, 1981.
- ↑ Zbuluesi ushtarak: Xhevdet Mustafa do vendoste monarkinë Archived on May 21, 2013.
- ↑ Zbulohen dokumentet e CIA-s dhe FBI-se per Xhevdet Mustafen
- ↑ Rrëfimi i Halit Bajramit: Unë, njeriu i Hazbiut në bandën e Xhevdet Mustafës Archived December 11, 2013.
- ↑ Shevdet's Feat
- ↑ Forever living aliens
- ↑ Tomb of Enver Hodge at the Fallen Heroes of the Nation Memorial Cemetery in Tirana
Links
- Albanian site dedicated to Enver Hoxha
- Enver Hodge. His life and work. Website in Russian (Russian)
- http://www.enver-hoxha.net/
- A person who has canceled religion
- Broz Tito, Enver Hoxha, Joseph Stalin and NATO in the battle for Kosovo (unavailable link from 02/26/2018 [530 days])
- Albania: the country of Mercedes and machine-gun bunkers