Navarra (autonomous community)

The northern part of Navarra, Montana , is entirely occupied by the spurs of the southern Pyrenees (the highest point is Ani peak ^{[ specify ]} , 2504 m), the southern part is on a plateau 400–500 m high. The average January temperature in Pamplona is around 2.5 ° C, and July - 20 ° C. The province is irrigated by the Ebro River, with tributaries flowing mainly along the southern border, with the tributaries of the Ega and Aragon , as well as the Bidassoa River (in the north). Forests (mainly broad-leaved) are found only in the mountainous part of the province; the plateau is occupied by solonchak steppes.

The current Spanish province of Navarre is only the southern half of the medieval kingdom of the same name - Upper Navarre: Lower Navarre, located on the northern slope of the Pyrenees, is part of France.

The oldest known inhabitants of Navarra were the Vascons, descended from the ancient Iberians , the oldest population of Spain; their descendants are the Basques . Navarra, like the whole territory of Spain, consistently obeyed by the Romans , Suevs , Visigoths (in the VI century ), Moors (in the VIII century ).

In 778, Charlemagne occupied most of Navarre, ousting the Moors, but was soon defeated by the Basques, who defeated the leader of his troops, the famous Roland , and was forced to cede almost all the conquered lands. His son, the king of Aquitaine , at the beginning of the 9th century restored the Spanish monarchy, which included Navarre. Due to strife in the Frankish kingdom, the inhabitants of Navarre gained independence and elected Sancho I Garces , who was considered a descendant of the Visigoth king Reccared , as their count; having conquered Pamplona , in 905 he proclaimed the independent kingdom of Navarre; having conquered the Upper Ebro region from the Saracens , the first king of Navarra died in 925 .

The most successful of the descendants of Sancho Garces was Sancho III the Great (ruled around 1000 - 1035 ), who conquered almost the entire northern part of the Iberian Peninsula and divided it among his four sons; Navarra went to his son Garcia. As a result of the partition, many territories annexed by Sancho III have actually become independent kingdoms. In 1076, Navarra lost its independence, falling under the rule of the king of Aragon , who took the throne from Sancho IV . However, soon, in 1134 , Navarra again became an independent kingdom led by Garcia IV .

In 1234 , after the death of Sancho VII , who had no heirs, a new dynasty was founded in Navarre by the French count Thibault Champagne . The last representative of this dynasty, John, married the French king Philip IV the Beautiful ; thus, Navarre became part of the territory of France.

Upon the suppression of the Capetian male line ( 1328 ), Navarre was succeeded by John II , daughter of Louis X , and her husband, the French Count Philip III, became the ruler. Upon the death of the latter, power passed to his son, Charles II the Evil . Together with the hand of his granddaughter, Blanca, in 1441 the kingdom moved to Juan II of Aragon ; Navarra was united with the kingdom of Aragon for the next 38 years.

In 1479, the lands of Navarre were united with Bearn: the Spanish king Juan II bequeathed Navarre to his daughter, who was married to Gaston , Viscount of Bearn. In 1484, Navarra passed to the house of Albre , who owned it until 1512 and lost dominance over this part of the Iberian Peninsula in the struggle against the Spanish king Ferdinand the Catholic .

In the Middle Ages, the economic development of Navarra remained low; there were few cities on its territory, in the mountains there were peasant communities.

In 1517, the son of King John, Henry II , inherited Lower Navarre and Bearn. His only daughter and heiress Jeanne d'Albret married Antoine de Bourbon . Her reign is known, first of all, for the introduction of Calvinism in Navarre.

In 1589 , along with the accession of her son Henry III to the French throne (under the name of Henry IV ), Lower Navarre finally lost its independence and was incorporated into France. However, Navarre retained a number of privileges up to the French Revolution , and the French kings until 1830 were called kings of France and Navarre.

Upper Navarra is part of Spain to this day. She, unlike Lower Navarra, retained political privileges for a long time - until the first half of the 19th century (for example, until 1833 she had the status of vice-kingdom; the ancient noble privileges of Navarra were preserved until 1839 ). In 1808, the territory of Upper Navarre was occupied by Napoleonic France; released in 1814 .

During the Carlist wars of 1833 - 1840 and 1872 - 1876 , the Navarre supported the Carlists , who promised to restore the former autonomy of Navarra. The defeat of the Carlists resulted in the loss of many privileges by Navarra. In 1876, Navarra was stripped of all vestiges of autonomy and became a regular Spanish province.

During the Spanish Revolution of 1931, Navarra was a hotbed of peasant uprisings aimed at the complete elimination of feudal relations in the province. In the same year, Navarra was merged with the Basque Country into a single autonomous state within Spain. During the civil war of 1936–39. Navarra - on the side of the nationalists of Franco , who encouraged the organization of the Karlist (combat units "Reket").

The territory of the autonomous community is divided into 19 districts ( mosquitoes ), 272 municipalities .

In accordance with the Law of Laws 18/86 of December 15, 1986 , Navarra is linguistically divided into 3 zones according to the distribution of the Basque language: Basque-speaking (with a predominance of Basque-speaking), mixed and sky-speaking (with a predominance of Hispanic).

In the Basque-speaking and mixed zones, the Basque language has an official status along with Spanish, while in the sky-speaking zone the official language is only Spanish. The official status of the Basque involves, among other things, the use of Basque place names and the citizen’s right to use the Basque language when communicating in state institutions (court, municipal administration, etc.).

According to the 2001 census of Spain, out of the total number of Navarre residents (536,989), 110,407 people (20.6%) speak Basque to one degree or another.

• 53,632 people live in the Basque-speaking zone . Of these, 33,420 people (62.3%) speak Basque well, 7078 people speak difficulties (13.2%), 13,134 people do not speak (24.5%).
• 288,953 people live in the mixed zone . Of these, Basque language is spoken by 27,462 people (9.5%), 31,403 people speaks with difficulty (10.9%), 230,088 people do not speak (79.6%).
• 194,404 people live in the sky-speaking zone . Of these, 4,237 people (2.2%) speak Basque well, 6,807 people (3.5%) speak difficulties, 183,360 people do not speak (94.3%).

List of 162 municipalities of the Basque-speaking and mixed zones:

• Basque-speaking zone: Abaurrea Alta (Abaurregaina), Abaurrea-Baha (Abaurrepea), Alsasua (Alzashu), Anue , Aras (Araits), Aranas (Aranza), Arano , Araquil , Arbisu , Areso (Areshe), ), Arruasu , Bakaykoa (Bakayku), Basaburua Mayor (Bashaburua), Bastan , Bertisarana, Bethelu, Burguete (Aurits), Sjordia, Donamaria, Echalar, Echarri-Aranas (Echarri-Aranats), Elgorriega, Eraras, Eraras, Egoris, Erro, Esteribar (Estherribar), Escurra, Garayoa, Garrald, Goysueta, Huarte Araquil, Imos (Imots), Iranieta, Ituren, Iturmendi, Labaen, Lacunsa (Lacunza), Lance (Lanz), La roraun, Leysa (Leitsa), Lesaka (Leshaka), Oys (Oyts), Olasagutia (Olusti), Orbaiseta (Orbaizeta), Orbara, Roncesvalles (Orreaga), Saldias (Shaldiash), Santesteban (Donesteba Ulama, Sumabe), Sumabes, Sumabe) (Ultsama), Urdaks (Urdasubi), Urdiain, Urros de Sanesteban (Urroz), Valcarlos (Lusayde), Vera de Bidasoa (Bera), Villanueva de Aescoa (Iberberri), Yancy (Iganzi), Subieta, Sugarramurdi.
• Mixed zone: Abarsusa, Ansoain (Anshoain), Aoys (Agoyts), Arce (Artsi), Ates, Baranyayn, Burgi, Burlada (Burlata), Sirisa, Sisur, Echarri, Echauri, Eguues (Eguesh), Escaros (Escarose), Esparsa (Esparza), Estella (Lysarra), Escabarte, Garda, Gonya, Guesa (Highlander), Gesalas (Gesalats), Huarte, Isaba, Isa, Isalsu (Itzaltsu), Hurrieta (Dyurrieta), Huslapenya (Gyuslapenya), Lesun, Ochagavia (Otsagabia), Odeta, Olibar, Olsa, Olo, Orons (Oronze), Oros Betelo, Pamplona (Irunya), Puente la Reina (Garesh), Roncal (Erroncari), Salinas de Oro, Sarries (Sarze), Mouth SOMA (Ustarrose) Vidangos (Bidangose) Bidaurreta (Bidaurreta) Villava (Atarrabia), Urry, Sabalsa.
• The non-speaking zone includes all other municipalities, mainly in the center, in the south, east and south-east of the autonomous community, where the Basque language does not have any official status, since, as a rule, the local population does not speak it. However, there are municipalities in this zone where the bilingual population exceeds 10%, for example, Tafaglia, Sanguues (Sangosa) and Lumbier (Ilunberry). Although the number of people fluent in Basque ranges from 5% in Tafalle and Sanguues to 10% in Lumbier. В других муниципалитетах, где имеются икаштолы (баскоязычные школы), таких как Фонтельяс, Лодоса и Вьяна, количество двуязычного населения составляет от 2 % до 8 %.

Парламент Наварры состоит из 50 депутатов.

В животноводстве разводятся крупный рогатый скот и овцы . Плодородна долина реки Эбро на крайнем юге (выращивание пшеницы , сахарной свёклы , винограда ). В Пиренеях развиты виноградарство, садоводство; издревле выращиваются каштаны и грецкие орехи ; имеется незначительный лесной промысел.

Добывающая, деревообрабатывающая, бумажная, кожевенно-обувная, металлургическая, химическая, пищевая (сахарная и винодельческая) промышленность.

• Наварра // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Olhagary, «Histoire de Foix, B é arn et Navarre» (П., 1609)
• Faryn, «Histoire de Navarre» (П., 1622)
• Bordenave († 1572), «Histoire de Bearn et de Navarre» (издал Raymond, П., 1873)
• Boissonade, «Histoire de la r éunion de la Navarre à la Castille» (П., 1893).