Kashgaria

Map of Kashgaria ^[1]

Kashgaria (Eastern or Chinese Turkestan ^[1] , Altyshakhar) - formerly the southern part of Xinjiang Province in Western China , the common name of 6 cities and territories under their influence in Eastern Turkestan (now China): Aksu , Zhanashar , Kashgar , Khotan , Kucha and the city Zharkent on the territory of modern Kazakhstan .

East Turkestan is a political term , corresponds to a certain extent to the geographical term - the Tarim Basin . This political term was established relatively very recently, instead of the former: the most widespread - Malaya Bukhara and less well-known - Altyshar (six- gradient ) and Dzhettyshar ( seven-gradient ) ^[2] , cities: Kashgar, Yangigisar , Yarkand , Khotan, Aksu, Kucha, Karashar ^{[3 ]} .

Content

History

The Chinese brought in military colonies, set up their garrisons, and by the year 39 BC they had captured the entire Kashgaria ^[4] . However, from the very first days, China had to resist the onslaught on this edge from the side of the Huns , and at the end of the II century after Christ completely abandoned it. Later, these cities and territories were seized by the Chinese again, but already in the 18th century .

The population of Kashgaria possessed the ancient traditions of cultivating the land, which was heavily damaged during the Mongol invasion of the XIII century. For the Mongolian troops and Chagatan khans, Kashgaria became a wintering place. In Kashgaria, several agricultural regions in oases could be distinguished, the geographical location of which was due to the possibility of irrigation in the fertile surroundings of the valleys of large and small rivers of the Aksu and Kucha (Kusan), Khotan and Keriya districts, Yarkand and Kashgar, Chalysh and Turfan districts ^[5] .

In addition, trade caravans from Central Asia ( Turkestan ) came to Kashgaria. Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kazakhs sold livestock, exported Chinese fabrics, tea, leather, and silverware. Kashgaria was discovered for Europeans by Ch. C. Valikhanov (1856). In the notes “On the situation of six cities in the province of Nan-lu” he wrote about the history, administrative structure, economy and population of these cities.

Rulers

Mahomet Yakub Bek Badaulet

Notes

↑ ¹ ² Kashgaria // Cagliari - Coalition Wars. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1913. - p. 468-473. - ( Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. By K. I. Velichko [and others ]; 1911-1915, t. 12).
↑ Grum-Grzhimailo G. Eastern Turkestan // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1892. - T. VII. - p. 305-311.
↑ Kashgaria // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : in 66 tons. (65 tons and 1 extra) / Ch. ed. O. Yu. Schmidt . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1926-1947. - T. 32.
↑ Kashgaria // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. VF Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-islands I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
↑ Pishchulina K. A. “Bahr al-Asrar” by Mahmud ibn Vali as a source on the socio-economic history of Eastern Turkestan of the XVI — XVII centuries. // Kazakhstan, Central and Central Asia in the XVII - XVIII centuries. / B. A. Tulepaev. - Alma-Ata : "Science", 1983. - P. 51-52. - 192 s.

Literature

Groom-Grzhimailo G. Eastern Turkestan // Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1892. - T. VII. - p. 305-311.
Kashgaria // Cagliari - Coalition Wars. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1913. - p. 468-473. - ( Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. By K. I. Velichko [ and others ]; 1911-1915, t. 12).
Kashgaria // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : in 66 tons. (65 tons and 1 extra) / Ch. ed. O. Yu. Schmidt . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1926-1947. - T. 32.
Kashgaria // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. VF Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-islands I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
Altyshahar // Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia . - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias , 2004. - T. I. - ISBN 9965-9389-9-7 .
Kuropatkin A. N. Kashgaria: a historical-geographical sketch of the country, its military forces, industry and trade / labor A. N. Kuropatkina, Imp. rus geogr. about-va. - SPb. : Type of. V.S. Balasheva, 1879. - 435 p.
Zeeland N. L. Kashgaria and the Tien-Shan passes. Travel notes. - Omsk , 1888. - (Notes of the West-Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Book IX).
Kashgaria or East Turkestan. Experience of military-statistical description / ed. Chief of Staff of the Turkestan Military District, Lieutenant-General Sakharov, comp. General Staff Lt. Col. Kornilov. - Tashkent : Type. Headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, 1903. - 426 p.
Valikhanov Ch. Ch. Collected Works. In 5 t. / Otv. ed. A. Margulan . - Alma-Ata : Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia , 1985. - Vol. 2, 5.
Baskhanov M. K., Kolesnikov A. A., Matveeva M. F., Glukhov A. I. Pamir, Hunza and Kashgaria in expedition photographs of General B. L. Grombchevsky. - M .: Pelikan, 2017. - 188 p. - ISBN 978-5-9500502-0-6 .

[be-1] ¹ ² Kashgaria // Cagliari - Coalition Wars. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1913. - p. 468-473. - ( Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. By K. I. Velichko [and others ]; 1911-1915, t. 12).

[2] Grum-Grzhimailo G. Eastern Turkestan // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1892. - T. VII. - p. 305-311.

[3] Kashgaria // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : in 66 tons. (65 tons and 1 extra) / Ch. ed. O. Yu. Schmidt . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1926-1947. - T. 32.

[4] Kashgaria // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / Ed. VF Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-islands I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.

[5] Pishchulina K. A. “Bahr al-Asrar” by Mahmud ibn Vali as a source on the socio-economic history of Eastern Turkestan of the XVI — XVII centuries. // Kazakhstan, Central and Central Asia in the XVII - XVIII centuries. / B. A. Tulepaev. - Alma-Ata : "Science", 1983. - P. 51-52. - 192 s.