Buckthorn

	Buckthorn
	; Buckthorn ( Frangula alnus ), type species of the genus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryotes
Kingdom:	Plants
The kingdom :	Green plants
Department:	Flower
Class:	Dicotyledons
Over Order :	Rosanae
Order:	Rosaceae
Family:	Ruby
Tribe :	Zhosterovye
Rod:	Buckthorn
International Scientific Name
	Frangula Mill. (1754)

Krushin ( lat. Frángula ) - genus of woody plants of the family Krushinovye ( Rhamnaceae ). The Latin name Frangula comes from the Latin. frangere - breaking, on brittle wood. The genus, according to the information of The Plant List database, includes about 40 species .

Sometimes this group is considered as a subgenus of the genus Zhoster , in this case the correct taxon name will be Rhamnus subgen. Frangula ( Mill. ) Gray (1821) .

Content

Spread

Representatives of the genus are common in moderately warm and subtropical areas of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The greatest species diversity is observed in North America ^[2] .

Biological description

Representatives of the genus - deciduous woody plants : shrubs or small trees . The leaves are alternate, with very small deciduous stipules . Leaf blades are not leathery, with 5–15 pairs of lateral veins; the edges of the plates are either solid or finely toothed ^[3] .

Actinomorphic flowers , small, bisexual, collected in axillary semi-umbrellas or bunches. The cup is fleshy, five-fold or five-blade. The corolla consists of five short and wide petals of yellowish-white, yellowish or greenish color. Five stamens , they are opposite to the petals. Gynetsy coenocarpe. The ovary is three-capped, with a short column ; three-blade stigma ^[3] .

Fruits are juicy, in the shape of a ball, bony-like (with one seed), with a diameter of 6 to 9 mm , in a mature state - violet-black. seeds - with a straight germ , scant endosperm . Seeds have a lenticular shape - unlike members of the genus Zhoster ( Rhamnus ), in which the seeds are more or less spherical ^[3] .

Types

According to the information of The Plant List (2013), the genus includes 34 species ^[4] :

Frangula acuminatifolia ( Hayata ) Grubov
Frangula alnus Mill. typus ^[5] - Krushin fragile , or Krushin olkhovidnaya . Shrub (sometimes a small tree) widespread in Eurasia. Medicinal plant.
Frangula austrosinensis Hatus.
Frangula azorica grubov
Frangula betulifolia ( Greene ) Grubov
Frangula × blumeri ( Greene ) Kartesz & Gandhi
Frangula californica ( Eschsch. ) A.Gray - Calico , or Coffee Berry . Western North America.
Frangula capreifolia ( Schltdl. ) Grubov
Frangula crenata ( Siebold & Zucc. ) Miq. - Buckthorn serrated . China, Korea, Japan.
Frangula dianthes ( L.Riley ) Grubov
Frangula discolor ( Donn.Sm. ) Grubov
Frangula glaberrima ( Peyron ) Grubov
Frangula goudotiana ( Triana & Planch. ) Grubov
Frangula grandiflora ( CY Wu ex YL Chen & PK Chou ) Grubov - Kruschin grandiflora
Frangula grandifolia ( Fisch. & CAMey. ) Grubov - Large-leaved Buckthorn . Transcaucasia, Iran.
Frangula granulosa ( Ruiz & Pav. ) Grubov
Frangula grisea ( Merr. ) Grubov
Frangula henryi ( CKSchneid. ) Grubov
Frangula lindeniana ( Triana & Planch. ) Grubov
Frangula longipes ( Merr. & Chun ) Grubov
Frangula macrocarpa ( Standl. ) Grubov
Frangula microphylla ( Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Schult. ) Grubov
Frangula mucronata ( Schltdl. ) Grubov
Frangula obovata ( Kearney & Peebles ) GLNesom & Sawyer
Frangula palmeri ( S.Watson ) Grubov
Frangula pinetorum ( Standl. ) Grubov
Frangula pringlei ( Rose ) Grubov
Frangula purshiana Cooper - Cascara , or Krushina Pursh . North American plant, one of the largest representatives of the genus (reaches a height of 15 m). Medicinal plant.
Frangula revoluta ( Rose ) Grubov
Frangula rhododendriphylla ( YLChen & PKChou ) H.Yu, HGYe & NHXia
Frangula rubra ( Greene ) Grubov
Frangula rupestris Schur - Krushin rocky . Occurs in the mountains of Western Europe.
Frangula sphaerosperma ( Sw. ) Kartesz & Gandhi
Frangula ulei ( Pilg. ) Grubov

Another five specific names of this genus in The Plant List (2013) have the status of unresolved name , that is, with respect to them it cannot be unambiguously stated whether they should be used - or they should be reduced to synonyms of other types ^[4] .

Notes

↑ About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .
↑ Alekseev, Tsvelev, 1996 .
↑ ¹ ² ³ Alekseev, Tsvelev, 1996 , p. 392-395.
↑ ¹ ² Frangula // The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. (eng.) (checked August 18, 2015)
↑ Entry for Frangula Mill. (Neopr.) NCU-3e. Names in current use for extant plant genera. Electronic version 1.0 . International Association for Plant Taxonomy (Sept 24, 1997). The appeal date was July 25, 2011. Archived June 6, 2012.

Literature

Alekseev Yu. A., Tsvelev N. N. Sem. Rhamnaceae Juss. - Krushinovye // Flora of Eastern Europe / Ed. ed. and ed. volumes N. N. Tsvelev . - SPb. : World and Family-95, 1996. - T. IX. - p. 392—398. - 456 s. - 500 copies - ISBN 5-90016-28-X.
Grubov V.I. A monographic review of the genus Rhamnus L. // Tr. Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Series 1, 1949, c. eight.
D. A. Muravyov . Pharmacognosy. M., 1978

[1] About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .

[_59a1de63fe9d9f28-2] Alekseev, Tsvelev, 1996 .

[_ef359f7d41626c8d-3] ¹ ² ³ Alekseev, Tsvelev, 1996 , p. 392-395.

[TPL-2013-4] ¹ ² Frangula // The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. (eng.) (checked August 18, 2015)

[5] Entry for Frangula Mill. (Neopr.) NCU-3e. Names in current use for extant plant genera. Electronic version 1.0 . International Association for Plant Taxonomy (Sept 24, 1997). The appeal date was July 25, 2011. Archived June 6, 2012.