Sakalava

Sakalava in the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries there were three states: first Fiherenana ( Fiherenana , now Tuliara) (c. 1300-1680), then (c. 1680-1837) and Bujna (c. 1680— 1846).

During the Middle Ages , when the leaders of the various settlements of the island began to extend their power through trade relations with Madagascar's neighbors in the Indian Ocean, the Sakalawan leaders Menabe (the current territory of the city of Murundava ) were their main strength. Sakalava influence spread to the territories occupied in our time by the former provinces of Antsiranana , Mahazanga and Tuliara . But in connection with the end of the Arab slave trade and British rule in the Indian Ocean, the Sakalavas began to cede their power to the gaining strength of the Imerin .

According to local legend, the founders of the Sakalava kingdom were ("those who own many ports") - princes from Ficheren. They came from the clan communities (sons of Ramini) in the southwestern part of the island, which many consider to be members of the white race, probably of Arab origin. They were the first to make contact with European slavers , from whom they borrowed weapons, mainly in exchange for slaves. They easily managed to subdue the neighboring rulers, starting from the southern lands, in the area of ​​the plateau . The true founder of Sakalava domination is considered to be Andriamisara, his son Andriandahifotsu (The White Prince) subsequently extended the kingdom to the north. Two of his sons, Andriamanetiarivo and Andriamandisoarivo further expanded the boundaries of their possessions right up to the Tsungai region ( Tsongay , now Mahajanga).

Around the same time, the unity of the Sakalava power was threatened, which ultimately led to the formation of two kingdoms: the South (Menabe) and the North (Bueni). Subsequent splits resulted in the formation of Antankaran .

The historical path of the Sakalava kingdoms explains the diversity of their inhabitants, who continue to follow local customs, adhering to their original cultural and linguistic norms. The only unifying factor of the various Sakalava dialects is their common kinship with the western subgroup of the Madagascan languages, which separates them from the languages ​​of the central regions and regions of the east.

The wars led by the Imrin ruler of Radam I with the west coast of Madagascar ended with the establishment of a fragile peace through his marriage to the daughter of King Menabe. Although imrin did not manage to capture the well-fortified capitals of Sakalava - Menabe and Bueni, Sakalava no longer posed a threat to the before the French colonization of the island in 1896 ^[2] .

The origin of the word "Sakalava" itself is the subject of debate and debate, as well as its meaning. Perhaps it is formed from the Arab. صقالبة " Sakaliba ", which, in turn, came from Lat. esclavus , which means "slave." In the tales of imerina , Sakalava’s attacks on their villages in the 17th-18th centuries are mentioned. Although it is difficult to establish whether they had a direct connection with the coastal population of the Sakalava kingdoms. It seems that, as in many similar cases, the term was used to generically describe all mobile tribes in loosely populated areas between the imrin region and the west coast of the island of Madagascar ^[3] .

According to the beliefs of the Sakalava tribe, the world was created by two gods: all good is Zanhor, all evil is Nyangoy. Their dead Sakalavs are placed in stone crypts ^[4] .

The Kingdom of Fierenan (c. 1300-1680)

• Andrianalimbe (c. 1320)
• Andriamahazauli (c. 1350)

...

• Andriamisara (c. 1527)
• Andriamandresiariva (c. 1580)

...

• Andriandahifutsi (c. 1650-1680)

disintegration into small estates (c. 1680)

The Kingdom of Menabe (c. 1680-1837)

1. Andriamanetriarivo (c. 1680-1700)

2 - 5. unknown by the names of the kings (c. 1700-1790)

6. Andrianzoarivo (Miacala) (c. 1790-1807)

7. Ramitrahu, son (1807-1834)

8. Rainas, son (1834)

9. Kelisambai (formally 1834-1837)

accession to Madagascar (1837)

The Kingdom of Bujna (c. 1680-1846)

1. Andriamandisoarivo (c. 1680-1710)

2. Andrianamboniarivo, son (c. 1710-1730)

3. Andriamahatindriarivo, son (c. 1730-1760)

4. Andrianahilitsi, brother (c. 1760-1767)

5. Andrianivieniarivo, brother (1767-1770, co-ruler from 1760)

6. Andrianihoatra, brother (1770-1771)

7. Andriankeniarivo, nephew (1771-1777)

8. Andrianaragniarivo, mother (1777-1778)

9. Tombola, sister (1778)

10. Ravahini, granddaughter of 4 (1778-1808)

11. Tsimalom, grandson (1808-1821)

12. Andrianzoli, nephew (1821-1832, 1840-1846)

13. Uantizi (1832-1836, regent since 1828)

14. Tsiomeku (1836-1840)

accession to Madagascar (1846)

• (born 1955) - singer, known as the “King of Salega "
• Philibert Tsiranana (1912-1978) - the first president of Madagascar.

• Davidson, Apollon Borisovich . Call of the distant seas. - M .: Nauka, 1979.- 326 p.
• Democratic Republic of Madagascar: reference book / Bilevich B.V., Ganiev A.G., Dobrovsky B.N. and others; Editorial: N.I. Gavrilov (ed.) and others. - M .: Nauka, 1985 .-- 228 p.
• Orlova A. S. Malagasy // Peoples and religions of the world : encyclopedia / Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay of the Russian Acad. sciences]; ch. ed. V.A. Tishkov . - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 1998 .-- 928 p. - ISBN 5-85270-155-6 .
• Sakalava (English) . - article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Date of treatment November 28, 2018.
• Goedefroit, Sophie. À l'ouest de Madagascar - les Sakalava du Menabe. - Paris: Homme et Société: Anthropologie, 2000 .-- 529 p.