Strug is a Russian flat-bottomed sailing-rowing vessel ( barge [1] ), of the XI - XVIII centuries , used to transport people and goods.
The name of the plows (in Western sources - Strook ) was used throughout Russia. For the first time, the term “plow” was mentioned by Russian Pravda in 1054 [2] .
Even if you steal a lodge, then 7 kunas for sale, and the lodia is turned around, and 3 hryvnias for a sea lodge, and 2 hryvnias for a coast, 8 kuns for a boat, and hryvnias for a plane. [3]
- pr Rus., 131 (1282 ~ XII century).
Used on rivers, lakes and seas, for civil and military purposes . In different regions of Russia, the ship had a different design. In general, it was equipped with a removable mast with a small straight sail , which was set in a fair wind; some of the plows had an intermittent deck , attic (cabin). Could be with equally sharp bow and stern. The plows had a length of 20 to 45 meters , a width of 4 to 10 meters and oars from 6 to 20 pieces.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were sometimes equipped with small swivel cannons to protect them from robbers .
Sometimes the ships of the conqueror of Siberia Ermak are called plows . However, the width of the Chusovaya River was unlikely to allow ships to pass 20 meters in length and 4 in width. Probably smaller plows were built.
Content
- 1 Use of plows in Russia
- 2 Varieties
- 3 See also
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 Images
- 7 References
Use of Strugs in Russia
... the use in ancient Russia of the term "plow" in the general meaning of the ship is certain. ... But it gained such significance only later, but originally it was a specific name for a certain type of vessel ... Made of smooth smooth planks, flat-bottomed and at first small cargo ships gliding freely along the waves - “plows”, sailing along small rivers - “ Strugs ”and easily passing shallows -“ Zastrugi ”, naturally, these features attracted the most attention, differed from other courts of their time and were called strugs . In the monuments of ancient Russian writing, the term "plow" ... is found much less frequently than the names "ship" and "boat". This is naturally explained in addition to the relatively small size of ships by the fact that they were used mainly for simple household purposes - moving or transporting goods, and these issues, in general, were rarely addressed in ancient Russian written literature. [3]
- Shubin I.A. Volga and Volga shipping. M., 1927, p. 40 - 42
It has been documented that in 1240 the army of the Grand Novgorod Prince Alexander Nevsky reached the location of the Swedes on high-speed plows [4] .
In preparation for the second Azov campaign in the winter of 1696, large-scale construction of Army Fleet ships was launched in Voronezh and Preobrazhensky . The galleys built in the Preobrazhensky Gallery were disassembled and delivered to Voronezh, where they were assembled and launched. In Voronezh and Voronezh Uyezd , 522 plows , 42 sailing boats, 134 rafts were prepared for launch .
The industrial construction of the Strugs under Peter I was completed by decree of December 28, 1715: “Upon receipt of this decree, announce to all industrialists who go to the sea for fishing on their boats and kochs , so that instead of those ships they will make sea ships galliots , gukars , kats , flutes , which one of them wants, and for that (while they are being corrected by new sea vessels) they are given only two years to go on old ones. ” Since ships of foreign designs were more adapted to the installation of a large number of naval artillery . [5]
In 1722, Emperor Peter I made a trip along the route: Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Astrakhan and vice versa on an 18-row plow (called Moskvoretsky).
Sometimes underwater archaeologists find the remains of plows [6] .
Varieties
... In the Good. The stolnik Sileverst Ogibalov, and the clerk Ivan Surovtsev, dobrochniki, Donkovites, Epiphans, Efremites, Yelchans, Tulchans, 3,065 people made 205 plows with a measure of 13 and 12 each, including 2 with attics, and one ertula, and 42 boats were inscribed.
To Sokolsk . The stolnik Stepan Ovtsyn, and the clerk Ivan Naumov, falconed, Lebedyans, Ottomans, Deminshins, dugouts, yes Romanovs, 2 548 people made 215 plows as yard peasants .But the artisans and workers were given fodder money for a day for 4 and 3 money for a person ...
- S. I. Elagin, “History of the Russian Navy. The period of Azov
- Ertaulny Strug - easy high-speed plow.
- Attic plow - plow with rooms ( cabin ).
See also
- Strugi
- Rook
- Gull
- Pauses
- Boardwalk
- Koch
Notes
- ↑ Barka // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- ↑ River ships of the XIV-XVII centuries.
- ↑ 1 2 Strug, Dictionary-dictionary "Words on Igor's Regiment".
- ↑ Main History of the Russian Navy.
- ↑ Strug history of the carbus device Koch (inaccessible link)
- ↑ A sunken plow was discovered in the Gulf of Finland. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment November 19, 2013. Archived December 28, 2013.
Literature
- Shubin I.A. Volga and Volga Shipping. - M. , 1927. - S. 40–42.
- Samoilov K. I. Maritime Dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.-L .: Voenmorizdat, 1941 .-- T. 2.
- Elagin S.I. History of the Russian fleet. Azov Period / Foreword V.P. Saunina. - Voronezh: Center.-Chernozem. Prince Publishing House, 1997 .-- 352 p. - ISBN 5-7458-0633-8 .
- Explanatory Naval Dictionary. - M. , 2010.
- Marine Dictionary. - M. , 2010.