The Armed Forces of Romania ( rum. Forţele Armate Române ) - a combination of troops and forces of the Republic of Romania designed to protect the freedom, independence and territorial integrity of the state.
| Armed Forces of the Republic of Romania Forţele armate române | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms of the armed forces of the Republic of Romania | |
| A country |  Romania |
| Subordination | Ministry of Defense of Romania |
| Includes | |
| Number | 69 300 [1] |
| Participation in | The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 Second Balkan War World War I (from 08.27.1916) occupation of Bessarabia (1918) [2] war against the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919) The Second World War war in Afghanistan (2002-2014) war in Iraq (2003-2009) |
Consist of a governing body, ground forces , naval and air forces .
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 1914-1918
- 1.2 1918-1938
- 1.3 1939-1945
- 1.4 1945-1990
- 1.5 After 1990
- 2 Current status
- 3 Organizational structure
- 3.1 Ground Forces
- 3.2 Naval forces
- 3.3 Air Force
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature and sources
- 6 References
History
The formation of the army began simultaneously with the unification of the Danube principalities into a single state.
In 1860, the creation of the Navy began.
In 1883, Romania entered into a military alliance with the German and Austro-Hungarian empires, which was directed against the Russian Empire. This agreement remained the basis of the country's foreign policy for the next 30 years (only after the end of the Second Balkan War did Romania begin to withdraw from the German-Austro-Hungarian bloc) [3] .
In 1913, an air squad was created as part of the armed forces.
1914-1918
After the outbreak of World War I, the Romanian government declared “armed neutrality,” but the country's military-political leadership hesitated between joining the Entente countries and joining the Central Powers [3] .
On June 13, 1916, the Romanian government used troops to suppress anti-war demonstrations of the population: in the city of Galati, an infantry company shot a 5,000-strong anti-war demonstration (10 people were killed and 30 wounded) [3] .
After the successful Brusilov breakthrough on August 14 (27), 1916, the government entered the war on the side of the Entente countries [3] and in August 1916 the Romanian army launched an attack on Hungary (soon suspended). Later, having regrouped the forces, German and Austro-Hungarian forces launched a counterattack, occupying large parts of Romania. In December 1916, the Romanian Front was created. With the help of Russian troops, further advancement of the Central Powers was stopped in December 1916 - January 1917 at the turn of the Siret River.
On November 26 (December 9), 1917, Romania signed a truce with the Central Powers, and on April 24 (May 7), 1918, it entered into a separate peace treaty [3] .
After the outbreak of the civil war in Russia, Romanian troops participated in foreign military intervention on the side of the Entente [4] .
At the end of 1917, Romanian troops began to disarm the military and seize the property of the Romanian front of the Russian army, as well as other non-military and public organizations of Russia (including railways and the Russian Red Cross ) [4] .
In December 1917, Romanian troops were brought into the territory of Bessarabia, they began to disperse the local Soviets, and shot soldiers and commissars who joined the side of the Soviet government. December 15, 1917 Soviet Russia sent a note of protest to the Romanian government in connection with the activities of the Romanian troops in Bessarabia [4]
1918-1938
In January 1918, Romanian troops occupied Bessarabia [2] [5] [4] [6] .
On March 5–9, 1918, an agreement was concluded between the RSFSR and Romania on the cleansing of Bessarabia by Romania, according to which the Romanian government committed itself to withdraw troops from the territory of Bessarabia within two months (however, in the future, Romania unilaterally refused to fulfill this agreement) [2] .
In March 1918, military courts were created on the territory of Bessarabia, which included officers of the Romanian army. Military courts were used to carry out terror against opponents of the Romanian occupation of Bessarabia (only in 1920 they began to be replaced by military courts) [4] . Romanian troops also took part in requisitioning food, livestock and other agricultural products from the population of Bessarabia [4] .
On December 7, 1918, Romanian troops crossed the border with Austria-Hungary south of the city of Brasov and occupied it. On the same day they reached the Mures river and occupied the cities of Cluj-Napoca and Turda . As a result, by the beginning of 1919, Transylvania and Bukovina were occupied by Romanian troops and later annexed by Romania (after the end of the First World War, the Entente recognized the accession of Bessarabia to Romania) [5] .
In January 1919, Romanian forces crushed the Khotyn uprising in northern Bessarabia [4] [6] [7] .
On May 27, 1919, Romanian forces crushed the Bender Uprising [4] [6] .
In November 1919, the uprising of the 113th Bukovinian Regiment was suppressed [6] .
In January 1920, the Romanian forces prevented the retreat of the retreating troops of the All-Union National Liberation League from General N. N. Schilling into Romanian territory - as they approached the Romanian border, the Romanian forces opened machine-gun rifle fire, as a result of which the White Guards suffered significant losses [8] . Those who managed to cross into the territory of Romania were interned in concentration camps (later, a number of white emigrants were enrolled in the reserve units of the Romanian army and put on allowance) [9] .
On September 15-18, 1924, Romanian forces crushed the Tatarbunar rebellion [6] .
Total in 1918 - 1924 in Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia there were more than 150 armed actions, in the suppression of which the Romanian troops and the police took part [6] .
In 1926, a military loan of 200 million lire was taken in Italy and 50,000 Manlicher rifles and 3,000 Schwarzlose machine guns were bought. In the years 1926-1927. the standardization of the artillery fleet began: the arms factory in Resitz received an order to reload the cannons of the Russian, Austrian and German models for the 75th caliber [10] .
After the start of the global economic crisis in 1929, the economic situation in Romania became more complicated. In the summer of 1929, after the closure of the Vulkan coal mine in the center of the Zhiu coal region, 3,000 miners were laid off. The dismissal was the reason for the miners' strike in the village of Lupeni demanding an increase in wages and the introduction of an 8-hour working day , which lasted from 5 to 7 August 1929 and was shot by Romanian troops [11] . In the early 1930s, the Romanian government increased military spending, the army was almost doubled and exceeded 300 thousand, civilian aircraft was transferred to the military authorities [12] .
In 1936, a contract was signed for the purchase of AH-IVR light tanks in Czechoslovakia (in 1937 - 1938 the Romanian army received 35 units, which were adopted under the name R-1 ) [13] .
1939-1945
In the 1930s, the rapprochement of the Kingdom of Romania with the Third Reich began. In October 1940, with the permission of the Romanian government, the deployment of German troops in Romania began [14] .
Before the start of the war in 1939, the SAR Ford Romania automobile plant (a branch of the American Ford corporation in Romania) began operating in Bucharest, which in 1939-1942 manufactured 2320 Ford trucks for the Romanian armed forces with a carrying capacity of 2 and 3 tons (mainly flatbed trucks, as well as 200 tank trucks and a number of specialized vehicles) and 12 all-wheel drive Ford Marmon [15] .
After a turning point in the course of hostilities in Poland , from September 11, 1939, entire units of the Polish army began to cross the Polish-Romanian border into Romania in an organized manner, which were disarmed and interned [16] (as a result, a battalion of tanks R35 [17] , some the amount of arms, equipment and military property of the Polish army was at the disposal of the Romanian army).
In addition, the Germans handed over to the Romanian army a part of the captured Polish army in Poland (several TK [18] wedges , 556 37-mm wz.36 anti-tank guns and 80 75-mm field guns, model 1897 ) [19 ] .
In the summer of 1940, during the return of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, the Romanian troops hastily retreated from Bukovina and Bessarabia, leaving their weapons and military equipment. Soviet troops collected and stored 258 artillery pieces, 40 mortars, 1071 light machine guns, 346 easel machine guns, 52 704 rifles, 4480 pistols, 54309 hand grenades, as well as 73,320 artillery shells, 16,907 mortar mines and 15 million rifle cartridges [20] .
On August 15-16, 1940 I. Antonescu and K. Tippelskirch agreed and approved the plan for the deployment of German units in Romania. In October 1940, a German military mission arrived in Bucharest, led by General Hansen, whose main task was the retraining of the Romanian army according to the German model. By order of the Chief of the Romanian General Staff, Ioaniciu, German officers were granted access to all Romanian units. The mission developed a plan for the retraining of the officers of the Romanian army and a draft plan for 12 ages of military servicemen of Romania (so that by July 1, 1941 all military servicemen were prepared in accordance with the charters of the German army) [21] . Following this, German “instructor” units were introduced into the territory of Romania, all the expenses for the maintenance of which were borne by the Romanian government. In November 1940, Antonescu agreed to participate in the war in an alliance with Germany in exchange for supplying the Romanian army with German weapons. On November 23, 1940, Romania joined the Tripartite Pact ; in January 1941, the strategic deployment of the Romanian army began [22] .
In the winter of 1940/1941, units of the Romanian army carried out a provocation on the line of the Soviet-Romanian border. On December 31, 1940, five Romanian soldiers crossed the Prut River on the ice of the border outpost and began to cut down bushes on the Soviet bank of the river, a group of German officers monitored their actions from the German coast. The commander of the border outpost, Lieutenant V. M. Tuzhlov, decided to prevent the crossing of the state border and at night equipped a hidden observation post . On January 1, 1941, five Romanian soldiers again crossed the river and began to cut down the bush. Soviet border guards opened fire on violators, as a result two Romanian soldiers were killed and the rest fled. At the same time, Soviet border guards opened fire from the Romanian bank of the Prut River. The next day, the Romanian command pushed an infantry regiment to the border line, the Soviet command deployed artillery on the eastern bank of the river, but after the corpses of two Romanian army soldiers left on Soviet territory were presented to the representatives of the Romanian side, the incident was settled [23] .
By the beginning of World War II, the 11th German army and units of the 17th German army , as well as the 3rd and 4th Romanian armies, were pulled to the Soviet-Romanian border. On June 22, 1941, Romanian troops attacked the USSR together with German troops.
In addition to participating in hostilities on the Eastern Front, Romania deployed military units to carry out police and security services and fight against partisans in the occupied territory of the USSR. Three Romanian divisions (5th, 6th and 12th), as well as parts of the 3rd Romanian mountain rifle corps, participated in the fight against Soviet partisans in the occupied territory of the USSR [24]
On November 25, 1941, Romania joined the Anti-Comintern Pact . After the defeat of Germany in the Battle of Stalingrad, during which the Romanian troops were defeated, relations between the German and the Romanian military-political leadership deteriorated [25]
In the spring of 1944, Soviet troops reached the pre-war border with Romania, while there was a deterioration in relations between Romania, Hungary and Germany. On August 20, 1944, the Iasi-Chisinau operation began .
On August 23, 1944, as a result of the August uprising in Bucharest , Ion Antonescu was dismissed and arrested, and King Mihai I announced a change in state policy, Romania's withdrawal from the war and the formation of a new government.
- in general, from the start of the war in 1941 until the side of the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition in 1944, only on the Eastern Front, the losses of the Romanian army amounted to 245 388 soldiers killed, died from wounds and diseases and missing, as well as 229 682 prisoners [26 ]
German and Hungarian troops immediately began fighting against Romania and the disarmament of the Romanian military units. Romanian troops began military operations against German and Hungarian units. In general, the losses of the Romanian troops in the hostilities against the German and Hungarian troops after August 23, 1944 amounted to 129,316 people (including 37,208 people who died, died from wounds and disappeared, 92,108 people who were wounded and sick) . [27]
At the same time, Romanian troops continued to participate in hostilities on the side of German troops. In the fall of 1944, in Austria, from the servicemen of the 4th Romanian Infantry Division, the formation of the Romanian SS Division was begun. By the beginning of 1945, two regiments were formed - the 103rd regiment of tank destroyers (1st Romanian) and one grenadier regiment (2nd Romanian). In March 1945, both regiments were sent to Pomerania and became part of the Wisla Army Group . In total, 5 thousand Romanians [28] and 60 thousand Germans “Volksdeutsche” [29] served in the SS units and troops. In addition to the troops and divisions of the SS, the Romanians served as part of the Abwehr reconnaissance and sabotage formations (the Vulturul detachment created in January 1945 with the Abvergroup-204, etc. [30] )
1945-1990
After the transition of Romania to the side of the anti-Hitler coalition, the USSR helped to provide the Romanian military forces with armaments. In total, up to July 1, 1945, 24 were transferred. 122 mm howitzers 1938 , 40 pcs. divisional 76 mm guns, 24 pcs. regimental 76-mm guns , 96 pcs. 45 mm anti-tank guns, 42 pcs. 120 mm mortars, 166 pcs. 112 battalion mortars , 112 pcs. 50 mm mortars, 397 pcs. anti-tank rifles, 18 pcs. heavy machine guns, 222 pcs. easel machine guns, 998 pcs. light machine guns DP , 4935 pcs. submachine guns, 10554 pcs. rifles and carbines, 2346 pcs. revolvers and pistols, 417 pcs. 26 mm signal pistols, 911 binoculars, 105 compasses, 46 stereo tubes and ammunition [31] .
From May 1955 to 1991, the Socialist Republic of Romania was a member of the Warsaw Pact Organization . During this period, the armament of the Romanian army received weapons and Soviet-made equipment [32] .
On March 12, 1958, the Sports Committee of Friendly Armies was created, the Romanian armed forces became a member of it.
As of early 1985, the country's armed forces included: [32]
- Ground Forces [32]
- Air Defense Forces and Territory Defense [32]
- Air Force [32]
- navy [32]
A distinctive feature of the CPR armed forces recruitment system was the continued possibility of recruiting women for military service (although the bulk of the female military personnel serving at that time were doctors, nurses, and radio communications operators) [32] .
After 1990
Since the beginning of 1994, Romania has been actively participating in the NATO Partnership for Peace program, and on March 29, 2004, it joined NATO .
C 1 июня 1995 до 30 мая 1997 года военный контингент Румынии участвовал в операции ООН на территории Анголы (UNAVEM), потери составили 3 человек погибшими [33] .
В ходе воздушной кампании НАТО против Югославии в 1999 году Румыния предоставила в распоряжение НАТО территорию и воздушное пространство.
После начала летом 1999 года операции НАТО по стабилизации обстановки в Косово и Метохии , Румыния направила военнослужащих в состав контингента KFOR .
Румыния участвует в войне в Афганистане с июля 2002 года [34] , в 2009 году румынский контингент ISAF был увеличен с 962 до более чем 1500 военнослужащих [35] .
15 ноября 2002 года Венгрия, Румыния, Словакия и Украина создали многонациональный инженерный батальон «Тиса» четырёхротного состава (от Румынии в состав батальона вошла одна инженерная рота) [36] .
Румыния принимала участие в войне в Ираке с 2003 года до 20 августа 2009 года [37] . Потери румынского контингента в Ираке составили 3 военнослужащих погибшими и не менее 11 ранеными.
Current status
В 2006 году отменена всеобщая воинская обязанность , состоялся переход к контрактной армии [38] .
Organizational
Сухопутные войска
Военно-морские силы
Военно-воздушные силы
Notes
- ↑ The Military Balance 2018. — P. 140.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Бессарабия // Большая энциклопедия (в 62-х тт.). / redkoll., ch. ed. С. А. Кондратов. том 6. М., ТЕРРА, 2006. стр. 39
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 В. Н. Виноградов. Об участии Румынии в первой мировой войне // «Вопросы истории», № 8, 1982. стр. 56-69
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 В. Н. Лунгу. Установление в Бессарабии оккупационного режима королевской Румынии // "Вопросы истории", № 10, 1982. стр. 18-30
- ↑ 1 2 " Румыния, оказавшаяся столь бездарным союзником России в войне против Германии, Австро-Венгрии и даже Болгарии, в 1918 г. воспользовалась слабостью своей недавней союзницы и покровительницы с целью создания за её счёт "Великой Румынии". В период гражданской войны она приняла участие в интервенции в Советскую Россию, оккупировав в январе 1918 г. Бессарабию и разыграв комедию о якобы её "добровольном" присоединении к Румынии "
д. ист. n Е. С. Сенявская. Союзники Германии в двух мировых войнах в сознании российской армии и общества // журнал "Вопросы истории", № 11, ноябрь 2006. стр. 92-103 - ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика. Энциклопедический справочник. / redkoll., pred. Ф. С. Бабичев. Киев, Главная редакция Украинской советской энциклопедии, 1987. стр. 112-115, 121
- ↑ Хотинское восстание 1919 // Советская историческая энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ed. Е. М. Жуков. том 15. М., государственное научное издательство «Советская энциклопедия», 1973. стр. 646-647
- ↑ Е. И. Тимонин. Исторические судьбы русской эмиграции (1920 - 1945-е гг.). Омск, изд-во СибАДИ, 2000. стр. 41
- ↑ Е. И. Тимонин. Исторические судьбы русской эмиграции (1920 - 1945-е гг.). Омск, изд-во СибАДИ, 2000. стр. 53
- ↑ Военная обстановка на западных границах // В. В. Кондрашев. История отечественной военной разведки. М., "Кучково поле", 2014. стр. 255-257
- ↑ Лупенский расстрел 1929 // Советский энциклопедический словарь. redcall., ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. 4th ed. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1986.
- ↑ С. И. Самойлов. Подъём революционного рабочего движения в Румынии в годы мирового экономического кризиса 1929-1933 // "Вопросы истории", № 8, 1954. стр. 33-47
- ↑ Tancik AH-IV // М. Б. Барятинский. Лёгкие танки Второй Мировой. М., «Коллекция» — «Яуза», 2007. стр. 141-142
- ↑ Энциклопедия Второй мировой войны. Сражения на южном направлении. май 1940 — июнь 1941. / пер. с англ. М. Р. Телесина и В. Д. Тарасова. М., ООО ТД «Издательство „Мир Книги“», 2007. стр. 65
- ↑ Е. Д. Кочнев. Автомобили Великой Отечественной. М., ЭКСМО, 2010. стр. 849
- ↑ Ф. Гальдер. Оккупация Европы. Военный дневник начальника генерального штаба 1939 - 1941. М., Центрполиграф, 2007. стр. 54
- ↑ Char leger d'accompagnement R35 // М. Б. Барятинский. Лёгкие танки Второй Мировой. М., «Коллекция» — «Яуза», 2007. стр. 127-130
- ↑ Лёгкий разведывательный танк ТК // М. Б. Барятинский. Лёгкие танки Второй Мировой. М., «Коллекция» — «Яуза», 2007. стр. 50-52
- ↑ Wolfgang Fleischer. Beutewaffen und -Gerat der Deuschen Wehrmacht 1938 - 1945. Wolfersheim-Berstadt, Podzun - Pallas - Verlag GmbH, 1996. s.12
- ↑ История Великой Отечественной войны Советского Союза, 1941-1945 (в шести томах). / редколл., П.Н. Поспелов и др. том 1. М., Воениздат, 1960. стр. 282
- ↑ А. А. Шевяков. Превращение гитлеровцами Румынии в плацдарм для нападения на СССР // журнал "Новая и новейшая история", № 4, 1962. стр. 103-111
- ↑ Всемирная история (в 10 тт.) / редколл., гл. ed. V.V. Курасов. том 10. М., "Мысль", 1965. стр. 85
- ↑ Пограничники. сб., сост. Г. Ананьев, М. Смирнов. М., "Молодая гвардия", 1974. стр. 228-230
- ↑ П.К. Пономаренко. Всенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков 1941-1944. М., "Наука", 1986. стр. 377
- ↑ Г. К. Жуков. Воспоминания и размышления. М., изд-во АПН «Новости», 1971. стр. 425
- ↑ М. И. Семиряга. Коллаборационизм. Природа, типология и проявления в годы Второй мировой войны. М., РОССПЭН, 2000. стр. 858
- ↑ Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Статистическое исследование. / под общей редакцией проф. Г. Ф. Кривошеева. М.:ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2001. стр. 450
- ↑ М. И. Семиряга. Коллаборационизм. Природа, типология и проявления в годы Второй мировой войны. М., РОССПЭН, 2000. стр. 414-415
- ↑ Роман Пономаренко. «Советские немцы» и другие фольксдойче в войсках СС. М.: Яуза-пресс, 2014.
- ↑ Диверсанты Третьего рейха. / колл. авт., М., ЭКСМО, Яуза, 2003. стр. 263-264
- ↑ Из ведомости Главного Артиллерийского Управления Красной Армии об отпущенном вооружении румынским воинским формированиям за период с октября 1943 по 1 июля 1945 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр. 96
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Армия Социалистической Республики Румынии // На страже мира и социализма / сост. В. С. Шкаровский. М., "Планета", 1985. стр. 110-119
- ↑ Fatalities by Nationality and Mission // официальный сайт ООН
- ↑ Румыния // «Зарубежное военное обозрение», № 9 (798), сентябрь 2013. стр. 91
- ↑ Tony Perry. Romania shows its support for the US-led mission in Afghanistan // «Los Angeles Times» от 19 августа 2010
- ↑ Международный инженерный батальон на Украине посетила делегация военных Венгрии // REGNUM от 8 ноября 2006
- ↑ Румыния полностью вывела свои войска из Ирака // REGNUM.RU от 21 августа 2009
- ↑ Призыв в армию и сроки службы в странах мира (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 10 февраля 2012. Архивировано 13 июня 2012 года.
Literature and Sources
- Д. В. Диев. Румынская народная армия. М., 1966.
Links
- Официальная страница министерства национальной обороны Румынии (рум.) (англ.)
- Официальная страница главного штаба Румынии (рум.) (англ.)
- Воинские звания в Вооружённых силах Румынии (рум.)
- Румынская военная геральдика (рум.) (англ.)