the south coast of Crimea

It occupies the strip of the Black Sea coast of Crimea on the southern slope of the Main ridge of the Crimean mountains from Cape Ayia in the west to the Kara-Dag massif in the east, with a length of about 150-180 km and a width of 2-8 km ^{[1] [2]} . It occupies the territories of Sevastopol (partially), Yalta , Alushta , Sudak and partially Feodosia regions of Crimea. ^[3] A distinctive climatic feature of the region is that the subtropical Mediterranean climate of dry, semi-dry and semi-moist types dominates here, depending on the prevailing winds and altitude. Features of the climate, topography, and landscape of the South Coast make it possible to characterize it as the Crimean sub-Mediterranean ^{[4] [5]} . Due to the pronounced geographical, climatic and economic differences from the rest of the peninsula, the history of the southern coast of Crimea also had political and ethnographic differences, which are partially preserved to this day ^{[6] [7]} .

Yalaya ledge near Alushta

The area of ​​this narrow strip is about 1255 km² or about 18% of the territory of the mountainous Crimea ^[8] . A gently sloping surface composed of shale and limestone; The southern coast of Crimea is bounded from the north by a steep ledge of Yaila - the main ridge of the Crimean mountains (which protects from cold winds from the north in winter), which abruptly breaks off to the sea for the most part - on an 80-kilometer stretch from Cape Aya to Alushta (this area is in a narrow sense - usually referred to as the South Coast itself). The section from Alushta to Feodosiya is attributed to the so-called Southeast coast of Crimea ^[9] . Here the mountains recede from the sea by 10-12 km, and the climate becomes more arid, sometimes semi-desert. In the Gurzuf region there is a peculiar dome-shaped mountain, the Ayudag laccolith (Bear Mountain), near Koktebel , the ancient volcanic massif Karadag . To the east of Alushta, the main ridge of the Crimean mountains becomes lower, begins to recede from the coastal strip. The terrain between Alushta and Sudak is rugged, with small plateau-shaped mountain ranges and depressions protruding far into the sea, descending to the sea with pebble beaches .

Between Cape Aya and Glider, which is customary to limit the territory of the South Coast, about 15 mountain rivers with a length of over 5 km and another 64 rivers with a length of less than 5 km but totaling more than 100 km flow into the Black Sea . In the western third of the South Coast, the rivers are short and shallow. In the more moistened middle part between Miskhor and Alushta, their water content increases, including due to karst springs ( Hasta-Bash river). With rare exceptions, the rivers of the eastern part of the South Coast are longer, but at the same time they are dry and often dry out during the summer and autumn, which complicates the economic development of this part of Crimea. However, due to the mountainous terrain, all the rivers of the South Coast are mudflow hazardous during heavy rains ^[10] . Short mountain rivers have a large drop and often form waterfalls : Ulu-Uzen with Golovinsky waterfall, Biyuk-Uzen with waterfall Dzhur-Dzhur , p. Sudak et al.

In the Black Sea near the South Coast, long-period wave flows of a high degree of variability are observed ^[11] . The depths grow very quickly, especially in the area between Yalta and Alushta.

The main natural healing factor is the subtropical climate of the Mediterranean type , although even in such a relatively short area it is very heterogeneous and breaks up into several subzones: semi-moist, semi-dry and dry. This type of climate is supported by the Crimean Mountains , which protect the southern zone from the invasion of cold air from the north. Warm Crimean current in the Black Sea also helps to maintain positive temperatures all year round. It is directed counterclockwise within the framework of the RST ^[12] and is a continuation of the warm Caucasian current ^[13] .

Winters are mild and rainy. The amount of precipitation over the South Coast in the cold period, as well as in the Mediterranean , exceeds their amount in the warm period ^[14] . The average January temperature in the area from Foros to Alushta is + 4 ... + 5 ° C, daytime temperature + 7 ... + 8 ° C; in any winter month days with a temperature of + 15 ... + 20 ° C are not uncommon. The warmest place of the South Coast and the whole Crimea is the territory from Miskhor to Yalta (i.e. Koreiz , Gaspra , Kurpaty , Oreanda , Livadia and Yalta) with an average January temperature of +5 ° C and the number of frosty days (usually nights) - 23 per year. The relatively high air temperature in winter helps to maintain the heat-intensive water area of ​​the Black Sea, whose water temperature in January-February is kept at + 8 ... + 10 ° C ^[15] . The average annual temperature from Miskhor to Yalta is + 13.9 ... + 14.2 ° C. Already in Alupka the average annual temperature is +13.6 ° C, in Simeiz +13.5 ° C, and in Gurzuf +13.4 ° C. This is due to the fact that the Black Sea in Crimea is the warmest from Nikita to Gaspra (heat comes from the Caucasus - from the east), and then local currents carry it both to Sudak and to Sevastopol , which slightly reduces the sea temperature in these places ( due to mixing with water from the Sea of ​​Azov and from the cold western part of the Black Sea, respectively - see “Knipovich’s glasses”, as well as the depth of the sea in these places). In winter, on the southern coast of Crimea, frosts are usually rare and short-lived, and winter is accompanied by a maximum of precipitation (rain and wet snow) - most of the annual precipitation falls in November-March (400 mm; in April-October - less than 240 mm; average rainfall - about 600 mm / year). Relative humidity 70-75%. Cloudy weather prevails. Days with a strong (15 m / sec.) East wind and storm are possible.

According to the USDA frost resistance zone from Yalta to Coastal zone 9a, in Foros and from Nikita to Alushta zone 8b, in Sudak zone 8a.

In spring, mostly unstable, windy weather is observed. Frosts are possible until the end of March. The average daily temperature in April is +17 ° C. Relative humidity 69%. It is important to note that in the spring it is noticeably warmest all over the area from Mishor to Yalta - in these places the sea warms up faster, since the warmth of the southeast deserts comes.

The summer is long (almost 6 months ^[16] ), sunny, dry (hot). The holiday season lasts from early May to late October - longer than in similar climate regions of the Mediterranean ( Turkish Riviera , French Riviera , Ligurian coast of Italy). The average temperature of July and August is around + 25 ... + 27 ° C, during the daytime +30 ° C (the absolute maximum is +39 ° C, in recent years - and more; on average 150 days a year, the average daily temperature is above +15 ° C ) The heat is tempered by sea breezes. Precipitation falls more often in the form of showers; the average number of days in July with precipitation is 7, with thunderstorms - 5. Relative humidity is about 55%. Bathing from the 20th of May to the end of October; the temperature of the surface layers of seawater off the coast in January – February is + 8 ... + 10 ° С, in July-August - up to +27 ° C, however, sharp temperature drops are possible - up to + 12 ... + 18 ° С with upwelling (sometimes northern winds drive warm surface water, as a result of which the water temperature near the shore drops sharply by 10 ° C or more, followed by a slow increase).

Warm, dry and sunny autumn is the best time of the year. The average daily temperature in October is +16 ° C, and the daily temperature is about +20 ° C. The swimming season ends on the 20th of October. In September, as in August, there is also a small amount of precipitation. Relative humidity 55-60%. The first frosts - at the end of November. It also becomes noticeable that in autumn and winter it is warmest in the area from Beregovoy to Yalta - in these places the sea cools more slowly and gives off its heat for a long time, and reliable protection from the mountains holds back the steppe cold from the north.

The number of hours of sunshine is 2250-2380 per year. However, the presence of particles of sea salts in the air reduces solar radiation, with the exception of the spring period, when the air is most transparent, and evaporation from the surface of the sea cooled during winter is minimal ^[17] .

The climate features of the eastern part of the Southern coast of Crimea are hotter and drier weather in summer, lower relative humidity in autumn (53% in Sudak in September), and colder winter months. Due to the minimal amount of precipitation (about 200 mm per year), the climate of subtropical semi-desert predominates here, similar to Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan .

East of Alushta and west of Foros, as well as at altitudes above 300 m above sea level within this zone, the average January temperature drops below +2 ° C and the local flora quickly loses subtropical features, although it is still possible to grow here heat-loving crops of moderately warm (transitional to subtropical) latitudes (peaches, apricots, persimmons and so on). Pomegranate, for example, can be planted in Sudak ^[18] . And figs pretty well take root in the steppe Crimea.

The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by an extraordinary variety of vegetation: over 1,500 species of plants grow here, of which more than 1,000 are introducers of the last two centuries ^[19] . About 70% of species at altitudes up to 200 m above sea level belong to the Mediterranean type, which is also divided into fairly small autochthonous and numerous imported species (introducers). The local autochthons, which make up the peculiar and northernmost in the world ^[16] , Mediterranean disjunctive refugium , include only a few species: Crimean cistus ^[8] , tall juniper , small-fruited strawberries ^[20] and wild Crimean pistachio blunt ( quay tree ), forming in places maquis , as well as the Komper comperium . Many Greeks brought plants to Crimea during the Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea coast. Early introducers include the olive tree ^[21] , walnuts , figs ^[22] , cypresses , laurel , rosemary .

The landscape of the southern coast of Crimea is now largely determined by decorative, including exotic, landscape gardening: Himalayan and Lebanese cedars , 47 species of cypresses ^[23] , laurel cherries, magnolia, ivy are common; pears are cultivated (including duchess pear , bergamot ), apricots , peaches , persimmons , pomegranates , medlar , and Spanish artichoke . Various types of laurels , boxwood , holly and so on take part in the formation of green hedges. Among the vines common in the semi-moist part of the South Coast, autochthon Crimean ivy ^[8] , introduced pueraria lobed ( kudzu ) are represented.

A giant sequoiadendron imported from California also grows. Figs (a fig tree or fig), represented by 300 varieties ^[24] , actively propagating by self-sowing and appearing in places as a weed plant, are especially common. Many other aliens have been breeding on their own for a long time: the South American prickly pear cactus, Chinese aylanthus , Canadian robinia (white acacia), Italian gledichiya , albitsia , etc. ^[23] . Vineyards are vast; California Mammoth tree , Spanish gorse and the like grow. Flowering of various plant species is observed in Crimea all year round ^[25] : almonds bloom before all (already in January), in February one of the types of magnolia, then scarlet , elegant paulownia (“princess tree”), chestnut , tulip tree , myrtle , oleander , gardenia ^[26] , albitsia , erythrin , brugmansia and so on. A characteristic feature of the South Coast is the presence of winter-flowering plants: Japanese camellia ^[27] , chimonanthus ^[28], and pansies bloom in late autumn. Some species and their varieties , such as wisteria , bloom 2-3 times a year ^[29] .

Quite a lot of poisonous plants are also found on the South Coast ^{[30] [31]} , among which a real giant stands out - yew berry ^[32] .

Some palms have also been successfully acclimatized on the South Bank: Fortune trachicarpus (Chinese fan palm), low chamerops ^[33] , Washington , date palm , etc. ^[34] . In cold winters, species such as bougainvillea , agave , date palm , Canarian date , cabbage palm , Chubian yubeya need protection. A number of plants, for example a banana , although they do not have time to produce ripe fruits , still retain the root growth point in the soil even after frost damage to the leaves ^[35] . The most frost-resistant species include yucca and bamboo .

Outside the sanatoriums and parks, with their purposefully aesthetic approach to forestry, at an altitude of 400 m above sea level, shiblyak is dominant - a low-growing deciduous-evergreen sparse wood ^[36] , which has appeared overgrown on the site of real forests of the sub-Mediterranean, which were destroyed by people in the course of systematic felling and grazing. The shiblyak is dominated by fluffy oak and hawthorn , different types of dogrose - dog, Turkish and others, also hold-tree , needle . There are areas of primary and secondary frigans that form xeromorphic, often strongly odorous shrubs from the genera of thyme , lavender , sage , rosemary , euphorbia , as well as different types of astragalus , asparagus , cmin , gorse and others. In the semi-wild form, an introduced Indian prickly pear cactus is also found, the fruits and leaves of which are edible.

Coastal ridges and hills are covered with dense shrub and woody vegetation: oak-juniper forests with undergrowth of evergreen and deciduous shrubs on the slopes pass into forests of beech, oak, Crimean pine, and grassy steppes dominate on the mountain plateaus. Of particular aromatherapy value are the pine forests of the South Coast, accounting for about 13% of the forest area of ​​this region. In this case, Crimean pine and Pitsunda pine dominate in the lower forest zone, and Kokha pine and ordinary pine dominate in the upper one. Pine stankevicha pine (Pitsunda) is endemic to the Crimea and its forest is taken under protection in the New World ^[37] . There is also a decorative pine-pine with an umbrella crown ^[29] . Altitudinal zonation makes possible the appearance in the upper tiers of the South Coast mountains and more northern species: drooping birch , bone , taiga pear . Wide basins are used for vineyards .

The fauna of the southern coast of Crimea does not differ in such diversity as vegetation. For example, at present, of the large mammals, only the Crimean subspecies of red deer, roe deer, and mouflon ^[38] , which inhabit mountain forests, can be noted here. Large predators are absent, although in the 19th century wolves were found in the mountains.

Of the mammalian animals on the South Bank, only shrews, squirrels, hedgehogs, hares, rabbits, foxes, mice, rodents and some species of bats are common. Among the feathered birds on the southern coast, the wild pigeon, the waggars , as well as thrushes, finch, greenfinch, gray crow, crested lark, raven, kestrel, and others are especially numerous. In the 1970s, magpies entered the Alushta pass through the Angarsk Pass , which began to nest on the South Coast by the early 1980s ^[39] . Urban swallows, white-bellied swifts form their colonies on steep cliffs, and seagulls-gulls actively settle on rocks and buildings near the sea.

Of the arthropods on the South Coast, the Crimean scorpion , Karakurt spider, tarantula , salpuga , and freshwater crab live. A poisonous ringed scolopendra ( Scolopendra cingulata ) ^[40] , which reaches 10 cm in length ^{[41], also} lives on the southern coast. Of the insects, Cimmerian ground beetle , large praying mantis , embia are noteworthy ^[42] ; Rare, red-book species include the brazhnik dead head , oleander brazhnik , Crimean turun , Alpine barbel . The largest representative of the Crimea isoptera is the common cicada ^[43] , the larvae of which spend 4 years in the ground ^[39] . Из-за относительной маловодности ЮБК, здесь немногочисленны стрекозы и комары , зато есть москиты , личинки которых развиваются во влажной почве. Из пресмыкающихся выделяется желтопузик , также интересен голопалый геккон Данилевского ^[44] .

Своеобразие рельефа Крымского полуострова на всех этапах его истории приводили к своеобразию исторического и этнографического развития разных его частей. Особенно это касалось Южного берега Крыма, которого от евразийских степей ограждают Крымские горы .

Галечные индустрии олдувайских стоянок Южного берега Крыма типа Эчки-Дага, Гаспры, Ай-Петри, Мыса Маячный (близ Севастополя) и других подобных в Крыму относятся к интервалу между Дунай-Гюнцем и Гюнц-Минделем ^{[45] [46]} .

В I—II веках до н. э., когда степной и предгорный Крым контролировали пришедшие с севера скифы , на Южном берегу Крыма нашли своё пристанище автохтонные тавры , вошедшие в более тесный контакт с античными древнегреческой, а затем и с древнеримской цивилизациями. Римский военный лагерь с греческим названием Харакс просуществовал на Южном берегу Крыма до 244 года. На Южном берегу Крыма до наших дней сохранились другие греческие топонимы: Мисхор , Кореиз , Симеиз и др. ^[7] . Судак был основан аланами, предположительно, в 212 году. В Средние века город называли Сугде́я и Солдайя.

К концу VI века греки восстанавливают контроль над Южнобережьем в рамках Византийской империи: по поручению Юстиниана к северу от Алушты в горах была построена крепостная стена для защиты Южного берега Крыма от степных кочевников, проникавших через горные перевалы.

«Житие святого Стефана Сурожского» описывает взятие Сурожа в конце VIII или в начале IX века русами князя Бравлина .

После 1185 года и особенно после 1204 года , хозяйственная жизнь на Южном берегу Крыма перешла под контроль Венеции, которую вскоре сменила Генуя. Политико-административной властью на Южном берегу Крыма, который включала в себя так называемая Ператия , в 1204—1223 годах заведовала Трапезундская империя , затем она перешла в руки местных греко-православных князей, сформировавших княжество Феодоро . В средние века экономика и торговля Южного берега Крыма попали под контроль генуэзской талассократической республики . В 1340-х годах кафинские генуэзцы отняли «без сопротивления у гордых, беспечных и несогласных между собою» греческих князей важный порт Ямболи (ныне Балаклава ). Основная роль, отводившаяся новой крепости, состояла в ограничении торговой и политической деятельности греко-православных князей Феодоро, закрепившихся в предгорной западной части полуострова. К середине XIV века греко-православное княжество Феодоро утрачивает политико-административный контроль над Южным берегом Крыма. В 1475 и генуэзские владения, и остатки Феодоро были покорены османами. В 1475— 1588 годах Южный берег Крыма включил в свой в состав Кефинский санджак Османской империи, с 1588 по 1775 — Кефинский эялет .

After 1475, the South Coast was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire itself . The latter factor predetermined the dialect fragmentation of the Crimean Tatar dialects: the southern coastal dialect was close to the Turkish language, while the mountain and steppe dialects have a Kypchak basis. In addition, the remains of the medieval Christian population remained longer on the South Bank. The southern coastal lands of the Ottoman Sultan’s domain, on which the Christian population lived, were outside the jurisdiction of the Crimean khans. Tatars were even forbidden to settle on them. The long administrative division of the peninsula into the Ottoman and autonomous Crimean parts led to different ethnogenesis and different linguistic typologies of the northern and southern groups of Crimean Turks. By the 17th century, the population of the South Coast consisted mainly of newly arrived Muslim Turks ^[47] , as well as Italians, Armenians, Greeks, Goths, who eventually became Turkized. Despite linguistic Turkization, some of these peoples retained Christianity.

The South Coast was independent for only 9 years (1774-1783), at the insistence of the Russian Empire. She then joined him along with the whole Crimea. From 1774 to 1946, the South Coast, again due to its geographical isolation, received a relatively small number of immigrants from mainland Russia and other European countries (Germany, Italy). Until the mass deportation of a number of Crimean peoples in 1946, the proportion of Tatars in its population was significant. After deportation, the South Bank became home to tens of thousands of arrivals from other regions of Russia, as well as northerners. As a result of the intensive growth of south-coastal cities, the prices for the land of the South Coast increased at times and most Crimean Tatars chose to settle in the cheaper steppe and foothill Crimea. As a result, at the beginning of the 21st century, the share of the Slavic population in the southern coastal municipalities exceeds 90% and often turns out to be significantly higher than in the steppe regions - the situation is exactly the opposite to that observed in the 19th century.

The southern coast of Crimea has gained fame as a resort area since the mid- 19th century . On the advice of the outstanding clinician S.P. Botkin, the southern coast of Crimea became a treatment site for Empress Maria Alexandrovna , who suffered from tuberculosis . In 1899, at the initiative of Princess Maria Baryatinsky, on the site granted by Nicholas II , the Yalta Sanatorium in memory of Emperor Alexander III was laid down - the first anti-tuberculosis sanatorium in Europe.

Health paths (by analogy with German terraincourses ) were laid in the Crimea also on the recommendation of S.P. Botkin. By order of Tsar Nicholas II, in 1900-1901 in the Crimean Livadia a “horizontal path” was built with a length of 6,580 m at an altitude of 140 m above sea level. The royal path is also called the health path, where almost all the healing factors of the subtropical climate of the resort operate. Three Russian emperors traveled along it: Alexander II , Alexander III , Nicholas II . For them, observation platforms on Mount Pendikül were specially equipped. The Botkin path was laid by members of the Yalta branch of the Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club in 1901-1902, after the death of the famous physician S. P. Botkin, who for the first time highly appreciated the healing properties of the climate of the southern coast of Crimea. Looping through a mountain forest, it rises to the rock of Stavri-Kaya (760 m above sea level), from where a unique panorama of Yalta and its environs opens. ^[48]

Due to the popularity among the aristocracy of the Russian Empire in the late XIX - early XX centuries , intensive construction of summer palaces and villas was carried out here, of which the most famous are Livadia , Massandra , Vorontsov , Yusupov palaces and Dulber .

The southern coastal resort area of ​​Crimea is a resort region, which includes from the north-east to the south-west and west of the city
(in brackets - villages and resort areas):

Sudak ( Planerskoye , Crimean Primorye (20 and 29 km southwest of the railway station Feodosiya ), Novyi Svet and Morskoye ), Alushta ( Kanaka , Rybachye, Malorechenskoye, Work Corner, Karasan (Utes) and Frunzenskoye ), Yalta , and Alupka (Shevchenkovo, ex. Alupka-Sarah), and resort villages (which almost all, together with Alupka, are part of the admin ter. submission to Big Yalta }:
Gurzuf (and Artek ), Dolossi , Livadia ( Oreanda ; Mountain Health Resort , formerly Erelik), Gaspra , Koreiz ( Miskhor ), and Simeiz ( Blue Bay , Ponizovka , Parkov , Castropol ), Foros ( Mellas (Mukhalatka)), Batiliman ( + Laspi; 3 km southeast of Sevastopol; at Cape Ayia), etc.

For treatment on the South Bank, mainly chronic specific ( tuberculosis ) and non-specific (chronic bronchitis , chronic pneumonia , bronchial asthma ) respiratory diseases are indicated; as well as the cardiovascular and nervous systems - neurocirculatory dystonia , the initial stages of hypertension and vascular diseases of the brain; metabolic disorders. Along with climatic thalassotherapy, drinking treatment of diseases of the digestive organs is also carried out. water source in the resort area of Melas , grape healing (September-November). ^[49]
Resorts of the Southern coast of Crimea are located at a relatively small distance from each other, however, despite their common features, they have their own characteristics and even in one resort area microclimates are sometimes different. This difference is due to the terrain, the presence or absence of a forest zone and a more favorable inclination of the territory to the sun ^[50] .

In the Crimean Scientific Research Institute of Physical Methods of Treatment and Medical Climatotherapy named after Sechenov’s method of comparative analysis revealed that the health potential of Crimea is higher than that of most foreign resorts. According to the complex of climatic factors, the resorts of the Southern coast of Crimea are closest to the classic sea resorts and resorts of the Cote d'Azur . But these seaside foreign resorts did not develop as therapeutic, but as recreational . By their medical focus, by the development of the sanatorium network, the resorts of the South Coast have no analogues .

At the very beginning of the 20th century, the owner of Foros, engineer G.K. Ushkov, was taking practical steps to lay a railway along the South Bank, from Sevastopol to Yalta. Engineer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky offers more than 80 road construction projects, but the plans were disrupted by the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. In 1915, the project was revived with renewed vigor: the "Society of Crimean Railways" appeared here. Rails and sleepers were even brought to the South Bank, but this time the construction of the railway was prevented by the Revolution and the Civil War. By 1920, rails and sleepers were taken to Perekop and White Guard armored trains began to walk on them ^[51] . As a result, there are no railway stations and airports on the modern South Coast, although the distance to them (in Sevastopol and Simferopol) is relatively small. The transport infrastructure is represented by ports, funiculars and modern highways laid in the Soviet era on pre-revolutionary projects.

According to scientists and researchers, today there is a serious problem of losing the status of the resort of the South Coast ^[52] .

Until 1991, the southern coast of Crimea was considered the best resort of the USSR and the Russian Empire. The Constitution of Ukraine guaranteed the right for every citizen to six land plots for various purposes (up to 10 acres in the city and up to 15 acres in the country). As a result of the massive privatization of the South Coast lands, which can be regarded as a form of “soft” colonization of the Crimea, almost irreparable damage was caused to the nature of the peninsula. By the time of “returning to their home harbor” there were practically no lands left unencumbered by private property rights, including green spaces, including relics and endemic ones.

The market transformations of the 1990s and 2000s resulted in a consumeristic, barbaric attitude towards nature, natural and architectural landscapes, and cultural heritage. The shadow economy of the “summer season” was formed in many respects (in contrast to the year-round load of sanatorium-and-resort institutions under the USSR). The cases of self-seizure of public territories and the most valuable lands, the imposition of paid services, limiting the availability of beaches and the coastline, a system of exemptions from tourists for access to common areas or cultural sites have become common.

Got hypertrophied development and the construction sector: mass development began with elite and "summer housing" (vacant most of the year and being a means of preserving funds) of the most valuable lands, including the coastal strip, historical parks and protected areas. Cutting down and a sharp reduction in the area of ​​green spaces took place; construction was carried out in the sanitary and protective zones of communications and networks. Point, multi-storey and sealing buildings distorted numerous historical architectural and natural postcard views, led to the degradation of the urban landscape and architectural appearance, for example, the historical “Krasnovskaya” (named after the famous architect Nikolai Krasnov - note “Lenti.ru”) of Yalta. The volume of housing commissioned in a small resort Yalta was equal to the volume of construction in Simferopol and Sevastopol.

Today, many local historians of the South Coast accompany tours with the words "our pain." We can talk about the Alupka Palace and Park Ensemble, the panoramic views of which are built up today, about the final development of the Dead Valley in Gurzuf, which they unsuccessfully tried to give a security status that violated the open-air views of Bear Mountain. Or about the built-up Primorsky, Miskhor and other parks, the rose garden of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden and many dozens of other examples. Active development of new territories, including in the notorious 100-meter zone, despite the efforts undertaken by the leadership of the Republic of Crimea, continues actively today.

• Geography of Crimea
• Riviera

• South Coast // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Gabinskaya M.M., Slavich-Attack S.K. South Coast of Crimea: Travel Guide. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1980 .-- 192 s.