Tushino camp

The camp was on the Volokolamsk road, on a hill behind the village of Tushino; it was located between the Skhodnya and Moscow rivers, in the place where Skhodnya flows into the Moscow River, while describing the loop. The camp is located on a high hill, from which the territory towards Moscow was viewed for several miles. On three sides the hill was surrounded by cliffs, and on the fourth, that is, from the west (from the side of the Spasa Monastery on Voskhodnaya ) the camp was surrounded by an earthen rampart, the remains of which were visible at the beginning of the 20th century. In addition, wooden fortifications were built. The Cossack camp was separated from the main camp by a river; as for False Dmitry himself, he lived in a palace built west of Tushin, near the Spassky Monastery on the banks of the Moskva River - on a hill surrounded by a rampart and a moat and since then received the name of Tsarikova Gora, which remained until the beginning of the 20th century .

In a two-day battle near Bolkhov from April 30 to May 1, 1608, False Dmitry II (impostor) defeated the army of Vasily Shuisky , led by his brothers Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, and moved to Moscow. The independently acting detachment of Alexander Lisovsky , having defeated Prince Khovansky during the battle of Zaray, occupied Tushino, and Lisovsky, judging his position, apparently suggested that an impostor camp there, appearing near the capital according to some sources 1, according to others on June 14 (old style) . At first he stopped in Tushino, then he tried to move the camp to the village of Taininskoye , but since he was cut off by the Shuisky troops occupying the Kaluga road from his base - Seversky land - he returned to Tushino and settled there. The notes of one of his commanders, Joseph Budilo , on the foundation of the Tushino camp say the following:

The same year, June 24, the feast of St. John, the king approached the capital city of Moscow. There was no army other than a guard. When the tsar, not finding a convenient place for the camp, walked around Moscow and, heading back to Tushin, reached Tovyensk [p. Taininsky], it was attacked in close place by the army of Shuisky, but with God's help it was defeated. The royal army was located near Tushin, near the monastery of St. Nicholas in a place overgrown with sycamore

The Shuisky army sent against the impostor camped on the Khodynka River near the village of Vsekhsvyatsky (now the Sokol district), while the Tatar cavalry stood in the village of Khoroshev; the second line with the tsar himself was on the Presnya River in Vagankovo . At night, Shuisky’s army was attacked by Rozhinsky and fled to Presnya , where, receiving reinforcements from the tsar’s reserve, in turn threw the Pretender to Khimki , but from there it was again repelled back to Khodynka. After that, the Pretender's troops finally concentrated in Tushino, since the actual commander of the hetman Rozhinsky adopted the plan of blockade of Moscow and bringing it to hunger to surrender.

Initially, tents were pitched, but with the onset of winter, when snow had already begun to fill them, dugouts were dug, and stalls made of brushwood and straw were made for horses, but this was not enough. Then, the neighboring towns and villages were imposed a duty to deliver log cabins to Tushino: “another captain received a log house three and arranged himself with complete comfort” ^[1] .

Soon, a full-fledged and large city grew up on the site of the camp, and the former dugouts turned into cellars, which, thanks to constant requisitions, were bursting with stocks. A military settlement was formed around the military camp, where, according to the testimony of Marhotsky, there were up to three thousand Polish merchants alone; merchants from Moscow also went there.

Immediately with the appearance of the Pretender in Tushino, a mass transition to his side from Moscow began. Princes Aleksei Yurievich Sitsky and Dmitry Mamstryukovich Cherkassky were the first to cross, followed by Dmitry Timofeevich and Yuri Nikitich Trubetskoy . Two princes Zasekins , Mikhailo Matveevich Buturlin, Prince Vasily Rubets-Mosalsky , Mikhail Glebovich Saltykov and others fled to Tushino. The boyar thought was composed of them, the actual leader of which was Saltykov; however, the nobles and even one peasant ( Ivan Fedorovich Naumov ), not to mention the leader of the Zaporozhye Cossacks Ivan Zarutsky , interspersed with representatives of ancient boyar families.

A court and government were organized on the model of Moscow. Prince Semyon Grigoryevich Zvenigorodsky was appointed butler, from an ancient branch of Chernigov princes that had fallen into insignificance; orders were established, headed by the clerks who had escaped from Moscow, Ivan Gramotin , Pyotr Tretyakov , Bogdan Sutupov , Ivan Chicherin and finally Fedor Andronov . The last former major leather merchant, then the duma clerk and treasurer under Shuisky, accused of abuse, was appointed impostor as the head of the order of the Big Treasury and concentrated in his hands the entire financial side of the Tushino government.

The actual leader of the Tushino camp, acting on behalf of the nominal "tsar", was hetman Roman Ruzhinsky , a young Lithuanian prince from the Gediminids . Major commanders such as Alexander Lisovsky and Jan Petr Sapega , who came a little later with a large detachment, the head of Usvyatsky and the cousin of the Lithuanian chancellor (however, operated on far from Tushin) acted semi-independently. Finally, the leader of the Cossacks Zaporozhets Ivan Zarutsky stood out, either a Pole, or a Polonized Ukrainian from the Russian Voivodeship , who received the rank of boyar and the post of head of the Cossack order.

Soon, the “queen” Marina Mnishek appeared in Tushino, released to Poland in accordance with the peace treaty concluded with King Sigismund III , in August she was intercepted along the way by Zborovsky’s detachment and taken to Tushino, where she “recognized” her imposed murder husband and then secretly married him in the detachment Boots (September 5 - the wedding was made by her Jesuit confessor). The impostor, for his part, promised her accession of three thousand rubles and income from 14 cities. Finally, in Tushino, his own named patriarch appeared - namely, Filaret (Romanov) , the father of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich . As a Rostov bishop, he was captured by the Tushins during the capture of Rostov in October 1608, and with shame, on firewood and tied to a dissolute woman, was brought to Tushino; however, False Dmitriy showered him, as his alleged proprietor, with mercies, appointing him a patriarch, which Filaret did not dare to refuse - and as a patriarch he began to conduct divine services and to send district letters to the regions. Seeing such an example, representatives of the clergy rushed to Tushino in great numbers.

Representatives of the same family often served in Moscow and in Tushino, which was to guarantee the family in case of any turn of events. Some fled from Moscow to Tushino and back several times, with each betrayal receiving new awards, which, in turn, had to be sanctioned by the other owner during the second betrayal. Such have received the nickname "Tushino flights." The "Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" defines the army of the "Tushino thief" as 7,000 Poles, about 10,000 Cossacks and "tens of thousands of armed rabble," at some points approaching 100,000. According to the estimates of S. M. Solovyov, there were 18,000 Poles , 2000 infantry, Zaporozhye Cossacks 13,000, Don 15,000, "except for the Russian people, the last Poles did not keep much in the camp because they were not trusted." This horde devastated all the terrain into which it penetrated. Moreover, as S. M. Solovyov notes, it was not the Poles who were the most raging, who did not feel any hatred of the local population, but the Russians, who had nowhere to run in case of failure and who considered all Shuisky's supporters as personal enemies. And if the Poles, having captured the supporter of Shuisky, often treated him mercifully, the Russians put the prisoners to a painful death, to the horror and disgust of the Poles. The Cossacks were especially frenzied, who "saw themselves as an evil enemy in every civilian living by the fruits of honest labor, and they drained all their ferocity over him." The Cossacks betrayed everything they met with meaningless destruction: in those houses that they could not burn, they at least broke down the gates and doors so that it was impossible to live in them; they destroyed the food that they could not carry away: drowned, threw it in manure or threw their horses under the hooves. Someone Nalyvayko distinguished himself in the Vladimir region by putting men on a stake and raped all women, so that “he beat to death with his own hands, noblemen and children of the boyars and all kinds of people, men and women of 93 people”; in the end he was captured by the Vladimir governor Veliaminov (a supporter of the Pretender) and hanged by him on the orders of the Pretender.

In the fall of 1608, the flight from Moscow took on a general character - especially after the end of September when Sapega defeated a detachment directed against him near Rakhmanov and then besieged the Trinity-Sergius Monastery . The “New Chronicler” describes the situation in Moscow as follows: “Having started on being in Moscow, irony, one quarter of rye sold for seven rubles, and irony for the sake of Moscow from Tushino; the others say to the parishioner to Tsar Vasily: as long as we can endure the gladness, or give us bread, or leave the city ” ^[2] . This led to rebellions and several attempts to overthrow Shuisky: February 25, April 2 and May 5, 1610. However, a riot broke out in Tushino itself on February 1, as the Poles demanded a salary. Since, with all their desire, the Poles could not find the required amount of coins, they divided the country between the units for feeding - “bailiffs”, which the residents compared with the previous specific principalities, and began to rob them if possible.

By that time, the Poles and the “thieves” had taken control of a significant part of the country: Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Suzdal, Vologda, Murom, Uglich, Galich, Kashin, Pskov and other cities were subordinated to False Dmitry, all 22 cities. It seemed that the turmoil reached its climax.

The turnaround occurred after the conclusion of the Shuisky alliance with the Swedes, alarmed by the strengthening of Poland hostile to them. February 28, 1609 in Vyborg, the young nephew of the tsar Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky signed an agreement with the Swedish king Charles IX , who promised to provide troops in exchange for Korel uyezd and an alliance to conquer Livonia. On May 10, Skopin stepped out of Novgorod and moved towards Moscow, crushing the Tushino troops on the way. In July, he defeated Sapega near Kalyazin. February 6, 1610 Sapega was forced to lift the siege of the Trinity and retreat to Dmitrov .

Polonization of the Tushino camp

For his part, the Polish king Sigismund III , setting the pretext for an alliance between Russia and Sweden clearly directed against him, invaded Moscow’s possessions and besieged Smolensk in September. The Tushino Poles at first perceived this with annoyance, immediately forming a confederation against the king and demanding that he leave the country, which they already considered their own. However, Jan Peter Sapieha did not join the confederation and demanded negotiations with the king - his position had a significant influence on the further course of affairs. For his part, Sigismund sent commissars to Tushino led by Stanislav Stadnitsky , demanding help from both his subjects and offering them extensive remuneration both from the Moscow treasury and in Poland; as for the Russians, they were promised the preservation of faith and all customs, and also rich rewards. This seemed seductive to the Tushino Poles, and negotiations began between them and the royal commissars, and not only the Poles, but many Russians began to lean towards the king. The impostor’s attempt to recall himself and his “rights” provoked the following Ruzhinsky’s rebuke: “And what’s the matter for you, why did the commissioners come to me? Who the hell are you? We shed enough blood for you, but we see no benefit. ”

Kaluga faction

On December 10, the Pretender tried to escape with four hundred loyal Don Cossacks loyal to him, but was captured and placed under actual arrest by Rozhinsky. However, on December 27, 1609, he still fled to Kaluga , disguised as a peasant and hid in a sleigh with tesa (according to another version, even with manure). The Don Cossacks and part of the Poles, led by Jan Tyszkiewicz , Rozhinsky’s personal enemy, followed (it came down to a shoot-out between supporters of Tyszkiewicz and Rozhinsky). However, the Russian Tushins immediately went in procession to the royal ambassadors, expressing their joy at getting rid of the "thief." On February 11, she fled to Dmitriev to Sapieha, and from there to Kaluga and Marina Mnishek - on horseback in a hussar dress, accompanied by a servant and several Don Cossacks. In Tushino itself at this time the following was happening: Jan Tyszkiewicz brought from Kaluga a letter from the Pretender with promises that caused a new ferment among the Poles; but Rozhinsky had already firmly taken the royal side and was in the process of concluding an agreement with Sigismund, for which an embassy was sent to Smolensk from the Poles and Russians, who entered the confederation with the Poles and decided, on their part, to call on the kingdom of Prince Vladislav (son of Sigismund), subject to acceptance them Orthodoxy. This embassy was headed by Mikhail Saltykov , a prominent role was played by Fedor Andropov and Prince Vasily Rubets-Masalsky ; January 31, they submitted to the king a draft agreement drawn up by Saltykov; in response, Sigismund proposed to the ambassadors a constitutional plan, according to which the Zemsky Sobor and the boyar Duma obtained the rights of an independent legislative, and the Duma, in so doing, of the judicial branch. The Tushino ambassadors accepted the conditions and swore, “Until God gives us sovereign Vladislav to the Moscow state”, “to serve and direct and kindly want his sovereign father, the current most distinguished king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Zhigimont Ivanovich.” In general, Sigismund, who set the condition for the departure of his 15-year-old son to Moscow, her complete pacification, clearly tried to take the reins of government in their hands.

Meanwhile, however, the situation in Tushino itself was becoming critical. In the south, in Kaluga, troops loyal to the Pretender were concentrated; in the north, near Dmitrov, Skopin-Shuisky and the Swedes, hardly restrained by Sapega, were pushing. In such conditions, Rozhinsky decided to move to Volokolamsk - namely to the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery . On March 6 (16), the Tushins set fire to their camp and set out on an expedition. Two days later, they were in Voloka - mostly Poles, since the Russians in the majority fled. It should be noted that K.F.Kalaidovich, who, on behalf of N.M. Karamzin , investigated the remains of the Tushino camp, wrote down the legend that the Tushins didn’t leave themselves, but were beaten out with a fight by a Moscow detachment that broke into the camp from the ancient city, at the confluence of Go down the Gorodenka River (from the north). Neither Russian nor Polish written sources report this fight; most likely, it was a minor attack on the Polish rearguard.

The pro-Polish Tushins ( Mikhail Saltykov ) supported the seven-boyars and the Polish occupation of Moscow . Anti-Polish Tushintsy ( Ivan Zarutsky ) took part in the first militia .

As can be seen from the notes of Kalaidovich, at the beginning of the 19th century, Tushins, at least the elderly, still retained a vivid and detailed memory of the events of the Time of Troubles. At the end of the same century, that is, only three generations later, the locals could not even tell I. F. Tokmakov, where did the name Tsarikova go come from ^[3] . The memories of Tushins now came down to the fact that ancient burial mounds located in the okrug were considered to be their graves, and the largest of them was legendary that there were allegedly hidden untold treasures of False Dmitry ^[4] .

In 1898, during the construction of the Moscow-Vindavskaya (now Riga) railway , many finds were made near Tushino. Excavations were carried out by engineer-tracker V.M. Politkovsky under the scientific supervision of Academician Zabelin . As a result, a collection of 560 items was collected, donated to the Imperial Historical Museum, where it is still located, partially exhibited (in particular, you can see the kernels, “garlic” - sharp thorns that were thrown under the legs of horses, and Polish boot with a spur). Of particular interest are weapons samples: squeak trunks, a bullet gun , several reeds and axes , staghorn , as well as horse rakers, cones , chain mail , and shells . Tools and household items were also found: scythes, sickles, chisels, axes, chairs, scissors, finally utensils: door handles, crevasses and locks, both hinged and internal, tiles, finally a large number of coins, both Polish and coins of “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich” minted in Tushino. The items found were charred, which confirmed the reports of the burning of Tushin.

• Marhotsky N. History of the Moscow war / Per. from polish. - M .: ROSSPEN , 2000 .-- 224 p. - ISBN 5-8243-0005-4 .

• N.M. Karamzin. History of Russian Goverment
• S. M. Soloviev. History of Russia since ancient times
• Joseph Wake. Diary of events related to the Time of Troubles. Part 1
• Joseph Wake. Diary of events related to the Time of Troubles. Part 2
• Letters and diaries of Marina Mnishek
• The Time of Troubles in Russia. The siege of Moscow by False Dmitry II. Polish invasion . (according to R.I. Skrynnikov)
• The Time of Troubles in Russia. The collapse of the Tushino camp. Skopin's death (according to R.I. Skrynnikov)
• History of Tushino
• Count Sergey Sheremetyev. Tushintsy
• South Tushino
• I.F. Tokmakov. Village Spas-Tushino