The Battle of Nevills Cross ( eng. Neville's Cross ; October 17, 1346 ) - one of the battles of the Hundred Years War and the War of Independence of Scotland . The defeat of the Scottish army in this battle led to the capture of King David II and for a long time Scotland was withdrawn from participation in the Hundred Years War.
| Battle of Nevills Cross | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Main conflict: Hundred Years War | |||
 Battle of Nevills Cross. Miniature from the Chronicles of Froissart . XV century. | |||
| date | October 17, 1346 | ||
| A place | Nevills Cross ( Durham , England ) | ||
| Total | England's victory, king of scotland captivated | ||
| Opponents | |||
| |||
| Commanders | |||
| |||
| Forces of the parties | |||
| |||
| Losses | |||
| |||
Content
Military operations before the battle
The short Anglo-Scottish truce was broken in 1345 by a campaign of the English army in Galloway . At the same time, hostilities with France resumed: on July 12, 1346, Edward III's troops landed in Normandy . True to his alliance with France , King David of Scotland invaded England. However, the defense system of northern England, well fortified by Edward III, did not give the Scots the opportunity to achieve significant success. Nevertheless, in the conditions of the defeat of the French troops, on August 26 , the Scottish king called a new army, which included troops of the overwhelming majority of the magnates of the country, at the Battle of Crecy and moved to northern England. Having ravaged Cumberland , the Scottish troops approached Durham .
Positions of the Parties
The number of Scottish army in Durham reached 12 thousand. People. She was confronted by a small, three-four thousand militia of the North-British counties under the command of William La Zouch, the Archbishop of York (according to Frouassard , the number of British army reached 11,200). On October 17, enemy forces occupied fortified positions south of Durham, close to the Neville stone cross, an Anglo-Saxon relic.
Course of Battle
Initially, relying on the experience of the battles at Creecy and Khalidon Hill , the parties sought to maintain a defensive position. This tactic brought success to the British: the hail of arrows of the English archers forced the Scots to attack. Two of the three Scottish battalions under the command of King David II went on the offensive, but were crushed by the British. The third battalion, commanded by Robert Stewart , left the battlefield altogether. As a result, the Scottish army was defeated, the king was captured. Many noble Scottish barons, among them: Earl Douglas , Earl Wigtown , Earl Fife , Baron Gartley and many others, were captured by the English.
Meaning of the Battle of Nevills Cross
The defeat of the Scottish army at Nevills Cross and the capture of David II for a long time led the country out of participation in the Hundred Years War. Negotiations on the terms of the redemption of the king began only in 1357. Even after the return of David II to Scotland, he was forced to keep peace with England. As a result, Edward III secured freedom of action for large-scale campaigns in France.
Literature
- Brown, Michael. The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371 . - Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 28 July 2004. - ISBN 978-0-7486-1238-3 .
- Burne, Alfred. The Crecy War. - Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1999. - ISBN 978-1840222104 .
- Crowcroft, Robert & Cannon, John (2015), "Franco-Scottish Alliance" , The Oxford Companion to British History , Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 379–80, ISBN 978-0199677832 , < https://books.google.com/?id=PM9xCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History#v=onepage&q=franco-scottish&f=false >
- Dalrymple, David. Annals of Scotland. - London: J Murray, 1776. - Vol. Ii.
- Fraser, William. The Scotts of Buccleuch. - Edinburgh: W Fraser, 1878. - Vol. one.
- Given-Wilson, Chris; Bériac, Françoise. Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and Its Context (English) // The English Historical Review : journal. - 2001. - September ( vol. 116 , no. 468 ). - ISSN 0013-8266 .
- King, Andy. Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century (Eng.) // Journal of Medieval History : journal. - 2002. - Vol. 28 - ISSN 0304-4181 .
- The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346: Translated, with notes . - Glasgow: J. Maclehose and sons, 1913. - P. 330.
- Penman, Michael. David II. - East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2004. - ISBN 978-1862322028 .
- Prestwich, M. The Battle of Neville's Cross, 1346 / M Prestwich, D Rollason. - Stamford: Shaun Tyas for the North-East England History Institute, 1998. - ISBN 978-1900289191 .
- Rogers, C J. The Scottish invasion of 1346 (Neopr.) // Northern History . - 1998. - T. xxxiv . - ISSN 0078-172X .
- Sumption, Jonathan. Trial by Battle. - London: Faber and Faber, 1990. - ISBN 978-0571200955 .
- Sumption, Jonathon. Trial by Fire. - London: Faber & Faber, 1999. - ISBN 978-0-571-13896-8 .
- Webster, Bruce (2004), "David II (1324–1371)" , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi : 10.1093 / ref: odnb / 3726 , < http://www.oxforddnb.com/ view / article / 3726 > . Checked March 26, 2010.
Links
- Sadler, John. Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568 , Harlow 2006, ISBN 978-1-4058-4022-4
- Battle of Neville's Cross by historian RM Gunn
- Historic England: Battle of Neville's Cross
- UK Battlefields Resource Center: Battle of Neville's Cross 17 October 1346
- The Battle of Neville's Cross ; by JW Dickenson (contains new thinking on some of the much repeated tales)