Yak-40 (according to NATO codification : Codling - in translation from English. - "shallow cod") - the world's first turbojet passenger aircraft for local airlines, developed in the USSR in the 1960s .
| Yak-40 | |
|---|---|
 Yak-40 at the airport of Stockholm-Bromma in 1971 | |
| Type of | passenger plane |
| Developer |  OKB Yakovlev |
| Manufacturer | Saratov Aviation Plant |
| First flight | October 21, 1966 |
| Start of operation | 1966 |
| Status | operated by |
| Operators | and |
| Years of production | 1966-1981 |
| Units produced | 1011 [1] |
| Unit cost | 3.6 million DM (1972) [2] |
| Options | Yak-42 |
Yak-40 Design
Wing Design
The wing of the aircraft is straight, large elongation, consists of two consoles. Each console is equipped with three sections of retractable take-off and landing flaps and two sections of ailerons . Each console spar design. The longitudinal set of the wing console frame consists of two longitudinal walls, one spar and six pairs of stringers. Cross set consists of 34 ribs . The skin is made of duralumin sheets. Cuts were made in the wing for a niche where, in the retracted position, the suspension strut and the wheel of the main landing gear are placed. At the same time, the landing gear is equipped with soft cushioning and large-diameter wheels, which reduces the specific pressure on the runway surface and allows the aircraft to be used at unpaved airfields.
There are three flap sections on each wing console. All sections are similar in design. Each section consists of a frame and casing. The frame is formed by a spar, stringers, a set of ribs and transverse profiles. On each wing console, respectively, the root and end sections of the ailerons are located, having weight balancing and aerodynamic compensation. Structurally, each section of the ailerons consists of spars, a set of ribs and casing.
The design of the longitudinal walls is a channel beam, consisting of upper and lower zones and a wall reinforced by struts. Stringers are made of extruded aluminum profiles of T-section.
Aerodynamic design
Three -engine turbojet low-wing rear-engined engines with a direct wing and a single- tail T- tail .
A design feature of the aircraft is the aft ramp descending from the tail to allow people to board.
Engines
Three AI-25 turbojet engines (3 × 1,500 kgf) developed by the GP ZMKB Progress named after Academician A. G. Ivchenko : two engines are mounted on pylons in the rear of the fuselage, the third inside the rear of the fuselage with an S-shaped air intake. At the same time, the average (tail) engine on the Yak-40 was distinguished by a strong smoky exhaust, especially on take-off mode. In connection with this feature, the Yak-40 received the nickname "cigarette butt" in many squadrons.
The reversing device on the middle engine is part of the design of the aircraft. This solution allowed for the interchangeability of engines.
As an auxiliary power unit used AI-9 .
History
The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of an aircraft to replace the IL-12 and IL-14 was issued in 1960. The Yak-40 project was developed at the Yakovlev Design Bureau in 1964. He became the second-ever jet aircraft for local airlines, after the North American Saberliner 60 for 12 passengers of Continental Airlines . The prototype was built in 1965, flight tests began in 1966: on October 21, the first flight of the Yak-40 with three AI-25 turbofan engines took place. Test pilots A. L. Kolosov , Yu. V. Petrov piloted the car. Already in 1967 the aircraft was put into serial production at the aircraft factory in Saratov .
The first regular flights of the Yak-40 began from Bykovo Airport, which was reflected in the coat of arms of the urban settlement of Bykovo, Ramensky District, Moscow Region in 2009 [4] .
The aircraft of the first releases had 24 passenger seats. For some time the aircraft was produced with a take-off mass of 14.7 tons and 27 seats. The flight range was 710 km (with fuel reserves). Later, they began to produce an improved version with a take-off mass of 16.1 tons and 32 seats. On this modification, it was possible to increase the flight range. Scheme with a direct wing and aft installation of three engines, the middle of which is equipped with a reversing device. Horizontal flight with one of three engines is possible.
In mid-1972, the Yak-40 aircraft flew over 150 million kilometers and transported about 7 million passengers [5] .
Serial production of the aircraft was discontinued in 1981 due to the transition of the manufacturer to the production of a new Yak-42 aircraft . Another reason was the campaign of savings that began in the country. A jet plane carrying only two to three dozen people over short distances became economically disadvantageous. The last instance of the Yak-40 serial number 9840459 was built for the Transcarpathian Engineering Plant in January 1982 [6] . The first mass retirement of liners took place in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, the difficulties with acquiring new equipment and the relatively low prices for aviation fuel made the Yak-40 a popular aircraft, many of which were used as corporate and VIP transport during these years. In 1992, the Smolensk Aviation Plant organized the completion of the Yak-40 aircraft in the Yak-40D version with an increased volume of fuel tanks (6 tons), and in 1996 - the completion of the Yak-40 aircraft in the administrative version (installation of radio equipment for flights on international lines, business class interior equipment, exterior painting with polyurethane enamels). As the fleet grew older, fuel prices rose, more economical and modern competitors appeared on the market, and regional air transportation rapidly collapsed, Yak-40 type aircraft began to appear less and less in the sky, and their mass retirement and withdrawal began in the early 2000s. out of operation.
SibNIA modernization
In 2012, initiative works on remotorization of the Yak-40 began at SibNIA . On one of the machines, first one and later two engines were replaced with a Garrett TFE731 . After a successful run-in, the third engine in the fuselage was dismantled and an auxiliary power unit with appropriate aerodynamic overlays was installed in place of the dismantled air intake and nozzle. In November 2016, an upgraded twin-engine aircraft, known as the Yak-40MS, made its first flight [7] [8] .
Subsequently, the twin-engine machine became the basis for developing the elements of a promising aircraft for regional and local air transportation by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade . In the framework of the corresponding R&D, the aircraft received the name of the technology demonstrator STR-40DT . In 2018, it completely replaced the wing with a composite one. In December 2018, the aircraft began a test flight program [9] . It was assumed that R&D would end with the creation of a prototype of a new fully composite aircraft in the dimensions and layout of the Yak-40 [10] .
Modifications
| Type of | Description | Units built |
|---|---|---|
| Modifications of the Yak-40 family of aircraft [11] | ||
| Yak-40 (experienced) | Experienced aircraft series. A characteristic visual difference is the direct air intake of the medium engine. | 6 |
| Yak-40 (1st series) | The first production aircraft. | |
| Yak-40 (2nd series) | On the average engine began to install a reversing device . | |
| Yak-40 (3rd series) | Side engines in shortened engine nacelles . | |
| Yak-40-25 | A serial machine, converted into a flying laboratory for testing electronic systems, for which a new unit of equipment was mounted on the site of the nasal radio-transparent fairing of the “ Groza ” weather radar. | one |
| Yak-40 "Aqua" | Laboratory aircraft manufactured at the Minsk Aircraft Repair Plant by order of the UkrNII Goskomhydromet for studying the atmosphere and clouds using contact and remote methods for measuring the parameters under study, conducting active effects on convective clouds to form artificially stimulated precipitation and monitoring air pollution. Under-wing containers with pyrotechnic cartridges were installed on the aircraft. In 1986, it was used in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident . In the early 90s, it was converted into a passenger plane, and on May 17, 2001, it crashed in Iran [12] . | one USSR-87937 |
| Yak-40 "Calibrator" | Aircraft calibrator for checking the operation of aerodrome radio equipment. | |
| Yak-40 "Lyros" | Aircraft of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology , designed to study the atmosphere and clouds. In 1986, it was used in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident. | one USSR-87536 |
| Yak-40 Meteo | Multipurpose meteorological laboratory. | one USSR-87537 |
| Yak-40 REO | Development of the Scientific and Production Association "Rise" , designed to test various flight and navigation equipment. | one USSR-88238 |
| Yak-40 Salon | Mostly export modification. Depending on the layout, 2 classes were distinguished: 1st with 11 seats with two lounges, a toilet and a wardrobe between them, and in the tail kitchen and another toilet with a wardrobe; 2nd class for 16 or 20 seats in one salon. | 83 |
| Yak-40 "Phobos" | Flying laboratory for research conducted by the S.A. Lavochkin NGO . The aircraft tested the developed instruments and equipment of manned and unmanned spacecraft, the study of natural resources and the environment, the study of the underlying surface and atmospheric phenomena, visual and instrumental registration of anomalous phenomena of natural and artificial origin. | one USSR-87304 |
| Yak-40 "Storm" | Modification for the study of atmospheric phenomena and their effects. Joint development of the Alpine Geophysical Institute and the Minsk Aircraft Repair Plant. | one USSR-87992 |
| Yak-40D | Yak-40, modified for flights on international airlines. | |
| Yak-40DTS | The airborne transport and sanitary modification, intended for ground and air landing of people and cargo, as well as for transporting the wounded with the possibility of providing them with medical care. | |
| Yak-40K | Modification for freight and passenger transportation on the basis of serial aircraft. The maximum payload in the cargo version is increased to 3200 kg. In mixed - from 10 to 18 passengers and with cargo from 2150 to 1150 kg, respectively. | |
| Yak-40P (project) | The project of the aircraft with an increased range of flight, developed in 1977. It was planned to install additional tanks in the fairings on the wing consoles, with a capacity of 1000 liters each. | |
| Yak-40T (tourist) | Option for 34 passenger seats. It was tested in 1970. An additional row of seats was installed by reducing the space of the luggage compartment and wardrobe. The modification was deemed inappropriate according to the conditions of passenger convenience and was not operated. | one USSR-87673 |
| Jak-40LL [13] | ( Czech. Letajici labor - flying laboratory), serial number 9431436. Converted in Czechoslovakia for flight tests of the M601 turboprop aircraft engine , designed for the Let L-410 Czechoslovak aircraft. The engine was installed in place of the nose fairing. In the future, other engines were tested [13] , as well as propellers [13] . | one OK-EEA, later OK-020 [13] |
In 2012, at the Siberian Research Institute of Aviation named after Chaplygina (SibNIA), a study was begun to replace the Yak-40 engines [14] with more modern and economical ones during overhaul. The project did not involve the participation of OKB. Yakovlev, who declared disinterest in working on an airplane [15] . In 2016, at the Yeltsovka aerodrome ( Novosibirsk ), the Yak-40MS laboratory plane took off, equipped with two engines instead of three AI-25 [15] .
The next project was the Yak-40 with a new wing of a larger scope and smaller area made of composite materials and with wingtips (winglets) , with a range increased from 3 to 5 thousand km, at a significantly higher speed [16] . The stated goal of the project is to test the technologies used in the Prospective light multi-purpose aircraft for high-speed aircraft. The start of flight tests was scheduled for the end of 2017 [16] . Later, the deadlines were postponed to 2019, the aircraft received the design name STR-40DT (turbojet 40 technology demonstrator). The sample was equipped with two leased TFE731-5BR engines with a thrust of 2100 kgf, which will allow it to reach speeds of more than 700 km / h [17] .
December 4, 2018 STR-40DT first took off from the factory airfield of the Novosibirsk Aviation Plant named after V.P. Chkalova - Yeltsovka . The machine was driven by a crew led by commander Igor Moseykin, head of the SibNIA Aviation Certification Center [14] .
In April 2017, the scientific director of SibNIA Aleksey Seryuznov announced that the institute’s specialists plan to manufacture a composite aircraft fuselage, which will create a fully composite prototype Yak-40 [18] .
Yak-40 abroad
Since 1967, the Yak-40 was regularly exhibited at foreign air shows [19] and was able to interest foreign buyers with its characteristics. The seller was the Soviet foreign trade association Aviaexport , which received orders for the Yak-40 from airlines from Germany (an order for 14 aircraft), Italy, France and Sweden. But due to the protracted certification process (in many respects due to the fact that the USSR did not allow foreign specialists to inspect aircraft production), many plans were not destined to come true [20] .
The certificate of airworthiness of Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany was obtained in 1972 and thus the Yak-40 became the first domestic aircraft [19] [20] , which was given the opportunity to be operated by companies in capitalist countries.
In addition to Western Europe , Aviaexport proposed to Boeing to jointly sell and service the Yak-40 in North America , but there was a part of the US government structures against this project and there was no further intention [20] .
Italy
In Italy, Aeroflot had a share (30%) in the regional airline Aertirrena from Florence , under the flag of which the USSR decided to conduct a demonstration tour in Asia and Australia . On September 29, 1970, the Yak-40 (reg. I-JAKA) was assigned to the airline’s fleet [21] , and on June 19, 1971 went on a tour along the route Florence → Ankara → Tehran → Lahore → New Delhi → Calcutta → Rangoon → Bangkok → Singapore → Denpasar → Kupang → Darwin → Mount Isa → Melbourne → Sydney → Canberra → Roma → Charleville → Darwin → Kupang → Jakarta → Kuala Lumpur → Bangkok → Songkhla → Rangoon → Calcutta → Delhi → Lahore → Karachi → Isfakhan Diya → Istanbul → Florence [22] .
After the demo tour, the Yak-40 who participated in it returned to the USSR in 1972, where he received the registration number of the USSR-87657 [21] (it was during this period that he got into the frame of an advertising film about the Yak-40), but since certification of the aircraft in Italy was completed, instead of it two new cars arrived in Italy in the same year (reg. I-JAKE (also appearing in the film) and I-JAKI) [20] , which Aertirrena leased to Olympic Airways [ 23] .
Due to financial difficulties in 1975, Aertirrena ceased operation, and its Yak-40 were transferred to the newly formed airline Avio Ligure , which was created specifically for the operation of the Yak-40 [24] . On May 28, 1977, one of the Yaks (reg. I-JAKE) rolled out from the runway into the sea when landing at the Genoa airport [23] .
In 1980, Avio Ligure closed [24] . From 1981 to 1987, the remaining Yak-40 was operated by Cadabo (ceased operation in 1987); from 1987 to 1991 - the airline Alinord (closed in 1991). В итоге самолёт попал в либерийскую авиакомпанию Air Liberia Trp и в 1996 году он был уничтожен на аэродроме выстрелом из гранатомёта во время гражданской войны [21] .
ФРГ
В начале 1970-х годов германская авиакомпания General Air направила предложение «Авиаэкспорту» о покупке в кредит 5 самолётов Як-40. Советский Союз, заинтересованный в продаже самолётов, согласился, но выдвинул условия сделки: предоплата 30 % и погашение кредита в течение 4-х лет с гарантией от какого-либо из ведущих банков Германии. После ряда переговоров окончательное соглашение выглядело так: предоплата 15 % от стоимости самолётов и кредит на 6 лет, в качестве гаранта выступал частный банк одного из учредителей авиакомпании. Кроме того СССР обязывался организовать склад запчастей и провести обучение пилотов и обслуживающего персонала. 2 октября 1972 года первый Як-40 начал полёты из аэропорта Гамбурга [2] .
Нефтяной кризис 1973 года сильно ударил по бюджету авиакомпании. Из-за неэкономичности двигателей АИ-25 доля расходов на топливо в авиакомпании выросла с 12 до 36 процентов. Плюс к этому один из самолётов (рег. D-BOBD) 19 февраля 1975 года потерпел аварию при посадке в аэропорту Саарбрюккена [25] , после чего борт был списан. В итоге тяжёлое финансовое положение авиакомпании привело к её банкротству [2] .
В 1975 году оставшиеся четыре самолёта были возвращены в СССР и продолжили полёты в Аэрофлоте.
Як-40 в Латинской Америке
Помимо Европы и Азии «Авиаэкспорт» активно продвигал самолёт и на южноамериканский рынок, где нетребовательный к развитой аэродромной инфраструктуре Як-40 мог получить неплохой спрос. Причём советская сторона позиционировала Як-40 как прямую замену поршневому Douglas DC-3 [20] .
Первая договорённость о поставке 5 самолётов Як-40 была достигнута с колумбийской авиакомпанией Aerocóndor de Colombia . При этом СССР намеревался не ограничиваться продажей, но и решил организовать в портовом городе Барранкилья сборочное производство [26] .
«Авиаэкспорт» изначально предоставил очень льготные условия для покупки самолётов. При цене около 1,2 миллиона американских долларов предоставлялся кредит на следующих условиях: 2 % годовых сроком на 15 лет [20] .
Як-40 (рег. CCCP-87791) [27] , произведённый в 1969 году на Саратовском авиационном заводе [28] , был разобран и морем доставлен в Барранкилью. В начале 1972 самолёт был собран советскими специалистами и подготовлен к демонстрационным полётам, программа которых предусматривала и испытания самолёта в высокогорной местности. В Колумбии было совершено 29 полётов в 10 городах. Также демонстрационные полёты выполнялись в Эквадоре (11 полётов в 5 городах), Перу (13 полётов), Венесуэле , Боливии , Бразилии , Чили , Аргентине и Уругвае . После чего машина вновь прибыла в колумбийский город Барранкилью, откуда и начинался маршрут тура [19] .
Далее последовал следующий этап полётов — полёты в странах Центральной и Северной Америки, во время которого Як-40 посетил Коста-Рику , Панаму , Мексику , США и Канаду . Из Канады в Аляску и перелетев через Берингов пролив приземлился на территории СССР — в Анадыре и далее в Москву. Всего за 6 месяцев пребывания в Америке Як-40 под управлением КВС Арсения Леонидовича Колосова налетал более 100 тысяч километров и посетил 14 стран [5] .
Самолёт хоть и оставил приятное впечатление, но так и не нашёл покупателей. Контракт с авиакомпанией Aerocóndor de Colombia был расторгнут по причине того, что колумбийские власти не сертифицировали самолёт. Также был отменён проект по сборке Як-40 в Барракилье. Только три страны региона выдали сертификат типа: Куба , Боливия и Гватемала [26] .
Демо-тур в Африке
Последний продолжительный демонстрационный тур был совершён по африканским странам. Для полёта был подготовлен Як-40 (рег. СССР-87597).
Первой точкой на маршруте была столица Эфиопии Аддис-Абеба . Всего было посещено 17 стран Африки. Демо-тур проходил в следующем порядке (указано часть точек маршрута): Аддис-Абеба → Найроби → Дар-Эс-Салам → Лусака → Лагос → Санта-Исабель → Дакар → Нуакшот → Рабат → Тунис . В каждой точке маршрута выполнялись показательные полёты. Самолёт осматривали представители властных и деловых кругов посещаемых стран [29] .
Лётно-технические характеристики
Данные приведены для самолёта с максимальной взлётной массой 17200 кг при эксплуатации на ВПП с искусственным покрытием. Источник данных: «Руководство по лётной эксплуатации самолёта Як-40» М. Воздушный транспорт. 1995 год [30]
- Specifications
- Экипаж : 3 + 1 бортпроводник
- Пассажировместимость: 27, 31, 34, 36 или 40 человек (в зависимости от варианта компоновки)
- Грузоподъёмность : 3240 кг
- Длина : 20,36 м
- Размах крыла : 25,0 м
- Высота : 6,5 м
- Площадь крыла: 70,0 м 2
- Масса пустого: 9850 кг
- Масса снаряжённого: 14265 кг
- Максимальная взлётная масса : 17200 кг
- Масса топлива во внутренних баках: 3910 кг
- Силовая установка: 3 × ТРДД АИ-25
- Тяга : 3 × 1120 кгс (номинальная)
- Вспомогательная силовая установка : 1 × АИ-9 ГТД
- Flight characteristics
- Максимальная скорость: 546 км/ч (на высоте 6000 м)
- Крейсерская скорость : 510 км/ч (на высоте 6000 м)
- Практическая дальность: 820 км (с максимальной коммерческой нагрузкой) [31]
- Перегоночная дальность: 2500 км [31]
- Практический потолок : 6000 м (с пассажирами); 8000 м (перегоночный)
- Скороподъёмность : 7,0 м/с (у земли)
- Длина разбега: 850 м
- Длина пробега: 550 м (с реверсом); 750 м (без реверса)
Usage
Самолёт использовался с 1970 года в 19 странах мира [32] .
- Азербайджан — 3 Як-40 в ВВС, по состоянию на 2016 год [33] ;
- Ангола — 1 Як-40 в ВВС, по состоянию на 2016 год [34] ;
- Афганистан — 3 шт.;
- Болгария — 13 шт., из них 10 в авиакомпании «Балкан» , 2 в санавиации, 1 в инспекции по контролю за воздушным движением;
- Венгрия — 1 шт., летающая лаборатория;
- Вьетнам — 8 шт.;
- Гондурас — 1 шт., продан в 2000 году камчатским авиапредприятием [35] ;
- Грузия — 2 Як-40 в ВВС, по состоянию на 2016 год [36] ;
- Замбия — 2 шт., президентский авиаотряд;
- Italy - 3 pcs.;
- Cambodia - 3 units; were leased with a replaceable Soviet crew for 5 years;
- Cuba - 3 Yak-40s in the Air Force, as of 2016 [37] ;
- Laos - 1 Yak-40 in the Air Force, as of 2016 [38] ;
- Madagascar - 2 Yak-40s in the Air Force, as of 2016 [39] ;
- Poland - 19 pcs., Almost all in the government squadron;
- Russia - 3 Yak-40s at Vologda Airlines as of 2019, a certain number of Yak-40s at the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation as of 2016 [40] , and also one aircraft belongs to a commercial organization.
- Syria - 4 Yak-40s in the Air Force, as of 2016 [41] ;
- Serbia - 2 Yak-40s in the Air Force, as of 2016 [42] ;
- Czech Republic - 2 Yak-40s in the Air Force, as of 2016 [43] ;
- Ukraine - 3 Yak-40s as part of Motor Sich as of 2019 [44] ;
- Germany - 5 pcs.;
- Equatorial Guinea - 2 pcs., Of which 1 is the presidential board and 1 passenger in the a / c “LAGE”;
- Ethiopia - 1 Yak-40 in the Air Force, as of 2016 [45] ;
- Yugoslavia - 6 pcs., A government squadron.
As of January 1, 2006, in the State Register of Civil Aircraft in Russia there were 265 Yak-40 aircraft, of which 138 were in operation [46] .
Accidents and disasters
According to the Aviation Safety Network website, as of March 15, 2019, a total of 107 Yak-40 aircraft were lost as a result of accidents and serious accidents. [47] They tried to steal Yak-40 10 times, while 3 people were killed. A total of 864 people died in these incidents. [48]
On August 28, 1993, an overloaded Yak-40 of the Tochikiston company crashed during take-off in Khorog, as a result of which 82 people were killed. This is the largest in terms of the number of victims of a plane crash with an aircraft of this type and the largest plane crash in Tajikistan.
Yak-40 in museums and on pedestals
| Type of | Board number | Location | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yak-40 | RA-87958 | Vladivostok Air is installed on the campus of VSUES in Vladivostok [49] | |
| Yak-40 | Ur-san | State Aviation Museum of Ukraine | |
| Yak-40 | Ur-xyz | State Aviation Museum of Ukraine | |
| Yak-40K | CCCP-87490 | Central Museum of the Air Force of the Russian Federation , Monino | |
| Yak-40 | 045 | Air Force Museum in Deblin (Muzeum Sił Powietrznych w Dęblinie), Poland | |
| Yak-40 | USSR-87721 | Slavyansk Donetsk region , on the territory of the Slavic College of the National Aviation University | |
| Yak-40 | USSR-87734 | Krivoy Rog Dnipropetrovsk region , on the territory of the Krivoy Rog College of the National Aviation University | |
| Yak-40 | USSR-87749 | Stepnyak, Akmola region , on the territory of the central square | |
| Yak-40 | RA-87943 | Neryungri , Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), on the avenue of the First Builders of the city | |
| Yak-40 | RA-87448 | Bratsk , Irkutsk region, the territory of the airport | |
| Yak-40 | RA-87986 | Lipetsk , the territory of the airport | |
| Yak-40 | CCCP-87748 | Kurgan , Museum of Aviation |
|
| Yak-40 | RA-88244 | Berezovo , Berezovo Airport | |
| Yak-40 | RA-88180 | Cherepovets , the territory of the airport | |
| Yak-40 | USSR-87750 | Kirsanov, Tambov region Kirsanov Aviation Technical College former. KATUGA) | |
| Yak-40 | MINSKAVIA EW-88202 | Minsk National Airport | |
| Yak-40 | RA-87234 | Installed in the Rainbow children's amusement park. Usinsk, Republic of Komi . |
Rewards
- In 1970, the Lenin Prize was awarded for the creation of the Yak-40 Yakovlev Design Bureau.
Images
Yak-40 with the ramp down. Boarding and disembarking of passengers is carried out along the tail ramp, which is at the same time a manhole cover, which in its design resembles a cargo ramp of transport aircraft
Layout view of the cabin
See also
- VFW-Fokker 614
- T-39 Sabreliner
- Dassault Falcon 20
- Hawker Siddeley HS-125
- STR-40DT
Notes
- ↑ ✈ russianplanes.net ✈ our aviation
- ↑ 1 2 3 Der Spiegel No. 43/1975 // "Alle kommen dran" (German)
- ↑ http://flymotorsich.com/en/pages/fleet
- ↑ Coat of arms of the urban settlement of Bykovo . Heraldry.ru . Heraldry Union of Russia. Date of treatment December 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 “Yak-40”, a documentary film. Director B.R. Nebylitsky . TSSDF , 1972
- ↑ ✈ russianplanes.net ✈ our aviation
- ↑ Yak-40 . RussianPlanes.net (November 30, 2016). Date of treatment March 4, 2017.
- ↑ Artyom Korenyako. SibNIA began testing the twin-engine Yak-40 . Air Transport Review (December 1, 2016). Date of treatment March 4, 2017.
- ↑ Aircraft STR-40DT with composite wing completed its first flight
- ↑ STR-40DT - an all-composite technology demonstrator aircraft
- ↑ “ Wings of the Motherland ” No. 1/1990 // Konstantin Udalov “Unknown Yak-40”
- ↑ Yak-40 board (reg. EP-TQP) on russianplanes.net
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 The Yak-40 is the first-born jet of local airlines . // Aviation And Time. - 2013. - No. 4. - P.13.14.
- ↑ 1 2 Valentina Prokofieva. With a new composite wing: in Russia, the updated Yak-40 tested in flight . NewInform (December 10, 2018). Date of treatment December 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Flight tests of the Yak-40 twin-engine aircraft Began . “Aviation of Russia” (December 2, 2016). Date of treatment December 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 The composite analog of the Yak-40 will take off at the end of 2017 . “Aviation of Russia” (October 18, 2016). Date of treatment December 17, 2018. The composite analog of the Yak-40 will take off at the end of 2017
- ↑ Russian aircraft demonstrator of technology STR-40DT was created
- ↑ Victor Khmelik. The Yak-40 with a composite wing made its first flight . TASS (April 11, 2017). Date of treatment December 19, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Yakovlev, 1972 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 “Time Magazine US” Feb. 14, 1972 // AVIATION: The YAKs Are Coming
- ↑ 1 2 3 Dutch Aviation Society
- ↑ Description of the Italy-Australia-Italy demo tour (Italian)
- ↑ 1 2 Gli Yak-40 "italiani" (Italian)
- ↑ 1 2 Airline Timetable Images
- ↑ Crash of the Yak-40 at Saarbrücken Airport // Aviation Safety Network
- ↑ 1 2 History of Aerocóndor de Colombia Airlines (Spanish)
- ↑ Boris Orlov. "Transistor" in a new role // "Air Transport": newspaper. - 2003. - November ( No. 46 ).
- ↑ Yak-40 board (reg. CCCP-87791) on russianplanes.net
- ↑ "In the Sky Yak-40", a documentary. Director L.S. Danilov . TSSDF. 1973 year
- ↑ RLE Yak-40
- ↑ 1 2 Yak-40 on the website of OKB im. A. S. Yakovleva
- ↑ Udalov, Sham, 1992 .
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 180.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 430.
- ↑ Yak-40 . Aviation Encyclopedia "Corner of the sky . " 2019-01-18. Date of treatment January 18, 2019.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 184.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 394.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 271.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 454.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 200.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 355.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 135.
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 88.
- ↑ Derzhavna aviatsіyna service of Ukraine. [avia.gov.ua/register_of_aircraft.xls Register of Civil Repeated Ships of Ukraine] .
- ↑ The Military Balance, 2016 , p. 446.
- ↑ V. Ageev, A. Fomin. The Federal Air Transport Agency summed up the results 11. The magazine "Rise" (April 2007). Date of treatment October 23, 2013.
- ↑ Harro Ranter. Aviation Safety Network> ASN Aviation Safety Database> Type index> ASN Aviation Safety Database results . aviation-safety.net. Date of appeal March 15, 2019.
- ↑ Harro Ranter. Aviation Safety Network> ASN Aviation Safety Database> Aircraft type index> Yakovlev Yak-40> Yakovlev Yak-40 Statistics . aviation-safety.net. Date of appeal March 15, 2019.
- ↑ Opening of a world-class educational cluster - a new height of VSUES
Literature
- Alexander Yakovlev . Purpose of life . - M .: Politizdat , 1972. - 650 p. - (About life and about yourself). - 200,000 copies.
- Konstantin Udalov, Oleg Sham. Aircraft Yak-40. - M .: Transport, 1992 .-- 72 p. - (Aeroflot Aircraft). - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-277-01376-8 .
- The Military Balance 2016 / The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). - 1 edition. - Routledge, 2016 .-- 504 p. - (The Military Balance). - ISBN 1857438353 . - ISBN 978-1857438352 .
- Sergey Komissarov. Yak-40 - jet first-born of local airlines // Aviation and Time: magazine. - 2013. - No. 4 . - S. 4-27 . Archived July 26, 2014.