The Nakhichevan khanate is a feudal possession formally dependent on Iran , which existed in the middle of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. in the territory of the modern Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic and part of the territory of Armenia . One of the Azerbaijani khanates [1] .
| Khanate | |
| Nakhchivan Khanate | |
|---|---|
 Khanate on the map of hostilities in the Transcaucasian Territory from 1809 to 1817 with borders under the Gulistan Peace Treaty. Tiflis, 1902 | |
←   →1747 - 1828 | |
| Capital | Nakhichevan |
| Languages) | Azerbaijani , Persian , Armenian |
| Religion | Islam (Shiism) , Christianity (Armenian Apostolic Church) |
| Form of government | Monarchy |
| Official language | , and |
Content
History
Foundation of the Khanate
Soon after the capture of Erivani by the Safavids in 1604, Shah Abbas I appointed one of his famous commanders Maksud Sultan Kengerli as the governor of Nakhichevan. [2]
After the assassination of Nadir Shah in June 1747, the leader of the Kengerli clan, Heydarguli Khan, expelled the Iranian Naib Aga Hassan and proclaimed himself Khan. Geographically, the khanate was divided into makhals : Alinja, Hawk, Dralayez, Ordubad , Aylis, Daste, Bilav. [3] At different times, the Sisian wave was also part of the khanate, but it was captured by the Karabakh khanate in 1795. The mahals were ruled by Mirzabei , and the kendhudas controlled the villages within the mahals .
Army
The Khanate army consisted of 800 infantry and 200 cavalry. The infantrymen were called sarvasi; they gathered from all villages of the Nakhichevan and Ordubad districts, having made a preliminary layout. The infantry was controlled by one of the khan’s relatives, who received the post of sargang, that is, regimental commander. Also, in addition to the syargyang, there was one yaver (like a lieutenant colonel), 8 sultans (centurions), 16 naibs (Pentecostals), and several yuzbashi (forefathers). The cavalry of the Nakhichevan Khanate consisted exclusively of the Kengerly tribe. When the cavalry had 2 sultans, 4 naibs and the required number of yuzbash. The entire Kengerl tribe was exempted from personal taxes, as it was obliged to expose the cavalry and maintain it. 30 people out of 300 mounted warriors were constantly under the khan and, under the direction of the special chief of the gullar-agasi, were honored by his guard. For such a service, the Nakhichevan khan gave them various profitable assignments and, in addition, he allotted them land for plowing in their villages [4] .
Population
Politics and Relations with Neighboring States
The rulers of the khanate maintained close relations with the khans of Karabakh and Erivani . According to Mirza Jamal Jevanshir of Karabakh , “ when the neighboring khans learned that Ibrahim Khan (Karabakh) sent his son to the Commander-in-Chief (the Russian army), then all of them, namely Mir-Mustafa Khan Talysh, Mustafa Khan Shirvan, Javad Khan and even the khans of Erivani, Nakhchivan, Khoy and Karadag sent their envoys to Ibrahim Khan and said - we will not refuse what Ibrahim Khan finds appropriate. Since he considered it necessary to submit to the Russian state, we will also follow the path of friendship and obedience to the gracious empress of Russia ... ” [6] .
In 1813, under the Gulistan Peace Treaty, Russia recognized this khanate “in perfect power” of Persia [7] , however, with the outbreak of the new Russian-Persian war, the khanate was occupied by the troops of General Paskevich , who entered Nakhichevan on June 26, 1827 , defeating a three-thousand-strong Persian cavalry unit . [eight]
Kelbali Khan of Nakhichevan was blinded at the time by the order of Aga-Mohammed Khan Kajar , which caused his family to naturally hate the Kajar dynasty ; as a result, his son, the ruler of the khanate Ehsan Khan Kengerli, together with his brother Shikh Ali-bek, voluntarily sided with Russia, having provided important assistance in the war with Persia. In 1827, Abbas-Mirza entrusted the defense of the fortress of Abbas-Abad Ehsan Khan Kengerli. However, Ehsan Khan secretly contacted the Russian commander in chief Count Paskevich and surrendered the fortress to him on July 22, 1827. [9] For this, he was granted the rank of colonel of Russian service and he was appointed naib of the Nakhichevan khanate, and Shikh-Ali bey - naib of the Ordubad district [10] . Count Paskevich reported on the actions of Ehsan Khan:
| Commanding in cr. Abbas-Abad by the Nakhchivan battalion of the sarbaz, he rebelled with it against the rest of the garrison, and in so doing helped a lot to surrender the indicated fortress to our troops. After that, through his influence on the people, he very much contributed to the preservation of silence and tranquility in the land there. While in Ordubad at that time, he, Exan Khan, stopped for more than 10 days more than 1,000 Persian cavalry, which had the intention to cross through Araks; when these troops were reinforced by two more battalions of sarbaz and artillery, he locked himself up in the city and then in the castle with excellent courage, not looking at the most difficult situation, until the arrival of our troops. In this way he assisted the last forces in all his ways. Now Exan Khan, being appointed as the Naib or the governor of the Nakhichevan Khanate, has a lot of benefits, keeping the inhabitants in perfect obedience. [eleven] |
In October 1837, Ehsan Khan was promoted to major general [12] . In 1839 , under the pressure of the General Manager in the Caucasus, General E. A. Golovin , Ehsan Khan was forced to abandon the post of Naib. In compensation, he was appointed the marching ataman of the Kengerlinsky army, and later - the military marching ataman of the Transcaucasian Muslim troops [13] .
According to Article III of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty , signed on February 10, 1828 , the khanate was transferred by the Shah “into full ownership” of the Russian Empire [14] . The Nakhichevan khans remained the actual rulers of the Nakhchivan region.
Liquidation of the Khanate
The khanate was abolished by the Decree of Emperor Nicholas I on March 21, 1828. The Armenian region was formed from the territories of the Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates, which was abolished in 1849 and, with the accession of the Alexandropol district, was transformed into the Erivan province , in which the lands of the Nakhichevan khanate - Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez - became districts, and Ordubad became a district.
For Ehsan Khan and his descendants in the Russian Empire, the Nakhichevan surname was assigned. Many well-known military leaders came out of this family, including generals Ismail , Kelbali , Huseyn , Jamshid Khan of Nakhichevan.
Nakhichevan khans
Heydar Kuli Khan I (1747-1764) Kengerli
Haji Khan I (1764-1765)
Rahim Khan I (1765-1770)
Ali Quli Khan I (1770-1773)
Vali Kuli Khan I (1773-1781)
Abbas-Quli Khan: Sovereign Khan (1781-1783), Hakim (intermittently, 1797-1801, 1804, 1808)
Kelb-Ali Khan: Sovereign Khan (intermittently, 1787–1796, 1801–1804, 1804–1807), Hakim (intermittently, 1808, 1809–1810, 1816)
Kerim Khan: Hakim (intermittently, 1808, 1813-1816, 1827)
Ehsan Khan : Naib (1828-1839)
Descendants
| Murad Khalifa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abbas Quli Khan (? - c. 1810) | Kelbali Khan (? —1823) | Kerim Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sheikh Ali Khan | Ehsan Khan (1789-1846) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mammadsadig-aga Kelbalikhanov | Ismail Khan Nakhichevan (1819-1909) | Kelbali Khan Nakhichevan (1824-1883) | Gonchabayim (1827—?) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mamed Khan | Haji Teymur | Minebeim | Amanullah Khan | Ehsan Khan (1855-1894) | Huseyn Khan (1858-1919) | Jafarkuli Khan (1859-1929) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khan Nikolay (1891-1912) | Tatyana (1893-1972) | Khan George (1899-1948) | Kelbali Khan (1891-1931) | Jamshid (1895-1938) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nikita (1924-1997) | Tatyana (1925-1975) | Maria (B. 1927) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alexandra (B. 1947) | George (B. 1957) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vladimir Pierre (Born 1993) | Sofia (Born 1995) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gallery
- Photos - Nakhichevan Khanate
Haji Rufai Bek Mosque - XVIII century
Mausoleum of Chalidea
Khan's garden. In the background a monument of the XII century - the Mausoleum of Momine Khatun
Khan's Palace - the main building
Khan's Palace - auxiliary facilities
See also
- Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Notes
- ↑ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-52245-5
Azerbaijani khanates and the conquest by Russia
In 1747 Nadir Shah, the strong ruler who had established his hold over Persia eleven years earlier, was assassinated in a palace coup, and his empire fell into chaos and anarchy. These circumstances effectively terminated the suzerainty of Persia over Azerbaijan, where local centers of power emerged in the form of indigenous principalities, independent or virtually so, inasmuch as some maintained tenuous links to Persia's weak Zand dynasty.
Thus began a half-century-long period of Azerbaijani independence, albeit in a condition of deep political fragmentation and internal warfare. Most of the principalities were organized as khanates , small replicas of the Persian monarchy, including Karabagh, Sheki, Ganja, Baku, Derbent, Kuba, Nakhichevan , Talysh, and Erivan in northern Azerbaijan and Tabriz, Urmi, Ardabil, Khoi, Maku, Maragin , and Karadagh in its southern part. Many of the khanates were subdivided into mahals (regions), territorial units inhabited by members of the same tribe, reflecting the fact that residue of tribalism was still strong. - ↑ Encyclopedia Iranica. P. Oberling. Kangarlu
- ↑ Nakhchivan during the period of the Khanate (1747-1828)
- ↑ V. Grigoriev, “Statistical description of the Nakhichevan province”
- ↑ “In Safavi times, Azerbaijan was applied to all the Muslim-ruled khanates of the eastern Caucasian as well as to the area south of the Araz River as fas as the Qezel Uzan River, the latter region being approximately the same as the modern Iranian ostans of East and West Azerbaijan. ” Muriel Atkin, Russia and Iran, 1780-1828. 2nd. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-58336-5
- ↑ Mirza Jamal Javanshir Karabagi. Garabagh tarihi (History of Karabakh). - Baku, Maarif, 1959.
- ↑ Gulistan Peace Treaty
- ↑ Count Paskevich-Erivansky
- ↑ Ekbal, Kamran. ʿAbbāsābād. Encyclopedia Iranica.
- ↑ Milman A. Sh. The political system of Azerbaijan in the 19th — early 20th centuries (administrative apparatus and court, forms and methods of colonial administration). - Baku, 1966, p. 71–72
- ↑ The most comprehensive report of Count Paskevich on May 19, 1831 . Acts of the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission. T. VII, p. 502-503
- ↑ Ivanov Rudolf Nikolaevich. Adjutant General of His Majesty: The Legend of Huseyn Khan of Nakhichevan.- M .: Heroes of the Fatherland, 2006.- 368 p.
- ↑ Farhad Nagdaliev. Nakhichevan Khans in the Russian Empire. - Moscow, 2006, p. 97
- ↑ Turkmanchay peace treaty