An-12

Presumably, the development of the An-12 aircraft was initiated by Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev during a visit to the battery. During the inspection of the An-8, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU asked what analogs are available abroad, and after learning that all airplanes of this class are equipped with four engines, he expressed the opinion that four-engine aircraft should also be made in the USSR. Then Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov conceived the future An-12 ^[3] .

The aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft is a four-engine high - wing turboprop with single tail fin and tailgate cargo hatch.

The aircraft fuselage , with a raised tail section and a large cargo hatch, provides convenient conditions for the loading and unloading of large cargoes, as well as their parachute landing. An on-board loading device (crane beam) with a lifting capacity of 2.8 tons and an easily removable conveyor facilitate and accelerate the processes of loading, mooring and unloading. The design of the fuselage is almost identical to the design of the An-10 fuselage. The main difference is the aft part of the aircraft fuselage, which has a cargo hatch and tail rifle installation with an air gunner cabin. In the middle part of the fuselage instead of the passenger cabin of the An-10 there is a cargo cabin , the front part of the aircraft with the crew cabin almost completely coincides with the front part of the An-10. The cockpit is sealed and separated from the unpressurized cargo compartment with a pressure bulkhead with a door.

The chassis of the aircraft has a high maneuverability, which allows it to take off from unpaved, snowy and ice airfields. Loading of large-sized equipment and cargoes is carried out through the cargo hatch in the rear part of the fuselage. Thanks to the “high-level” scheme, the level of the cargo floor of the aircraft is located close to the ground, which simplifies and facilitates its loading. Loading and unloading is carried out using cargo gangways, BL-52 side winches (BL-1500 on An-12B, GL-1500DP - An-12BK), overhead cranes with a carrying capacity of 2800 kg and TG-12MV transporter. For parachute landing of equipment on platforms on the plane, a transporter is installed. On the floor there are nests for the installation of stretchers and mooring knots.

In parallel, the development of the An-10 and An-12 began. For the aircraft were selected engines AI-20 . The first An-12 took off in Irkutsk on December 16, 1957. Since 1959, the aircraft began to be delivered to the Air Force. During operation, its allowable take-off weight was increased to 61 tons.

Design features after the unification of production with the An-10

Due to the unification of the production of An-10 and An-12, the middle part of the An-12 fuselage with the cargo compartment coincided constructively with the middle part of the An-10 fuselage, and in fact was structurally sealed. But the rear part of the fuselage, which had a cargo hatch and a ramp and reported from the middle, was initially untight, and, in general, the sealing of the cargo compartment was not ensured. After the production of about one hundred aircraft, the middle part of the An-12 fuselage began to be leaked.

In the USSR, the An-12 was mass-produced at three aircraft factories in:

• Irkutsk , 1957-1962, 155 copies;
• Voronezh , 1960-1965, 258 copies;
• Tashkent , 1962-1972, 830 copies.

Representatives of the general designer at the plants were:

• Irkutsk - A.I. Shivrin, AM Leontiev, V.Z. Bragilevsky, G.A. Lugovoi;
• Voronezh - N.P. Sobol, A.M. Kondratiev, V.P. Teplov, Ya.D. Goloborodko;
• Tashkent - V.F. Eroshin, P.V. Balabuev , Kh. G. Sarymsakov, N.A. Pogorelov, Ya.N. Prikhodko, IG Ermokhin.

The aircraft was actively used for military purposes, in emergency situations, for the transfer of military equipment and personnel, also for passenger and cargo transportation, search and rescue of space objects, crews of manned spacecraft and aircraft in distress. It was he who became the engine of development of the influence of the USSR Air Force .
The greatest value of the An-12 had in the formation of the Airborne Forces of the USSR . It was the first mass aircraft in the Military Transport Aviation , which allowed mass landing of both parachutists and airborne combat equipment.
The plane allows you to take on board two airborne combat vehicles ( BMD-1 ) or combat vehicles made on its base ( 2S9 Nona , BTR-D ) or 60 paratroopers. Paratroopers in a cargo cabin are placed in four rows. The landing is done in two streams - the first soldiers are landed in the middle ranks, then - the soldiers who were along the sides.

An-12 was widely used as flying laboratories for the following work:

• tests of the AI-24 engine with AB-72 screws for the An-24 aircraft (1959);
• development of a landing system for spacecraft landing vehicles (1960);
• development of the Aircraft Flight Systems “Flight-1” and dumping of cargoes “Dome” for the An-22 and Il-76 (in 1961);
• research of aerial cameras and optical-electronic systems of aerial reconnaissance (1965);
• testing of the Prostor thermal imager for the formation of thermal maps of the area and fire maps (1968-1971);
• a study of the detection of rocket launches, laser irradiation and operational radio intelligence (1971);
• testing of new ejection seats, including from an experimental aft cabin, providing ejection at any angle to the horizon, as well as using a towing rocket engine ( 1970s );
• the creation of artificial icing (LL "Tanker", 1981);
• testing submarine search vehicles ( 1980s ).

The aircraft has established itself as a very reliable machine, able to work in difficult climatic conditions, and unpretentious to maintain.

More than 150 An-12 aircraft, including their Chinese copies of the Shaanxi Y-8 so far ^{[ when? ]} operated by countries such as: Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , China , Sao Tome and Principe , Angola , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Armenia , Moldova , Uzbekistan and others ^[4] .

One of the most long-used An-12 aircraft was the An-12A, an EW-338TI board, from the Belarusian air cargo company RubyStar. It was built at the Tashkent Aviation Plant on September 30, 1961 ^[5] . In 1998—2007 operated in Bulgaria, in 2007–2010 - in Kazakhstan, since 2010 - in Belarus. On July 13, 2016, during a hurricane that passed over Minsk, a Boeing-737-300 aircraft belonging to the Belarusian airline Belavia was blown off by a wind force and crashed into an An-12 EW-338TI on the ground.

The An-12 is a cantilever all-metal monoplane with an upper wing , one - fin vertical tail and retractable landing gear ^[6] .

Fuselage

The fuselage of the aircraft consists of four parts: the front - compartment F1, the middle - F2, the tail - FZ and the aft cabin F4. On the serial aircraft F4 as a separate technological compartment is missing and merged with the FZ. The fuselage's power structure consists of 68 frames , 110 stringers and is made of aluminum alloys D-16, B95, AL9 and magnesium alloys MD8 and ML5-T4. Mounting bolts and parts are made of steel 30HGSA and 40HNMA.

The front compartment is sealed. It contains the actual crew cabin with five jobs and a compartment for the accompanying cargo personnel. Overview navigator provided through the glass toe fuselage. In the cockpit of the pilots there are two emergency hatchways: the upper one, for leaving the cabin during forced landings without landing gear or on the water and the lower one, for leaving the aircraft in the air. The cab is partially armored with APBL-1 8 mm thick splinter armor plates. Armchairs have steel armorings made of steel grade AB-548 with a thickness of 16 mm and armored headboards with a thickness of 25 mm.

The middle part of the fuselage is not airtight, there is a cargo cabin in it. The floor of the middle compartment is one of the main power units of the fuselage. On the floor there are installation sites for sanitary stretcher and nests with mooring units. Under the floor is a compartment of the main landing gear, front and rear luggage space. For access to the luggage space there are hatches in the floor and on the right side of the fuselage. On the left side is the entrance door. In the cargo compartment there are 3 escape hatch, two on the left side and one on the right, and 15 windows with a diameter of 384 mm.

In the tail section there is a cargo three-fold hatch, the two front flaps open inwards to the sides, and the rear flaps open up to the ceiling. On the doors there are steps for access to the rear toilet and to the aft cabin through transitional floorings. The cargo hatch is edged on the right and left by beams that carry the hinge hinge knobs. The lining of the cargo cargo doors is protected by titanium sheets from damage by the ends of halyard parachutes . Also the compartment F3 carries the attachment points of the vertical and horizontal tail.

The stern of the fuselage contains an airtight cab arrow and aft artillery units . The arrow provides a good view through the glazing of the lantern and the side windows. In the lower part of the cockpit shooter there is an emergency hatch for leaving the aircraft in the air. The stern cabin is partially armored with transparent armor 110-135 mm thick, and covered with a removable armored shield (20 mm) from the end. On airplanes supplied to civil organizations, the aft rifle installation was partially or completely dismantled, and the shooter’s workplace was sometimes completely removed, and the feed was sewn up.

The aircraft of the USSR Armed Forces were usually painted in gray, the aircraft of the Civil Air Fleet wore Aeroflot's white and blue coloring, and the airlines later painted the planes at their discretion. The crew dashboards are painted in matt black.

Wing

The design of the wing - two-spar, caisson type. Technologically divided into five parts: the center section , two middle (SCHK) and two console (CCC) parts. On all extent of a trailing edge of KChK there is a two-section aileron , having internal weight balancing. Each section is hung on two brackets. The root section is equipped with a trimmer servo compensator. The total area of ​​the ailerons is 7.84 m², the deviation angles are 25 ° (up) and 15 ° (down). The entire swing of the trailing edge of the SCh is occupied by a retractable double-slit flap with a deflector. The flap is suspended on five monorails using carriages and is driven by two screw elevators. The total area of ​​the flap is 26.5 m², the deviation angles are 25 ° (on take-off ) and 35 ° (on landing ). To improve the transverse controllability of the aircraft inside the tails of the SCHK, lamellar aileron- interceptors were installed, extending upward from the wing when the aileron nearest to them moved upwards. In the caissons of the center section and SCHK are soft fuel tanks. The internal cavities of these caissons are lined with sheets of fiberglass .

Tail plumage

The tail plume is free-carrying, consists of a stabilizer with a rudder, a keel with a rudder, forquilla, ventral crest and two washers fixed at the ends of the stabilizer. The area of ​​the horizontal tail is 26.1 m², the vertical tail is 17.63 m², one washer is 4.0 m², forquil is 3.63 m², the ridge is 2.75 m². Steering wheels of single spar design. The elevator area is 7.1 m², the deviation angles are 28 ° (up) and 15 ° (down). Each half of the elevator is hung on four brackets and equipped with a trimmer. The rudder area is 7.85 m², the deviation angles are ± 24.5 °. The rudder has five linkage nodes, a trimmer and a spring servo compensator are installed on it. The handlebars, trimmers and servo compensator are aerodynamically compensated and weight balanced. Trimmer and servo compensator linings are plain.

Chassis

The chassis includes three pillars: the front, two main. The base of the landing gear is 9.58 m, the track is 4.92 m. The main landing gear are removed to the axis of symmetry of the aircraft, and the front landing gear is retracted along the flight. The main and front supports consist of: a telescopic depreciation rack, a four-wheel trolley (main) and two interlocked wheels (front), a folding strut, a cleaning-release cylinder, locks and a sash control mechanism. Also in the main bearing is a stabilizing shock absorber and a strut farm. The front support is controlled, therefore it also includes the steering cylinder- damper and the steering mechanism with the tracking system. All supports are equipped with nitrogen-oil shock absorbers. The wheels of the main supports KT-77 with a size of 1050 × 300 mm are equipped with disc brakes and inertial anti-skid sensors UA-23/2. The front wheels of the K2-92 / 1 without brakes, 900 × 300 mm in size, they can be rotated by an angle of ± 35 ° from the steering wheel or by an angle of ± 6 ° from the pedals. Pneumatics wheels semi-gallon type. The pressure in the pneumatic wheels of the main wheels is 6.5 kgf / cm, the front wheels - 5.0 kgf / cm.

Powerplant

The power plant consists of four turboprop engines AI-20m (k) with metal four -bladed propellers AV-68I variable pitch. The AI-20 engine is a single-shaft turboprop aircraft engine with an axial 10-stage compressor, an annular combustion chamber, a 3-stage turbine, a planetary gear , and an unregulated jet nozzle. Engine power in takeoff mode - 4250 (4000) liters. with. The engine is equipped with an automatic control system that maintains a constant speed of its rotor in all operating modes. Engine management - mechanical, wiring from the engine control knob - cable. The engines are started by the starter-generator STG-12TMO. The engine is located in the engine nacelle in front of the wing. The engine is attached to the power frame of the gondola using a frame with shock absorbers . The frame with the help of a truss and two struts is fixed on the front side member of the SCHK.

Screw

Screw AV-68I - pulling, left rotation, feathering, with a diameter of 4.5 m. Its feathering is performed by the crew, or by the automatic feathering system. The withdrawal of the screw from the vane position is forced. Transferring the blades to the minimum installation angle during mileage after landing provides additional braking of the aircraft due to the autorotation of the propeller.

Fuel System

Includes twenty-two soft tank , located inside the caissons of the center section and ESS. Engines are powered by fuel from their half-wings. The right and left groups of tanks are interconnected by a pipeline with a banding valve. The total capacity of the fuel tanks - 14270 liters. The plane uses fuel RT, T-1, TS-1 and T-2. There are filler caps on the upper surface of the wing for gravity filling of tanks, or this can be done centrally under pressure through a filling nozzle in front of the right undercarriage fairing. In flight, the neutral gas system fills the super-fuel space with carbon dioxide , and this system is also used as an additional fire extinguishing agent.
In modifications of AP, BP, BK, two fuel tanks were installed in the trunk under the floor of the cargo compartment. This increased the capacity of the fuel system to about 24,000 liters.

Hydraulic system

It consists of two independent systems - right and left. Each system is powered by two hydraulic pumps installed on the right and left engines , respectively. The volume of each hydraulic system is 60 liters. Nominal working pressure - 150 kgf / cm². The hydraulic system is filled with mineral oil AMG-10. In case of failure of both systems, separate hydraulic units operate from a hand pump . If necessary, the manual pump provides the possibility of using fuel as a working fluid.

The right hydraulic system is designed to drive the flaps , the main sweep-release chassis, control the front landing gear support, power the wiper drives and autopilot steering arms, emergency braking of the wheels and control of the lower emergency hatch.

The left system serves to drive flaps, main wheel braking, feathering of screws , control of the lower emergency hatch, emergency cleaning-release of the chassis and emergency engine stop.

Using a hand pump, flaps can be released, a separate chassis release, opening and closing chassis flaps, creating pressure in the left system while simultaneously charging its accumulator , filling the tanks of both systems with hydraulic fluid and pumping it from one tank to another. After recharging the hydraulic accumulator of the left hydraulic system from a hand pump, wheel braking is possible when the hydraulic pumps of the left and right hydraulic systems fail.

Also, the hydraulic system is designed to open and close the doors of the cargo hatch.

Oil system

Each engine has an autonomous oil system, with an oil tank capacity of 58 liters, which provides oil for lubricating and cooling the engine, controlling the propeller, operating the PCM and the control system. A cellular, adjustable oil cooler is installed under the air intake of the engine nacelle . The oil system is circular short-circuited with oil circulation, bypassing the oil tank. The total system volume of each engine is 110 liters. The oil system is controlled from the CPDD (central panel of the dashboard).

Fire System

It consists of six OS-8M fire extinguishers , a fire alarm system SSP-2A, pipelines and spray manifolds. All fire extinguishers are combined in three turns, two in each. The first stage is discharged into the threatened compartment automatically by the signal from the ERP sensors, the rest are switched on by the senior on-board technician (on-board engineer) of the vessel. During an emergency landing of the aircraft from the limit switches under the skin on the bottom surface of the fuselage, all fire extinguishers are activated, directing the fire-fighting composition to all compartments. The fire protection system is equipped with fuel wing sections and engine nacelles.

Management System

Mechanical, booster. Steering and aileron steering is carried out by hard rods, the PA-28P autopilot AP-28D steering gears are connected to them. Spring loaders are installed in the elevator control system. Control wiring with elevator trimmers and locking mechanisms - cable. Aileron and rudder trimmers are electro-controlled. Lamellar aileron- interceptors are connected to aileron control rods. The aircraft is equipped with a mechanical locking system on the ground rudders and ailerons, interlocked with the engine management system.

Electrical system

The on-board electrical system provides DC power with a voltage of 28 V and alternating (with a frequency of 400 Hz ) single-phase current of 115 V and three-phase current of 36 V. Each STAR-12TMO-1000 starter-generator is installed on each of the four engines DC, backup - 17 12-SAM-28 rechargeable batteries , located in the chassis fairings. Also, the engines are equipped with one SGO-12 generator to provide consumers with alternating single-phase current. The backup source of alternating single-phase current is the PO-1500 converter (PO-750), connected to the DC network. Two converters ПТ-1500Ц (ПТ-1000Ц) (main and standby) and one converter PAG-1FP serve as sources of alternating three-phase current. Distribution networks of direct and alternating single-phase current - single-conductor, three-phase current - three-conductor with insulated zero. Aerodrome powering with direct and alternating single-phase current is carried out through the corresponding connectors located in the rear part of the right fairing of the chassis. With inoperative [engines and the absence of appropriate airfield power, the PO-1500 converter is used for testing on the ground consumers of alternating single-phase current.
This description corresponds to the early release of the aircraft.

On later models, somewhere since the early 1960s, instead of 17 batteries, 7 were installed in the right niche of the chassis, and the left-hand turbo-generator TG-16M and a 28.5V dc generator GS-24A were installed.

Flight Navigation Equipment

Provides the determination of the location and course of the aircraft and the flight for a given route. Flight navigation equipment (PNO) facilitates piloting the aircraft in adverse weather conditions and at night. The PNO consists of the AP-28D1 electrohydraulic autopilot , the KS-6G course system, the DAK-DB-5 astrocompass, the KI-13 magnetic compasses , the NAS-1B1-28 autonomous navigation system , the AGD-1 horizon , the EUP-53 direction indicator, the automatic navigation ANU-1 devices with a route or DISS 013, a barometric altimeter VD-10, a VAR-30-3 variometer , a KUS-1200 combined speed indicator, a TNV-15 outdoor air thermometer , and ASFS-1 and AVRM hours ^[7] . On the BK modification, the PNK-1 complex was installed, the exchange rate system TKS-P, KPP-M, NPP was installed, providing flights both in magnetic correction and in the conditional coordinate system, allowing piloting the aircraft in the director mode.

Radio Equipment

The aircraft’s radio equipment is designed for two-way telephone and telegraph communication with the ground and between airplanes in the air, in-flight telephone communications, as well as to solve navigation problems of air navigation and to land in difficult weather conditions day and night.

The structure of radio communication equipment includes: aircraft intercom SPU-7; command VHF radio set R-863 2 sets; KB radio station R-856MA 2 sets. It is possible to listen to external communication through the receiver ARK-11.

The radio navigation equipment consists of the aircraft position indicator in the hyperbolic coordinate system , the SP-50 blind landing equipment, the RV-2 radio altimeter with the C-2B signaling device, two ARK-11 automatic radio - compasses and the marker receiver MRP-56P.

Also on board there is an I-4 radar (RBP-3). At the present time, the radar is installed ROZ-1. The radio equipment blocks are powered from the networks of direct and alternating single-phase current.
Equipped with RSKM-3 system for flights in combat formations.

Oxygen Equipment

Provides short-term oxygen supply to all crew members. Crew workstations are equipped with stationary oxygen devices KPZh-30, in case of emergency escape there are six parachute oxygen devices KP-23.

Anti-icing system

It consists of air-thermal and electrical systems.

Warm air is taken from the engine compressors and enters the air-thermal anti-icing system (POS), which protects the toes of the wing from icing up, the front edges of the air intakes (inlet guides) of the nacelle and the tunnels of the oil radiators. Also, warm lanterns of the navigator and pilots are blown from the inside of the cabin with warm air to prevent them from fogging, as well as locks of the retracted and released chassis positions, cargo cabin in the chassis niche.

Electric POS protects the propeller blades, keel socks, stabilizer, air pressure receivers and front triplex glass lights, as well as sensor AUASP. Provided heating niche batteries.

Landing Transport Equipment

Loading and unloading of self-propelled vehicles is carried out under its own power using cargo ramps, non-self-propelled - with the help of BL-52 winches (BL-1500 on An-12B, GL-1500DP - An-12BK). Loading wheelless loads weighing up to 2000 kg is performed using a crane beam. For parachute landing of equipment and cargo on platforms and in standard packages on the aircraft, the TG-12 transporter is installed ^[8] .

Armament

It consists of artillery and bomber weapons.

Artillery weapons

System gun armament PW-23U . It consists of the aft tower DB-65U with two 23-mm guns AM-23 , the electrical system of the remote control tower and the sighting and computing unit. Ammunition - 700 shells (350 per barrel), the rate of fire - 1250-1350 shots / min. on the trunk.

Bomber weapons

• 2 photographic bombs FOTAB -100-80 or 2 night orientation-signal bombs NOSAB- 100 or 2 day-time reference-signal bombs DOSAB -100 for dropping from the girder holders;
• 6 color orientation-signal bombs TsOSAB- 10 or 6 night orientation-sea bombs OMAB- 25-8N or 6 day-orientation-sea bombs OMAB-25-12D or 6 radio probes for dropping from the box holder DYA-SS-AT;
• 70 aerial bombs of caliber 100 kg ( OFAB , ZAB ) or 29-32 bombs of caliber 250 kg (OFAB, ZAB, PTAB , RBC ) or 18 aerial bombs of caliber 500 kg ( FAB , ZAB, FZAB , or 18 UDM-500 Aviamin for dropping from a conveyor TG-12MB.

For aimed bombing and dumping of the landed loads in the navigator's cabin the NKPB-7 sight is mounted. Two outer beam racks are located in the front part of the chassis fairings and two in the rear part inside. The box holder DYA-SS-AT for vertical suspension 6 bombs located in the rear fuselage .

If necessary, a single AFA-42 day camera or one night NA-MK / 25 is installed on the rear hatch of the cargo hatch.

• An-12 (product "T") - the base. In the Irkutsk aircraft factory in the years 1959-1962 produced 154 aircraft.
• An-12A (product "TA") - the first serial modification. Differs engines AI-20 A, increased to 16,600 liters of fuel. Take-off weight increased to 61 tons, carrying capacity - up to 20 tons. Produced at the Voronezh Aviation Plant (1961-1965) and the Tashkent Aviation Plant (1961-1972). Made 155 aircraft. In the future, the aircraft received underground fuel tanks and began to be designated An-12AP .
• An-12B (product "TB") - modernized. It features a reinforced center section , increased to 19,500 liters of fuel, installed turbo-generator TG-16. Produced since 1963 at the Voronezh Aviation Plant and Tashkent Aviation Plant . In the future, the aircraft received underground fuel tanks and became designated An-12BP .
• An-12B (LIAT) - laboratory research aviation equipment. Designed for work on the field of flight accidents. Converted 1 aircraft in 1972.
• An-12B "Kubrick" - the aircraft for the study of infrared radiation surface, ground and air targets. Made in 1969.
• An-12B-30 - with an increased capacity of up to 30 tons (draft). Notable for engines AI-20DK and screws with a diameter of 5.1 m. Designed in 1963.
• An-12BZ-1 , An-12BZ-2 - flying laboratories for testing the system for refueling in the air (draft). Developed in 1969.
• An-12B-I - EW aircraft. Differs station individual electronic countermeasures " Beans ". In 1964, built 7 aircraft.
• An-12B-PP is a group jammer based on the An-12B.
• An-12BK (product "TBC") - modernized. Differs updated onboard equipment and engines AI-20M . The width of the cargo compartment increased to 3.12 m. Produced since 1966 at the Tashkent Aviation Plant .
• An-12BK - commercial. Designed for civil aviation. Notable for the lack of defensive weapons.
• An-12BK-VKP "Zebra" - air command post (project). It is equipped with communication facilities and 18 workplaces for operational and service calculations.
• An-12BK-IS - EW aircraft. Installed on board the station " Beans " and " Lilac ". Subsequently, instead of "Bean" set the station "Barrier". In 1970, 45 aircraft were manufactured, in 1974 another 105 were converted.
• An-12BKV - bomber and director of min. Could take on board 12 tons of bombs. In 1969, made several aircraft.
• An-12BKK "Capsule" - aircraft salon Commander of the military transport aviation . Equipped with a sealed capsule cabin for 20 people. In 1975, re-equipped 1 aircraft.
• An-12BKT - aircraft front tanker . Could simultaneously fill on the ground 2 aircraft (the volume of fuel delivered 19,500 liters). Developed in 1972.
• An-12BKTs Tsiklon - laboratory for research of meteorological processes. In 1979, 2 An-12BK was re-equipped.
• An-12BL - aircraft equipped with X-28 anti -radar missile system . In 1970, 1 An-12B was re-equipped.
• An-12BM - aircraft for the study of the possibility of long-range radio communication via the satellite " Molniya-1 ". In 1962, 1 An-12B was re-equipped.
• An-12BK-PP - aircraft electronic warfare (group protection). The “Bouquet” and “Bean” stations and automatic dumping devices for the APP-22 dipole reflectors were installed.
• An-12BK-PPS - modified aircraft electronic warfare. Дополнительно установлены две станции «Сирень-Д», автоматы АСО-2И с инфракрасными помеховыми патронами и демонтированы автоматы выброса диполей АПП-22. Всего эксплуатировалось 19 машин. В дальнейшем самолёт подвергся доработке — увеличено количество станций «Сирень» до четырёх, часть самолётов получила кормовую оборонительную пушечную установку.
• Ан-12БСМ — гражданский самолёт для перевозки стандартных унифицированных авиационных контейнеров. Отличался наличием двух кран-балок и роликовых дорожек. Мог перевозить 8 поддонов ПА-2,5 или 4 ПА-5,6, 8 контейнеров УАК-2,5 или 4 УАК-5А. Разработан в 1973 году.
• Ан-12БШ , Ан-12БКШ — самолёты для группового обучения штурманов . В грузовой кабине оборудовано 10 рабочих мест. В 1970 году переоборудовано несколько самолётов.
• Ан-12Д — опытный самолёт с увеличенным диаметром фюзеляжа. Разработан в 1965 году. Оснащён двигателями АИ-20ДК с винтами диаметром 5,1 м. Взлётная масса увеличена до 83 т.
• Ан-12Д УПС — с системой управления пограничным слоем (проект).
• Ан-12ЛЛ — несколько летающих лабораторий. В разные годы переоборудовано несколько самолётов.
• Ан-12М — модернизированный. Отличается двигателями АИ-20ДМ мощностью 5180 л. с., винтами АВ-68ДМ. Изготовлен в 1972 году в одном экземпляре.
• Ан-12М ЛЛ — летающая лаборатория для отработки систем катапультирования. Отличается кормовой поворотной кабиной. Изготовлен в 1975 году.
• Ан-12П — с подпольными топливными баками. Выпускался с 1963 года. По типу Ан-12П в 1963-1989 годах дорабатывались Ан-12А и Ан-12Б (обозначены соответственно Ан-12АП и Ан-12БП ). На самолётах Ан-12БП частично изменено радиооборудование.
• Ан-12ПЛ — полярный на лыжном неубирающемся шасси. В 1961 году построено 2 самолёта.
• Ан-12ПП — постановщик помех со станцией групповой защиты «Букет». Построено 27 машин
• Ан-12ПС — поисково-спасательный. Имеет на борту спасательный катер «Ёрш» или «Гагара». Разработан в 1969 году.
• Ан-12Р — с увеличенной до 25 т грузоподъёмностью (проект). Отличался ТРДД Д-36 . Разработан в 1962 году.
• Ан-12РУ — с 2 стартовыми ускорителями ПРД-63 (проект). Разработан в 1962 году.
• Ан-12СН — самолёт специального назначения (проект). Предназначался для перевозки танка Т-54 на расстояние 1500 км. Отличался двигателями АИ-20ДК, дополнительным ТРД РД-9 , увеличенной грузовой кабиной, сокращённым составом оборудования. Разработан в 1965 году.
• Ан-12Т — топливовоз (опытный). Предназначался для перевозки различных видов топлива, в том числе ракетного. Изготовлен в 1961 году.
• Ан-12 «Танкер» — летающая водораспыливающая лаборатория для создания условий искусственного обледенения. Отличался баком для воды на 8000 л в грузовой кабине, водораспыливающим коллектором перед крылом. Переоборудован 1 самолёт в 1981 году.
• Ан-12ТП-2 — самолёт для полярной авиации. Отличается турбогенератором ТГ-16 в левом обтекателе шасси, подпольными топливными баками, средствами астронавигации и дальней радиосвязи, местами отдыха в кабине сопровождения. В сентябре 1961 года участвовал в дальнем перелёте Москва-Мирный (26423 км).
• Ан-12У — с системой управления пограничным слоем (проект). Разработан в 1962 году.
• Ан-12УД — самолёт увеличенной дальности. Разработан в 1960 году. Отличается двумя дополнительными топливными баками общей ёмкостью 7600 л (от бомбардировщика 3М ). При этом запас топлива составил 21870 л.
• Ан-12УД-3 — увеличенной дальности с тремя дополнительными баками в грузовой кабине.
• Ан-40 — транспортный самолёт укороченного взлёта и посадки (проект). Отличался двигателями АИ-30 , дополнительными разгонными ТРД РД-36-35 . Разработан в 1964 году.
• Ан-42 — вариант Ан-40 с системой управления вектором тяги (проект).
• «изделие 51» — разведчик радиационного заражения атмосферы на базе Ан-12БП. Отличался фильтрогондолами для забора воздуха, дозиметрами ДП-3Б, лабораторным оборудованием. Выпускался в 1968-1969 годах.
• «изделие 93Т» — летающая лаборатория для метрологического обслуживания и проверки на базе Ан-12Б. Переоборудован 1 самолёт в 1972 году.
• Shaanxi Y-8 — китайский вариант Ан-12БК . В 1974—1993 годах построено 667 самолётов различных модификаций. По состоянию на 2012 год выпуск самолёта продолжается. В 1960-х годах КНР приобрела несколько Ан-12 и лицензию на их производство. Серийное производство Ан-12 в КНР под обозначением Shaanxi Y-8 , из-за разрыва советско-китайских отношений, было начато лишь в 1981 году ^[1] . По состоянию на 2012 год в КНР продолжается выпуск Shaanxi Y-8 ^[2] .
• Shaanxi Y-9 — глубокая модернизация Shaanxi Y-8 , принятая на вооружение НОАК в 2012 году ^[9] .

• Двигатели : Турбовинтовой двигатель АИ-20 М 4х4250 л.с.);
• Размеры :
  • размах крыла 38,015 м;
  • длина самолёта 33,109 м;
  • высота 10,525 м;
• Размеры грузовой кабины:
  • длина 13,5 м;
  • максимальная ширина 3-3,5 м;
  • максимальная высота 2,4-2,6 м;
• Экипаж : 6-7 человек (командир, помощник командира, штурман, борттехник, бортрадист; бортовой техник по АДО; воздушный стрелок);
• Пассажировместимость : 90 солдат или 60 парашютистов.
• Массы и нагрузки :
  • взлётная 61 т;
  • пустого снаряжённого 50 т;
  • самолёта без топлива 36,7 т;
  • максимальная коммерческая нагрузка 21 т;
  • посадочная 58 т;
  • запас топлива 22,066 т;
• Лётные данные:
  • максимальная скорость : 660 км/ч;
  • крейсерская скорость : 570 км/ч;
  • эксплуатационный потолок : 7200-8600 м, максимальный 10000 м;
  • дальность полёта перегоночная 5530 км;
  • потребная длина ВПП (условия МСА, на уровне моря): 900—2200 м в зависимости от взлётного веса.

Самолёты Ан-12 воевали на разных театрах военных действий.

Ввод советских войск в Чехословакию

Советские транспортники сыграли важную роль во время ввода войск СССР в Чехословакию 1968 года: Ан-12 и Ан−22 доставили пять тысяч солдат.

Afghan war

Во время Афганской войны 1979—1989 годов самолёты Ан-12 постоянно снабжали по воздуху контингент советских войск, летая из СССР в Баграм и Кабул. За всё время войны было потеряно 11 Ан-12. Ряд машин получили афганские ВВС, некоторые из них позже достались захватившему власть в Афганистане движению Талибан.

Рейс самолёта Ан-12, увозившего в ходе войны с территории Афганистана тела погибших советских военнослужащих ( Груз 200 ), получил неофициальное название «Чёрный тюльпан» ^[10] . В связи с тем, что грузовой отсек самолёта Ан-12 не герметичен, цинковые гробы не запаивались. Побывавший в Афганистане с концертами Александр Розенбаум посвятил павшим солдатам песню «Чёрный тюльпан» ^[10] , вошедшую в художественный фильм « Афганский излом ».

Индо-пакистанская война

Одной из первых их использовала в боях Индия. Её самолёты снабжали войска во время приграничных конфликтов с Китаем и Пакистаном. В индо-пакистанской войне 1971 года самолёты Ан-12 применялись и как бомбардировщики, нанося удары по складам вблизи границы в Кашмире При этом Ан-12 брали до 16 тонн бомб. 12 января 1982 года Ан-12 и С-119 высадили батальон десантников для окружения столицы Бангладеш.

Войны в Африке

В 1964 году египетские Ан-12 перевозили вооружение и припасы для повстанцев в Конго. С 1962 по 1967 годы эти самолёты использовались для поддержки египетских войск, воевавших в Йемене. В шестидневной войне 1967 года они применялись ограниченно. В войне 1973 года Ан-12 снова использовались для снабжения, а эскадрилья советских Ан-12ПП применялась в Мерии для радиоэлектронной борьбы. В 1967 году Ан-12 снабжали федеральное войска Нигерии в войне против сепаристов Биафры.

Эфиопия стала закупать советское вооружение после наложения в 1977 году американского эмбарго на поставки оружия в эту страну. В числе первых были поставлены Ан-12, действовавшие против эритрейских повстанцев. Ирак также применял свои Ан-12 в ирано-иракской войне. Иракские машины использовались для морской разведки, целеуказания и для дозаправки в воздухе. Во время войны в Персидском заливе 1991 года по крайней мере два из них были уничтожены на взлётно-посадочной полосе английскими штурмовиками.

Советские Ан-12 применялись в Анголе. В 1985 году самолёт ВВС СССР был сбит спецназом ЮАР с применением трофейного ЗРК Стрела-1.

Other

В 1994—1996 годах российские Ан-12 использовались для переброски войск и снаряжения в Моздок во время Первой чеченской войны ^[11] .

Ан-12 широко использовались для вывоза беженцев в различных критических ситуациях в разных районах мира, при этом из-за нехватки посадочных мест часть пассажиров перелетала стоя. Максимальная пассажировместимость при этом ограничивалась только размерами грузовой кабины и центровкой самолёта. Известен случай перевозки 283 человек в 1975 году в Сомали.

По данным сайта Aviation Safety Network по состоянию на 15 марта 2019 года в общей сложности в результате катастроф и серьёзных аварий были потеряны 239 самолёта Ан-12. ^[12] Ан-12 пытались угнать 2 раза, при этом погибло 26 человек. Всего в этих происшествиях погибло 1890 человек. ^[13]

Военные

•   Азербайджан — 1 Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[15]
•   Ангола — 6 Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[16]
•   Белоруссия — 3 Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[17]
•   Йемен — некоторое количество Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[18]
•   Казахстан — 1 Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[19]
•   Кот-д'Ивуар — 1 Ан-12 в неисправном состоянии, на 2016 год ^[20]
•   Мьянма — 2 Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[21]
•   Россия — 36 Ан-12, 3 Ан-12ПС и 67 Ан-12БК, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[22]
•   Узбекистан — 26 Ан-12/Ан-12ПП, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[23]
•   Эфиопия — 3 Ан-12, по состоянию на 2016 год ^[24]

Гражданские

•   Белоруссия ( Оператор "Ruby Star") — EW-483TI (Ан-12 БК), по состоянию на 26 октября 2017 года. Ссылка .
•   Украина — 2 Ан-12А, 4 Ан-12Б, 8 Ан-12БК, 7 Ан-12БП по состоянию на 2017 год. ^[25]

Former

•   Югославия — 2 Ан-12 поставлено в 1969 году ^[26]

• Lockheed C-130 Hercules
• Transport Allianz C.160 Transall
• Shaanxi Y-8 — китайская версия и развитие Ан-12
• Ан-178 — украинский ВТС созданный для замены Ан-12.
• Ил-214 — российский ВТС созданный для замены Ан-12.

• International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2016 / James Hackett. - London: Taylor & Francis, 2016. - 501 p. - ISBN ISBN 9781857438352 .

• An-12 // "Airbase = KRoN ="
• Avia.ru
• Sky corner
• Photos An-12 from the airshow in Pushkino-2007 on the website ScaleModels.ru
• An-12 on the website "Service and Technology"
• website "Military Transport Aviation of the USSR"