Shatursky district

Geographical location and topography

Shatursky district is located on the East European Plain in the north-eastern part of the Meshchera Lowland ^[10] between the rivers Klyazma , Proy and Tsna ^[11] . The length of the region from north to south is 92 km, from west to east - 55 km ^[12] .

The relief of the Shatursky region is flat, with slight fluctuations in height above sea level - from 106 to 152 m ^[13] . From the village of Gubino to the village of Krivandino there is a small hill (Gubino-Vlasov and Krivandinsky uplifts ^[14] ), the highest point of which is near the village of Pozhoga ^[15] .

Geological structure and minerals

The territory occupied by the Shatursky district is located in the central part of the East European platform . At a depth of more than 1,000 m lies the Russian plate, formed in ancient Precambrian times. Ancient sediments (Mesozoic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) are overlain by Quaternary, which are mainly associated with glacier activity, sediments (moraine and fluvioglacial). The close occurrence of water-resistant Jurassic clays, a flat relief, and poor drainage have led to the presence of numerous marshes and peat bogs ^[16] .

The main mineral resources of the region are peat , sapropel and sands . Many peat deposits developed in the 20th century have been practically developed and peat extraction has been stopped on them ^[13] .

In three lake groups of the Shatursky district (Shatursky, Tugolesky and Radovitskaya), rich reserves of sapropels used as fertilizer were identified ^[13] . There are sand deposits throughout the district, which has been used for the glass industry since the 19th century ^[16] .

Also in the district there are deposits of various clays used for brick production. Small deposits of swamp iron ore that are not of industrial importance have been discovered ^[16] .

Climate

The climate is temperate continental . The continental climate is more pronounced than in the western parts of the Moscow region; the region is characterized by lower temperatures in winter and higher temperatures in summer . In the Shatursky district there is the village of Cherusty , which is unofficially considered to be the "pole of cold" near Moscow ^[17] .

The average annual temperature is + 3.6 ° C; January average temperature is 11 ° C; the average July temperature is + 17.6 ° C. The absolute maximum is observed in July + 38 ° C, the absolute minimum in January is 45 ° C. In all months except July, there were cases of frost. The period with an average daily temperature above 0 ° C lasts 210-220 days, the duration of the growing season is in the range 150-170 days ^[18] .

The average annual rainfall is 524 mm; the largest amount of precipitation usually occurs in July-August, and the least in May ^[18] .

Spring frosts usually end by May 10-15. The first frosts begin in the second half of September, in some years at the end of August. The appearance of snow is observed in the period October 27 - November 4, and stable snow cover is formed in the third decade of November (23-25). The destruction of the snow cover begins in the second decade of April. The number of days with snow cover is 150-155 days, its height in the forest reaches 35-65 cm, and in open areas 25-35 cm. ^[18]

The prevailing winds throughout the year are southeast and west. In the winter months, southwest and southwind prevail. The average wind speed for the year is 3 m / s ^[18] .

In Shatursky area cloudy weather prevails. Clear days occur during the year only 1-2 times a month. In winter, the cloudy sky is observed on average more than 20 days per month, in the summer - 10-12 per month ^[19] .

Hydrography

All rivers of the Shatursky district belong to the Oka basin. The territory of the district is limited by its three tributaries - Klyazma in the north, Tsnoi in the southwest and Proy in the southeast ^[20] . The length of the Klyazma River section in the Shatursky District is 12 km, the Tsny River - 14 km, Pry - 25 km. However, the largest rivers of the region are their tributaries - Polya (92 km), Hialma (34 km) and Voimega (27 km) ^[21] .

All rivers of the region are characterized by a slow flow, swampy shores, and the absence of floodplains and terraces ^[22] . High water coincides with spring snowmelt. The rivers of the region are covered with ice for about 150 days a year. Due to the strong bogging of the territory and large deposits of peat, the rivers have a brown, peaty color of water. River nutrition is mixed due to precipitation, swamps and groundwater ^[20] .

There are 48 natural lakes on the territory of the Shatursky region, which makes up one seventh of all the lakes of the Moscow Region ^[20] . Lakes are conditionally united into several groups according to their territorial proximity to each other: Shaturskaya, Bordukovskaya, Tugoleskaya and Pyshlitskaya (part of Klepikovsky lakes). The largest lakes of the Moscow region are located in the Shatursky district - the Svyatoye (Shatursky) (12.6 km²), the Oak and the Holy Klepikovskaya groups . The region also has the deepest lakes of the region - Beloye (Dubasovskoye), Smerdyachye and Chernoye (Bordukovskoye) ^[22] .

Lakes of glacial origin prevail ^[20] . Concerning a number of lakes, theories are expressed about their meteorite origin, for example, it is assumed that Lake Smerdyachye was formed as a result of a meteorite fall about 10 thousand years ago ^{[23] [24] [25]} .

Soil

Shatursky district is located in the non-chernozem zone of Russia; according to the soil zoning of the Moscow region, it is included in the III soil region, which is characterized by an almost continuous distribution of sandy and loamy swampy soils ^[26] . On the territory of the region sod-podzolic , podzolic-bog and bog soils prevail, with numerous transitional options. Alluvial soils are found in river floodplains ^[27] . A distinctive feature of the region is the significant land area of ​​the former peat mining, unsuitable for agriculture ^[28] .

Soils of the Shatursky region belong to the most non-native soils of the Moscow region. The best soils of the region are inferior in fertility to sod-podzolic soils of the western part of the region by 1.5–2 times, and by chernozem soils of the southern regions by more than 2-3 times ^[27] .

Vegetation

Shatursky district is located in a forest zone , in a subzone of mixed forests . Forests occupy about 48% of the district, in the past there were much more. The area is the most forested in the Moscow region ^[29] .

The predominant forest species is pine , which forms pine forests ^[30] . Juniper , lingonberry , blueberry and green moss grows among the pines. Rowan , buckthorn , and viburnum are common in the undergrowth. There are also mixed forests consisting of pine, spruce , birch and aspen , among which birch and aspen groves are located on separate islands. On loamy soils, spruce forests form independent massifs. Undergrowth in such forests is practically absent, the grass cover is very weak ^[29] . Occasionally, oak groves are found on elevated riverbanks ^[31] . Boggy alder forests with willows grow in floodplains of rivers ^[30] .

Marshes occupy more than 3% of the total area of ​​the district. In the Shatursky district, all three existing types of swamps are found: lowland (more than 60%), transitional (about 20%) and high (15-20%) ^[30] .

Significant areas in the area are occupied by meadows ^[29] . In the Pra river valley, meadows with sedge , pike and clover are common. Along the edges of the marshes, upland and lowland meadows with sedge, field grass and clover are often found ^[30] . Artificial grasslands are created on the developed peatlands ^[32] .

Among aquatic vegetation, the most common species are arrowheads , arrowhead , elodea , and water lily . Reeds , sedges and reeds grow in the coastal zone ^[32] .

Fauna

The largest mammals of the Shatursky district are elk and wild boar , occasionally there are lynx , badger and brown bear . Of the predators, wolves , foxes , river otters , martens , ferrets , ermines, and weasels are common. There are many mouse-like rodents, such as a gray rat , a house mouse, a wood mouse, a field mouse, and a baby mouse . Of the insectivorous species, hedgehog , mole , and shrew are widespread; in the very small form, the desman is preserved. There are several species of bats , among which the most common are the red bat and ushana . Squirrels and hares ( hare and grouse ) are found everywhere ^[33] .

The avifauna is represented more widely than mammals. In the coniferous forests, a capercaillie , black woodpecker , and some species of large owls were preserved. In mixed and deciduous forests, there are grouse , woodcocks , jays , large spotted woodpecker , wild pigeons , and some species of thrushes . Ducks and waders nest on water bodies. In river floodplains and wetlands, teals , terns , lapwings and marsh owls are found . Seagulls are found on large lakes ^[33] . Of the birds of prey, an owl , an eagle owl and a hawk are found . Bullfinches and crossbirds fly to winter ^[32] .

Of the reptiles, there is a poisonous viper , already , a tinker , viviparous and nimble lizards . Amphibians are represented by a frog , common toad , comb and common newt ^[33] .

The numerous lakes and rivers of the region are inhabited by crucian carp , tench , rattan goby , roach , bream , perch , pike , perch . Crayfish are found in some lakes ^[33] .

Ecology and nature conservation

Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were no cities and large industrial enterprises on the territory of the Shatursky district, and therefore environmental pollution was limited. With the development of industry, environmental degradation in the area began. The greatest impact on the environmental background in the Shatursky district was provided by the Roshalsky Chemical Plant, the Shatursky Furniture Plant , the Laser Center in Shatura and the Shaturskaya State District Power Plant ^[34] .

For 2012, the main sources of negative environmental impacts are agriculture and peat mining. The local impact continues to be exerted by the Shaturskaya GRES and enterprises of the Roshalsky chemical production. In general, the ecological situation in the region is favorable, with the exception of certain local foci: in Shatura and its suburbs, the environmental situation is assessed as tense, and in the territory adjacent to the city of Roshaly it is moderately critical ^{[35] [36]} .

The presence of a large number of peatlands leads to peat and forest fires in the summer. Especially severe peat fires were observed in the Shatursky district in 1972 , 1981, 1992, 2002 and 2010 . Since 2010, the long-term target program “Ecology of the Moscow Region for 2011–2013” ​​has been implemented in the Moscow Region, according to which peatlands were irrigated in the Shatursky District ^[37] . By the end of 2013, the irrigation program was fully implemented ^[38] .

In Shatursky district, 19 state nature reserves of regional importance are organized, the area of ​​which exceeds 17% of the total area of ​​the district ^[39] . According to the protection profile, the reserves are divided into three types: botanical, zoological and complex. The most significant are the following ^[40] :

• The Cherustinsky Forest Integrated Reserve is the largest in the region, with an area of ​​22,273 hectares ^[41] . The reserve is the largest in the region site of typical for the Meshchera forest and bog ecosystems ^[42] .
• The complex reserve “Lakes Imles and Dubovoe with swampy shores” - many rare and protected birds ( white-tailed eagle , golden eagle , osprey , great spotted eagle , gray crane , capercaillie , etc.) nest and stop during migration here ^[43] .
• The Botanical Reserve "Lake Beloe (Bordukovskoye) and the surrounding forest" is the only location in the Moscow region for the midwig of the lake ^[43] .
• Botanical reserve “Pine forests and transitional swamp with cranberries in the north of the Misheron forestry” - various types of pine forests of 40-80 years old, as well as transitional swamp are subject to protection ^[43] .
• Zoological reserve "Lake Voymezhnoye and its environs" - the main object of protection are the Russian desman , as well as some rare species of birds ( blackbird warbler , tit-remez , white blue tit ) ^[43] .
• Zoological reserve “Lakes Great, Malovskoe, Livnevo and adjacent quarries” - the community of wetland avifauna is protected ^[43] .

In addition, in the area there is a natural monument the ancient pine "Giant", whose age exceeds 300 years ^[44] . In the territory of Shatursky, Yegoryevsky and Lukhovitsky districts it is planned to organize a natural park of regional significance “Gateway to the Meshchera” ^[45] .

History before the 18th century

The first traces of a person’s stay in the district belong to the Mesolithic ^[46] (the site “Zhabki 3”, belonging to the Butovo archaeological culture ^[47] ). Neolithic sites and settlements belonging to the Upper Volga , Ljalovo and Volosovo archaeological cultures were found in large numbers. In the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Monuments of the Fatyanovo and Pozdnyakovsky cultures are distributed in the district ^[48] . The Early Iron Age is represented by the monuments of Dyakovo culture (the settlement "Pogostishche" ^[49] ). Until the 9th – 10th centuries, the territory of the Shatursky region was inhabited mainly by Finno-Ugric tribes , presumably Meshchera ^[50] . The settlement of the Slavs began in the 9th – 11th centuries ^[51] . The question of whether the Slavs who inhabited the region belonged to Krivichi or Vyatichi has not been finally resolved ^[52] .

During the time of Kievan Rus, the southern part of the present-day Shatursky district was part of the Principality of Chernigov, the Principality of Murom-Ryazan in 1127, and after its collapse in the middle of the 12th century, a significant part of these lands entered the Principality of Murom . Only a small south-western part of the district entered the Kolomna principality , which was the inheritance of Ryazan . The northern part of the region was in the Rostov-Suzdal principality (from the middle of the XII century in Vladimir-Suzdal). At the end of the XII - the beginning of the XIII century, the Muromo-Ryazan principalities became completely dependent on the Vladimir princes ^{[53] [54]} .

In the XII-XIII centuries, the bulk of the population in the territory of the present Shatursky region lived in small villages along the banks of rivers, among forests and swamps. The nearest cities were Kolomna and Gorodets Meshchersky ^[55] . In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land, including the lands of the Shatursky region, was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars.

By the end of the XIV century, the territory of the district became part of the Moscow Principality . In the XV — XVI centuries. lands were actively populated, villages arose in 1-3 yards and villages of up to 15 yards. In the spiritual letter of the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich , the Murom village and Shatur are mentioned, which he gives to his wife, Princess Sofya Vitovtovna ^{[56] [57]} .

In the XVI-XVII centuries, the territory of the Shatursky district was part of the Vladimir district ^[58] . The lands mainly belonged to the Grand Duke, but under Ivan the Terrible, villages and wastelands began to appear as estates to service people . By the time of the compilation of the scribal book of Vladimir Uyezd in 1637-1648. most of the villages were landlords. Shatursky lands of this period are characterized by small villages consisting of 2-3, sometimes 5-6 yards ^[59] .

Russian Empire

In 1708, the Moscow province was formed, which included the territory of the district ^[60] . After the formation of provinces in 1719, the district entered the Vladimir province , and from 1727 into the newly restored Vladimir district .

In the XVIII century in the suburbs developed light, mainly textile industry. At this time, a cloth factory was organized in the village of Valkovskaya ^[61] .

In 1778, Vladimir and Ryazan governorates were formed (since 1796 of the province). Subsequently, until the beginning of the 20th century, the main territory of the district was part of the Yegoryevsky district of the Ryazan province , and the northeastern part of the district was included in the Pokrovsky and Sudogodsky districts of the Vladimir province .

During the Patriotic War of 1812, recruits from the villages of Yegoryevsky Uyezd became part of the 1st and 2nd Ryazan Regiments, which took part in the Battle of Borodino . In addition to the recruitment, the Ryazan militia was collected, which covered the roads from Moscow to Ryazan and Kasimov from the French. For the militia, food warehouses were organized, one of which was located in the village of Velikodvorye ^[62] .

In the first half of the 19th century, many new industrial establishments appeared. Near Tarbeikhi there was a brick factory, in Serednikovo - a stud farm, in Alyoshino - a distillery, and in Kharinskaya - 3 tar factories. In the villages belonging to Pokrovsky Uyezd, the glass industry was highly developed. The largest was the Misheron glass factory. In rural areas, weaving nanki on home looms has spread. Many peasants were engaged in latrine trades, especially carpentry ^[63] .

After the abolition of serfdom, volosts were formed to govern the former landowner peasants. Many public schools opened ^[64] .

By the beginning of the 20th century, almost every village had mills, grits, smithies and churns. In some villages there were weaving mills and dyes. At home weaved nanku and linen. Of the large industrial enterprises was the Misheron glass factory. In the Cross ford, the Vladimir powder factory began to be built. At the same time, construction began on the Lyubertsy – Murom railway, passing through Krivandino and the new village of Cherusti ^[65] .

Soviet period

A huge role in the development of the region in the 20th century was played by the industrial extraction of peat . In the spring of 1918, the Shatur State Peat Development Center of the Main Peat Committee of the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR was formed (later the Shatur Peat Company). At the end of May 1919, the first peat season began. In 1920, the opening of a temporary power plant took place, and in 1925 the Shatursky regional power station was launched, which was named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin ^[66] . In 1932, the Shatursky State Peat Trust was established (subsequently, the Shaturtorf Production Association), uniting all the peat enterprises of the region ^[67] .

In 1929, the Shatursky and Dmitrovsky (later Korobovsky) districts were formed, which included most of the territory of the modern district. In 1933, the Shatursky district was liquidated, but the working village of Shatur with the adjacent rural territory was allocated to a special administrative-territorial unit . In 1936, Shatura was given the status of a city ^[68] .

During the Great Patriotic War , hospitals were located on the territory of modern Shatursky district, and army units were formed in 1941-1942. In 1941, in case of occupation of the territory, a network of partisan detachments was formed. The power plant and the railway were defended by anti-aircraft guns that stood in Shatura and its environs, as well as along the railway. During the years of the war 33,860 people were called up to the Red Army , 10,108 of them did not return from the battlefields. Eleven Shaturyans were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union ^[69] .

In 1956, the Shatursky district was formed. It included settlements subordinate to the Shatursky City Council, and the abolished Krivandinsky district . In 1963-1965 the district was temporarily liquidated .

In the second half of the 20th century, sectors of the national economy that were not related to peat extraction developed. In 1961, the Shatursky furniture factory was opened, transformed in 1963 into a furniture factory. In 1979, the Research Center for Technological Lasers (SIC TL) of the USSR Academy of Sciences was founded in Shatura ^[70] .

The years 1973-1976 saw a peak in peat production, when its production reached 3.5 million tons, but gradually this figure dropped to 600-700 thousand tons ^[71] . In the 80s of the XX century, the role of peat and peat extraction in the region’s economy gradually decreased, and in 1986-1989 the project “Reconstruction of State District Power Station No. 5 for Gas Combustion” was implemented ^[72] .

The Modern Period (since 1991)

In 1993, the city of Roshal left the district.

In the early 1990s, a sharp decline in the peat industry began. In 1993, the Shatursky peat enterprise, the first peat mining enterprise in the region, was closed ^[73] . Since 1994, a network of narrow-gauge railways has been dismantled as unnecessary ^[72] .

In March 1996, the first election of the head of administration was held, in which Alexander Vladimirovich Tyapkin won ^[72] . In the same year, the Orthodox community was registered in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the construction of the Orthodox church in Shatura began. However, construction was soon frozen due to lack of funds. In this regard, it was decided to build a small wooden church in honor of the New Martyrs and Shatursky confessors ^{[72] [74]} .

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a decline in the agricultural sector. Most agricultural enterprises were liquidated - state farms Korobovsky, Meshchera, Mir, Aurora and Pyshlitsky ^[75] .

In 2000-2004, the head of the district was Arkady Arkadyevich Parvitsky. Since 2004, the Shatursky district is headed by Andrey Davydovich Keller ^[9] .

Since the second half of the 2000s, an extensive program for the gasification of settlements in the region has been carried out. The gasification program for 2013–2017 was approved ^{[76] [77]} .

In January 2005, as part of the municipal system, it received the status of a municipal district ^[78] .

On March 10, 2017, within the boundaries of the abolished municipal formation Shatursky municipal district , a new municipal formation of the urban district of Shatura was formed ^[6] .

On June 25, 2017, the administrative-territorial unit of Shatursky district was transformed into a city ​​of regional subordination of Shatur with administrative territory. ^{[7] [8]}

Municipal Territory

The boundaries and composition of the Shatursky municipal region and its constituent municipalities were determined by the Law of the Moscow Region dated January 21, 2005 No. 18/2005-OZ “On the Status and Borders of the Shatursky municipal district and newly formed municipal formations” ^{[78] [79 ] [79 ] ]} .

Shatursky municipal district until March 2017 included 3 urban and 4 rural settlements ^[79] .

The population density is 25.47 people / km ² , one of the lowest in the Moscow region.

Urbanization

In urban conditions (the city of Shatura , the working villages of Misheronsky and Cherusty) 56.81% of the population of the region live.

At the time of formation, the area was inhabited mainly by the rural population. So, in 1931, with a total population of 59,880 people, 43,485 people lived in rural areas. (72.62%) ^[100] . According to the 1959 All-Union Census, the rural population was 40 017 people. (44.34%) out of 90 254 people ^[101] ., And according to the data for 1970, 29 802 (31.46%) out of 94 705 people ^[102] . The increase in the rural population in 2010 (45.06%, 32 483 people) compared with 2002 (29.96%, 21 262 people ^[103] .) Is associated with administrative and territorial changes in the Shatursky district in 2004, as a result of which the working villages of Baksheevo , Kerva , Radovitsky , Tugolesky Bor and Shaturtorf were transformed into rural settlements.

Demography

In recent years, changes in population are insignificant. Between 2006 and 2013, mortality decreased by 17%, and fertility increased by 19% ^[104] .

Gender composition

According to the 2010 census, the population of the Shatursky district was 72,087 people, including 33,204 men and 38,883 women. The average age of the population is 41.2 years (male - 38.1; female - 43.8) ^[105] .

National composition

By nationality, the majority of the population (86.39%, 62,283 people) are Russians , also Ukrainians (0.82%, 595 people), Armenians (0.53%, 383 people), Tatars (0, 49%, 359 people) and people of other nationalities. 6 769 people (9.39%) did not indicate their nationality ^[106] .

The structure of local government bodies of the Shatursky district are:

• the representative body of local self-government of the municipal district is the Council of Deputies of the Shatursky municipal district;
• the head of the Shatursky municipal district;
• The executive and administrative body of local self-government of the municipal district is the administration of the Shatursky municipal district;
• the control body of the Shatursky municipal district is the control and accounting department of the Shatursky municipal district ^[107] .

Executive power in the Shatursky district is carried out by the Administration of the Shatursky municipal region ^[108] , headed by the Head of the Shatursky municipal region ^[109] .

The current Head of the Shatursky Municipal District, Andrei Davydovich Keller, was elected in the elections on September 8, 2013. Powers expire in 2018 ^[9] .

The representative body of the Shatursky district is the Council of Deputies of the Shatursky municipal district, consisting of 17 deputies with a term of office of 5 years ^[110] .

At present, the Council of Deputies of the Shatursky Municipal District of the fourth convocation, elected on October 11, 2009, is in operation ^[111] . The chairman of the Council of Deputies is Yuriy Anatolyevich Samyshev ^[112] . However, the Law of the Moscow Region dated June 2, 2014 No. 55/2014-OZ amended the procedure for the election of the head of the Council of Deputies. After the expiration of the term of office of the current representative body, the head of the Shatursky district will be a member of the Council of Deputies with a casting vote and fulfill the powers of its chairman ^[113] .

Shatursky district has official symbols - coat of arms and flag ^[114] .

Emblem

The coat of arms of the Shatursky district was approved by the decision of the Council of Deputies of the Shatursky District dated April 17, 2003 No. 7/39 “On the coat of arms of the municipality“ Shatursky District ”” ^[115] .

Emblem description: “In a green field above the azure (blue, blue) finely-bordered extremity, a golden crane flying to the right and upward with its wings uptailed, accompanied by a flaming sun (without a face image) of the same metal emerging in the right lower corner” ^{[116 ]} .

The coat of arms of the Shatursky region can be reproduced in two equally valid versions ^[117] :
- with a free part - a quadrangle adjacent from the inside to the upper edge of the coat of arms of the Shatursky region in red with reproduced figures from the coat of arms of the Moscow region;
- without a free part.

Flag

The flag of the Shatursky district was compiled on the basis of the coat of arms and approved by the decision of the Council of Deputies of the Shatursky District dated April 17, 2003 No. 8/39 “On the Flag of the Shatursky Municipality” ^[118] .

Description of the flag: “The flag of the Shatursky district is a green rectangular panel with a 2: 3 ratio of width to length, reproducing yellow figures from the arms of the composition: a crane flying with its wings raised and the sun emerging in the left corner of the flagpole. Along the lower edge of the panel is a blue stripe 1/6 of the width of the cloth, separated from the green narrow yellow stripe 1/40 of the width of the cloth ” ^[119] .

Budget

The budget of the Shatursky municipal district for 2013 amounted to:

• incomes - 1 872 179 thousand rubles;
• expenses - 1 905 152 thousand rubles.

The budget deficit is 32 973 thousand rubles. Compared to 2012, the growth of tax and non-tax revenues increased by 17.0% (135 553 thousand rubles).

85.4% (1,627,039 thousand rubles) of the consolidated budget expenditures of the region had a social orientation (education, culture, healthcare, social policy, physical education and sports) ^[127] .

In 2014, the plan for budget revenues was 90% executed, the execution for expenses was 98.3%. Social spending amounted to 85% ^[4] .

The projected income for 2015 is 1,673,818 thousand rubles, expenses - 1,695,818 thousand rubles, budget deficit - 22,000 thousand rubles ^[126] .

Industry

Industry is the foundation of the region’s economic potential. In 2014, the share of industry in the sectoral structure of the gross production of the district was 84.7% ^[4] .

In the area there are enterprises of the energy complex , forestry and furniture , light , food and glass industries. The largest enterprises are Shaturskaya State District Power Station , Shatura Furniture Company OJSC and shattdecor LLC . In 2014, the share of Shaturskaya TPP in the total industrial production amounted to 64% ^[4] . Large enterprises are the Radovitsky Woodworking Plant (CJSC Radovitsky DOZ-M), the Shatursky Bakery Plant OJSC, the Shatursky Brick Factory LLC, the Shatursky Sewing Manufactory LLC, the Polygon Service LLC, and a number of enterprises specializing in the manufacture of furniture ( CJSC "Shatura-VUD", LLC "Aesthetics") ^{[128] [129] [4]} .

Peat extraction was reduced to a minimum, due to the development of the main fields and the lack of a sales market. In 2007, in the area of ​​peat extraction, the enterprise Shaturtorf OJSC (successor of Shaturtorf Production Association) was engaged with the branches of Petrovsky, Radovitsky, Ryazanovsky and Meshchersky ^[130] . The depletion of peat has led to the need to develop new deposits. In 2007, the Meshchersky enterprise was transferred free agricultural land in the Ryazan region for peat mining ^[131] . However, in 2008, the Meshchersky enterprise withdrew from Shaturatorf OJSC. For 2014, Shaturtorf LLC is engaged in peat extraction mainly for agricultural needs ^[132] .

The glass industry is in decline. In 2006, the work of the Misheron glass factory was stopped ^[133] . For 2015, there are only small enterprises specializing in the manufacture of glass products ^[128] .

Entrepreneurship

As of 2013, 378 small businesses and 8 medium-sized businesses were operating in the Shatursky region. The number of individual entrepreneurs was 996 people. In total, as of January 1, 2014, 5,839 people were employed in small and medium-sized businesses, including individual entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs work in agriculture, trade and catering, construction, manufacturing and the provision of services to the population. The largest number of small enterprises relates to the sphere of trade and public catering, in which 31% of business entities are employed. The share in industry and construction is 23%. In 2013, the resolution of the administration of the Shatursky municipal district dated November 6, 2013 No. 2630 adopted the program "Development of small and medium enterprises of the Shatursky municipal district for 2014-2018" ^[134] .

Agriculture

Agriculture in the Shatursky region is represented by both livestock and crop production . Due to the predominance of bog and bog-podzolic soils unsuitable for agriculture in a significant area, the region has the lowest rate of cultivated agricultural land in the Moscow Region (less than 20% of the area was occupied in 2002) ^[129] . In 2014, out of 42,072 hectares of agricultural land, 16,935 hectares (40.2%) were used, of which 9,570 hectares were used for agricultural production, 2,962 hectares were used in personal subsidiary plots, and 4,403 hectares were used in horticultural partnerships ^[135] .

In 2014, the agro-industrial complex of the region was represented by 5 large and medium-sized agricultural enterprises: APK Shatursky LLC, Spartak Ecological Farm LLC, Euroonline LLC, Agroforvard LLC and Korenevo Agrocenter LLC, in addition, Schelkovo-Agrokhim CJSC began the development of unused agricultural land in the rural settlement of Pyshlitskoye ^[4] . To 8 farms that worked in 2013 ^[136] , 5 more farms were added ^[4] .

In 2014, most of the acreage was occupied by fodder crops (77%): corn for silage (1,380 ha), perennial grasses, hayfields and pastures (3,701 ha), as well as annual one-oatmeal mixtures for green fodder (258 ha). 1114 ha were sown with grain crops , 175 ha were sown with potatoes ^[4] .

The key industry of the region is animal husbandry, mainly aimed at the production of milk and meat. Revenues from the sale of meat and dairy products account for more than 80% (in 2013) of the total volume of agricultural products sold ^[136] . In total, there are 4,730 cattle in the district. The Baranye Tsarstvo agro-farm (Euroonline LLC) is engaged in the cultivation of Romanovsk sheep, the main flock of sheep in 2014 was about 1,000 animals), and taking into account the young stocks, more than 2,200 animals ^[4] .

Service Industry

In 2014, there were 1,167 retail stores and 10 shopping malls operating in the district. In addition, 17 warehouses provided wholesale services, 77 catering services. In total, 20 types of paid services were rendered to the population. About 9 thousand people were employed in the consumer market. During the Decade of Mercy, free hairdressing services, bath services and charity dinners are provided for low-income citizens, disabled people and the elderly ^{[4] [137]} .

Favorable environmental conditions and high conservation of natural resources contribute to the development of sanatorium institutions. The largest is the sanatorium complex "Lake White" ^[138] .

Housing and communal services

At the end of 2013, the total area of ​​residential premises amounted to 1,980.5 thousand m², 27.39 m² of residential premises per inhabitant. The volume of provided utility services is 698,689.7 thousand rubles. The level of depreciation of utility infrastructure is 61.8% ^[139] .

In the period from 2010 to 2012, 7487.6 square meters were built as part of the program "Resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock" m. of housing, which allowed to improve housing conditions for 491 people.

One of the main directions is the gasification of the area. In 2006-2012, high-pressure gas pipelines with a total length of 65 km were commissioned in the region, 48,975 linear meters of low-pressure gas pipelines were built. 3 gas block-modular boiler houses were built in the village of Dmitrovsky Pogost , the villages of Cherusti and Osanovo-Dubovoe . The boiler house of Tugolesky Bor was converted to natural gas ^[139] .

The region’s transport infrastructure includes rail , road and pipeline modes of transport. The largest passenger transport hub is Shatura . Such regional transport hubs as Krivandino , Serednikovo and Dmitrovsky Pogost are of regional importance.

The district is crossed by the Kazan railway line of the Moscow Railway . The following stopping points and stations are located on the territory of the Shatursky district along the route: Shaturtorf (platform) , Shatura (station) , Botino (platform) , Krivandino (station) , Tugolesye (platform) , Voymezhny (platform) , Cherusty (station) and The jet (platform) ^[140] . Three single-track lines depart from the railway: Krivandino-Ryazanovka , Cherusti-Roshal, and Cherusti-Urshelsky. However, for 2014, regular passenger traffic was provided only on the Ryazanov branch ^{[140] [141]} . Two more - branches "Sazonovo - Pilevo " and "Krivandino - Misheronsky" - are closed and dismantled ^{[142] [143]} . Earlier in the Shatursky district there was a dense network of narrow-gauge railways used mainly for the transportation of peat, but passenger traffic was also provided. In 1994, narrow-gauge traffic was stopped and the road was completely closed. During the 2000s, almost all narrow gauge tracks were dismantled. Only small sections of the narrow gauge railway have survived ^{[144] [145]} .

The motorway of interregional communication P105 “ Moscow - Yegoryevsk - Tuma - Kasimov ” (through the villages of Sharapovo and Serednikovo) and of regional significance: P106 “ Kurovskoye - Dmitrovsky Pogost - Samoilikha ” (via Shatura and Krivandino) and “Shaturtorf- Likino-Dulyovo ” passes through the district . A network of local roads has also been developed ^[129] . Automobile communication with the neighboring Gus-Khrustalny district of the Vladimir region is carried out through country roads. Passenger transportation on the territory of the district is carried out by the Shaturskoye PATP branch of the State Unitary Enterprise Mostransavto ^[4] .

A gas pipeline branching from the Nizhny Novgorod-Center highway to Shatura, Misheronsky and Roshal , with branches supplying gas to the largest villages, stands out from the pipeline transport.

Wired telephone and Internet services in the district are provided by Rostelecom OJSC ^[128] .

Mobile telecommunication services are provided by Mobile TeleSystems PJSC (MTS), Vympel Communications PJSC (under the Beeline trademark), MegaFon PJSC (under the MegaFon and Yota trademarks) and T2 RTK Holding LLC (under the Tele2 trademark ) The coverage area of ​​cellular communications includes most of the Shatursky district. In most settlements there is 3G connection from Beeline, in large settlements in the northern part of the region (Shatura with suburbs, Krivandino, Cherusty, Misheronsky) there is 4G connection provided by MegaFon OJSC ^{[146] [147] [148]} .

Science and Education

In the Shatursky region there are a number of organizations engaged in scientific and technical activities. The largest scientific institution is the Institute for Laser and Information Technology Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPLIT RAS), which is involved in the development and production of technological lasers. The Shatursky branch of the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences is engaged in scientific research. The enterprises of the scientific complex also include MNTK TL LLC, NITs TL LLC, Laser Complexes CJSC, Genom LLC and ITC Mikron LLC ^[149] .

For 2013, the district education system has:

• 21 municipal educational institutions , including 2 lyceums , 7 secondary , 9 basic and 3 primary schools ^[150] ;
• Shatursky Power Engineering College;
• Shatursky medical school;
• Vocational School No. 35 (structural unit of the Shatursky Power Engineering College ^[151] );
• Vocational School No. 66 (structural unit of the Shatursky Power Engineering College ^[151] );
• Integrated children and youth sports school;
• 2 children's art schools;
• 1 children's music school ;
• 32 kindergartens ^[152] .

Health

Primary health care is provided in the clinic and the children's outpatient department in the city of Shatura , as well as in 6 outpatient clinics, 11 feldsher-obstetric centers and 16 households for doctors to receive at home. In addition, 28 general practitioners are working in the district. In 2013, the volume of medical services in outpatient clinics and polyclinics amounted to more than 575,422 visits.

Emergency departments are located in Shatura, Tugolesky Bor and Dmitrovsky Pogost . 3 more emergency medical centers are located in Baksheev , Misheronsky and Radovitsky . In 2013, 19 081 calls were received, the average number of calls per 1 resident was 0.26.

Inpatient medical care is provided at the Shatur Central Regional Hospital in the city of Shatur, as well as at its departments in Shaturtorf , Dmitrovsky Pogost, Baksheevo, Tugolesky Bor, Misheronsky and Radovitsky. A total of 560 beds are provided in the hospital departments. An average of 78.44 beds per 10,000 people ^{[153] [154]} .

Sport

For 2014, there were 99 sports and fitness facilities in the Shatursky district:

• stadium "Energy";

• Palace of Sports "Shatura";
• rowing base;
• ski base;
• 2 swimming pools;
• 26 gyms;
• 46 plane sports facilities
• 21 other sports facilities ^[4] .

In addition, in the region there is a sports educational institution - MAOU DOD "Integrated children and youth sports school" ^[152] .

The most popular sports in the area are football, futsal, ice hockey, ball hockey and basketball. The federations of football, ice hockey, traditional karate, volleyball and basketball were created ^[4] . Shatursky district football championships among men's teams are held annually. In 2014, 15 football teams participated in the championship: Zenit ( Baksheevo ), Shaturtorf ( Shaturtorf ), Khimik ( Roshal ), Korobovo ( Dmitrovsky Pogost ), Energy (Shatura), Everest ( Krivandino) ), Saturn ( Radovitsky ), Fakel ( Pyshlitsy ), Rapid ( Osanovo-Dubovoe ), Atlant (Shatura), Misheron ( Misheronsky ), REM (Roshal), Start ( Tugolesky Bor ), "Lake White" ( Village of the sanatorium "Lake White" ), "Jupiter" (Shatura) ^[155] . The hockey club "Energy" has repeatedly won and won the championships in hockey with the ball of the Moscow region and Russia among the teams of physical education .

Since 2006, in Shatura, the Cross of the Nation has been held annually in September, in 2013, more than 5,000 people took part in the event ^[156] .

Media

The following newspapers are published in the district: “Leninskaya Shatura” (from May 1921), “Shatura Plus. City ”and“ Bulletin of the Eastern Moscow Region ”. It broadcasts a number of regional branches of radio stations: Avtoradio , Radio Energy, Dorozhnoe Radio , Humor FM . Earlier in Shatura there was a television channel “Television of the Eastern Moscow Region” (“Integral”) and there was a Shatur television and radio broadcasting office - a branch of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company “RTV-Moscow Region” ^[157] .

Religion

Most of the believers in the region are Orthodox .

The boundaries of the Shatursky district coincide with the borders of the Shatursky deanery district , formed in 1992. In 2014, there were 17 parishes in the deanery, in which 16 priests and 1 deacon served ^[158] . Five Sunday schools are open: the Nikolsky parish of the city of Shatura , the Sorrow Church of the city of Roshal , the Dmitriy-Solunsky church of the village of Dmitrosky Pogost , the Kazan church of the village of Petrovsky and the Trinity church of the village of Sharapovo . In the summer, Orthodox camps are organized for children ^[159] .

On the territory of Shatursky district there are 17 churches ^[158] , of which 9 have the status of a cultural heritage object of regional significance ( Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior , Church of the Great Martyr Dimitry of Solunsky , Church of the Protection of the Holy Virgin , etc.). In the village of Samatikha is a manor of the XIX century. merchant, timber scientist I.V. Dashkova ^[160] . Monuments and obelisks dedicated to the Great Patriotic War were erected in many settlements of the region.

There are about 60 archaeological sites in the district ^[161] , including those of federal significance (the Ivanovskaya Gorka ^[162] , Korenets ^[163] sites and the Pogostishche settlement ^[164] ). In 2008, a complex of more than 80 boulders was discovered in the territory of the village of Krivadino, each weighing about a ton, some of which are located in the form of a circle with a diameter of 9.5 m, the rest in groups around the periphery of the circle. It is assumed that this object is a megalithic complex , built at the end of III - beginning of II millennium BC. e ^[165] ..

From May 20 to October 1, 2013, the district competition "10 most interesting places of the Shatursky Territory" was held, the purpose of which was to attract the attention of the population to objects of cultural, historical and natural heritage in the Shatursky district ^[166] . The competition was attended by 9 authors with 13 materials on the sights of the district ^{[167] [168] [169]} .

The cultural sphere of Shatursky district is represented by the following institutions:

• Shatursky inter-settlement district library with 26 departments ^[170] ;
• 24 institutions of cultural and leisure type, including the District House of Culture. Narimanova ^[171] ;
• Shatursky Museum of Local Lore ^[172] .

In 2013, more than 5,000 events were held by cultural workers in the region, in which about 210 thousand people took part ^[172] .

The title "Honorary Citizen of the Shatursky Municipal District" is the highest award of the district. The honorary title is awarded to persons who have made a significant contribution to the development of local self-government in the region, who have actively contributed to the rise of the economy, science, culture, education and other social spheres, as well as to residents of the Shatursky municipal district who have the title of Hero of the Russian Federation or have committed heroic acts ^[173] . As of 2015, 41 people were awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of the Shatursky Municipal District ^[174] :

Since 2005, the Shatursky District has concluded a number of agreements on the establishment of twinning relations and cooperation in the trade, economic, scientific, technical and humanitarian-cultural spheres. At present, the twin cities of the region are ^[12] :

•   Haskovo region ( Bulgaria ) (2005) ^[216]
•   Haskovo community ( Haskovo region , Bulgaria ) (2008) ^[217]
•   Lozovsky district ( Kharkov region , Ukraine ) (2009) ^[218]
•   Uzdensky district ( Minsk region , Belarus ) (2010) ^[219]
•   Chatillon-sur-Indre ( Chateauroux district , France ) (2014) ^[220]