History of angola

• VI century BC e. - the arrival of the Bantu tribes on the territory of modern Angola, at that time inhabited by the Bushmen , who had the skills of agriculture , metal processing and ceramics ^{[1] [2]} .
• XIII century - the formation on the lands located south of the Congo River and inhabited by the Congo people (the north of modern Angola and the south-west of the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo ) of six “principalities”: Mbamba and Soyo in the west, Mpemba in the center, and Mpangu on northeast, Mbatta in the east ^[3] .
• The end of the XIII century. - the union of who became the son-in-law of the ruler of the “principality” Mpemba) of the six “principalities” of the Congo into a single kingdom of the Congo with its capital in the city of Mbansa-Congo founded by it. Former “principalities” became provinces of the kingdom ^{[3] [4]} .
• XIV — XV centuries - the formation in the territory south of the Dunde River of the state of Ndongo with its capital in Mbanza-Kabasa (the ethnic basis is the ambundu ), which became vassal dependent on the kingdom of the Congo and paid tribute to it ^{[5] [6]} .
• XV century - the formation of the kingdoms of the Congo lands north of the Congo River (the territory of the modern province of Cabinda and the surrounding areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Congo ) of the kingdoms of Ngoyo (capital - Mbansa-Ngoyo ) ^[7] , - capital Kingel ) ^{[8 ]} and Loango (the capital is Mbansa-Loango ) ^[9] , recognizing the supreme power of the kingdom of the Congo ^{[3] [10]} .
• 1482 - discovery of the northwestern coast of Angola by the Portuguese expedition of the navigator Diogu Can ^[11] .
• 1485 - discovery of the entire coast of Angola to Diogu Kanom during his second voyage ^[11] .
• 1491 - the arrival of Catholic missionaries in the kingdom of the Congo, persuading King Nzinga and Nkuvu to adopt the Catholic religion on May 3, 1491 (the king received the name Juan I , and Mbanza-Congo was renamed San Salvador ) ^{[5] [12]} .
• 1506 - 1543 - reign of Afonso I ( Mwemba Nzinga ) in the kingdom of Congo: the period of the highest prosperity of the kingdom ^{[13] [14]} .
• 1556 — defeat of the army of King Congo from the Ndongo army in the battle of Cachito , after which Ndongo ceased to be a Congolese vassal ^[15] .
• 1560 - Arrival of the Portuguese Embassy in Ndongo, led by Paulo Dias de Novais . The latter was held captive and was able to return to Lisbon only in 1565 ^[16] .
• 1568 - The invasion of the nomadic tribes invading the kingdom of the Congo from the east, ruining the country ^[3] .
• 1571 - the first defeat of the yag inflicted by the Portuguese detachment sent at the request of King Congo to , after which the king returned - after a year and a half of further war - to the devastated capital and recognized himself as a vassal of Portugal ^[3] .
• 1571 - the provision of the governor of the future Portuguese colony of Angola by the Portuguese king Sebastian I Paulo Dias de Novais (the name goes back to Ngola - the title of the rulers of Ndongo ^[6] ) ^[17] .

• 1575 , February 11 - landing of a Portuguese expedition led by Paulo Dias de Novais on the . Having settled here, Dias de Novais laid the foundation for the Portuguese colony of Angola ^[18] . Until the mid-19th century, the main occupation of the Portuguese in Angola was the slave trade ; according to rough estimates, over 300 million people were exported from the country (mainly to Brazil ) over 300 years. Angola as a whole was more connected with Brazil than with the mother country, and after the proclamation of the Brazilian Empire, Angolan colonists have repeatedly expressed a desire to join it.
• 1576 , summer - Paulo Dias de Novais, with the permission of King Ndongo, founded the fortified settlement of São Paulo di Luanda (modern Luanda ) on the coast north of the Kwanza estuary, which later became the administrative center of the colony ^{[18] [19]} .
• 1582 - the foundation of Paulo Diasch de Novaishem, steadily advancing deep into the lands of the ambundu, the fortified settlement of on the banks of the Kwanza ^[20] .
• Around 1612 , the Portuguese entered into an alliance with the nomads of the , used for further Portuguese expansion deep into the lands of the ambundu ^[21] .
• 1617 - the Portuguese found the port city of Benguela south of Luanda ^[22] .
• 1618 - the departure of a large group of imbangal from the area bordering the Angola colony to the extreme east of the ambundu lands, where in 1620 they created the state of , located on the left bank of the Kwango River ^[23] .
• 1624 - the accession to the throne of Ndongo by Queen Nzinga Mbandi Ngola , who led the fight against Portuguese expansion ^{[24] [25]} .

• 1626 - the Portuguese ousted the forces of Nzinga Mbandi Ngola from the central part of Ndongo (to the throne of which they elevated their protégé), which went on to guerrilla warfare ^[24] .
• 1631 - Nzinga Mbandi Ngola conquered the throne of the kingdom of kingdom located in the eastern lands ^[25] .
• 1641 - the capture of Luanda by the Dutch. The Dutch occupation of Angola and the alliance of Nzinga Mbandi Ngola with the Dutch ^{[24] [26]} .
• 1648 - The Portuguese regain Luanda under their control. Dutch troops leave the territory of Angola ^[27] .
• 1656 - Peace Treaty of Nzinga Mbandi Ngola with the Portuguese. She retained the throne of Matamba, which ruled until her death in 1663 ^{[24] [28]} .
• 1665 - the formation of the state of Lund in the north-east of modern Angola and in the adjacent areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia (the capital is Musumba , the ethnic base is Lund ) ^[29] .
• 1665 , October 29 - the defeat of the Congolese army in the battle of Ambuil with the Portuguese army and the death of King Antonio I , after which the Congo was plunged into civil wars for decades ^[30] .
• 1671 , November 29 - The Portuguese captured the fortress of Ambundu , completing the conquest of the state of Ndongo ^[31] .
• 1769 - Portuguese capture of , one of the many "principalities" of the Ovimbundu , which laid the foundation for the assertion of Portuguese authority over the central highlands of Angola ^[31] .
• 1774 - 1776 - defeat by the Portuguese of the “principalities” of the oimbimbund Bailundo and Bie and the establishment of Portuguese control over their territories ^[31] .
• 1839 - the founding of the Portuguese by Mosamedish , a stronghold for further expansion in southern Angola ^[32] .
• 1862 - Portuguese conquest of the state of Casange ^[33] .
• 1885 , February 1 - the conclusion of the Simulambucco Treaty by Portugal with the tribal leaders on the coastal lands of Loango, Cacongo and Ngoyo (who were at that time in a state of deep disintegration), according to which the Portuguese protectorate of Cabinda was created north of the Congo River. In accordance with the General Act adopted by the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. On February 26 of the same year, the territory of the protectorate, renamed the Portuguese Congo , was significantly reduced (its southern regions were transferred to the Independent State of the Congo ) ^{[34] [35]} .
• 1885 - 1886 - the signing by Portugal of treaties with Belgium (1885), France (1886) and Germany , which basically determined the final borders of Angola (excluding the southeast of the country) ^[36] .
• 1891 - Portugal signed a treaty with Great Britain , which completed the process of determining the borders of Angola (although due to the resistance of the ovambo, the Portuguese managed to really move east from the Kunene River only in 1906) ^[36] .

• 1898 - Gambos rebellion (Ovimbundu ethnic group ) against Portuguese colonial oppression ^[37] .
• 1902 - “Bailund War” : an anti-colonial uprising that went far beyond the traditional “principality” of Bailund and lasted more than four months ^[38] .
• 1904 , September 25 - the defeat of the Portuguese troops in the battle on the Cunen River, inflicted by the combined forces of Kuamato and Kuanyama (ethnic divisions of Ovambo) ^[34] .
• 1916 - Kuanyama (the last of the Ovambo units) ceased armed resistance to the Portuguese colonialists ^[34] .
• 1950 - the half-exclave of Cabinda (formerly Portuguese Congo) is annexed to Angola ^[35] .
• 1951 , June 11 - Angola receives the status of “overseas province” of Portugal ^[39] .

• 1954 , July 10 - the creation of the Union of the Peoples of Northern Angola , led by Holden Roberto . In 1958 it was transformed into the Union of the Peoples of Angola , in 1962 - into the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), the anti-colonial nationalist organization of the Bakongo under the leadership of Roberto. FNLA Armed Forces - The National Liberation Army of Angola (ELNA) were established ^[40] .

• 1956 , December 10 - The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), an anti-colonial Marxist organization of pro-Soviet and pro - communist orientation, headed by Agostinho Neto, was created ^[39] .
• 1961 , February 4 - attack by militants of the MPLA - People's Army for the Liberation of Angola , EPLA - at the police station and prison in Luanda : the beginning of the war for the independence of Angola ^[39] .
• 1961 , March 15 - invasion of Angola from the Congolese territory of UPA militants led by Holden Roberto ^[39] .
• 1962 , April 27 - The Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAY) was formed, led by Holden Roberto ^[41] .
• 1963 , August 4 - creation of the Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave (FLEK), led by Luis Ranke Franke , who sought to create an independent state on the territory of Cabinda ^[41] .
• 1966 , March 13 - the National Union for the Full Independence of Angola (UNITA) was created, headed by Jonas Savimbi . In September and December, the UNITA rebel forces, the Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola (FALA), launched their first attacks on the colonial administration facilities ^[41] .

• April 25, 1974 - The carnation revolution in Portugal. In May 1974, the new leadership of Portugal began negotiations on the provision of independence with the national liberation movements of the Portuguese colonies. Portuguese settlers are beginning to leave Angola en masse , as well as other "overseas territories."
• January 15, 1975 - MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA conclude with the revolutionary Portuguese administration the Alvor agreement on the establishment of a transitional coalition government that will decolonize Angola.
• March 25, 1975 - Regular troops of Zaire enter Angolan territory.
• July 1975 - disruption of the Alvor agreement. In Luanda, there are fights between the formations of the MPLA, FNLA and UNITA. Military control over the capital of Angola is established by the MPLA.
• August 1, 1975 - the army of the MPLA - EPLA - is transformed into the People's Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA). On the same day, UNITA officially declares war on the MPLA. The civil war begins in Angola .
• August 21, 1975 - the first Cuban military arrives in Angola to help MPLA.
• October 23, 1975 - South African troops enter Angola. Initially, it is only planned to create a buffer zone north of the Angolan-Namibian border, but there is a gradual pulling into the war, a march begins on Luanda at a speed of up to 170 km per day ^[42] .
• November 4, 1975 - the full-scale Cuban intervention begins in Angola .
• November 10, 1975 - Battle of Kifangondo . FAPLA and Cubans defeat the FNLA forces - the ELNA forces , the Zaire army, the Portuguese militants and the South African unit. The offensive on Luanda is stopped and driven back. During the war, a turning point was identified.

1970s MPLA Approval

• November 11, 1975 - proclamation of the independent People's Republic of Angola (NRA). The first NRA Constitution has been adopted. The first president of Angola was the leader of the pro-Soviet Marxist movement of the MPLA group Agostinho Neto , and the prime minister was Lopu do Nascimento . On the same day, UNITA established its own public entity, called the Social Democratic Republic of Angola, with its capital in the city of Huambo . The FNLA proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Angola with its capital in Ambrish ^[43] . In Angola, a civil war broke out .
• November 23, 1975 - Wambo announced the unification of the DRA with the SDRA into the People's Democratic Republic of Angola (NDRA) and the creation of the FNLA-UNITA coalition government. Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi were co-presidents of the NDRA, prime ministers were Johnny Eduardo Pinnock (FNLA) and Jose Ndele (UNITA). However, this structure, called the United National Revolution Council ^[44] , actually existed only until January 30, 1976 and formally - until February 11, 1976 .
• January 1976 - a massive offensive by the government’s MPLA and Cuban expeditionary forces in northern Angola. Complete destruction of ELNA. FNLA leader defeated, Holden Roberto leaves the country. Разворот правительственных и кубинских сил на юг, против УНИТА и армии ЮАР.
• 8 февраля 1976 — правительственные и кубинские войска взяли Уамбо — повстанческую столицу УНИТА. Савимби начинает Longa Marcha — Длинный марш , полугодовой боевой переход войск ФАЛА.

• Февраль 1976 — правительственные и кубинские войска устанавливают контроль МПЛА над всеми крупными городами Анголы.
• Март 1976 — войска ЮАР покидают Анголу. Первый этап гражданской войны завершается победой МПЛА: партийно-правительственная администрация установлена практически на всей территории страны (кроме некоторых труднодоступных районов), получено международное признание, ФАПЛА показали свою боеспособность, на постоянной основе размещаются союзные кубинские войска.
• 10 мая 1976 — конференция УНИТА в селении Сандона (провинция Мошико ) принимает Manifesto do Rio Cuanza — Манифест реки Кванза . В этом документе выражалась готовность довести до победного конца войну против МПЛА, Кубы и СССР ^[45] .
• Июнь-июль 1976 — процесс над наёмниками в Луанде укрепляет престиж властей НРА.

• 28 августа 1976 — «Длинный марш» ФАЛА завершён в провинции Уамбо . Жонас Савимби объявляет переход к партизанской войне против МПЛА с опорой на собственные силы УНИТА ^[46] .
• 27 мая 1977 — внутрипартийные противоречия в МПЛА выливаются в ортодоксально-коммунистический мятеж «фракционеров» во главе с экс-министром внутренних дел Ниту Алвишем . Выступление подавлено правительственными силами при помощи кубинских войск ^[47] . Десятки тысяч человек подвергнуты репрессиям Службы госбезопасности DISA ^[48] .
• Декабрь 1977 — съезд МПЛА провозглашает марксизм-ленинизм официальной идеологией партии. Партийно-государственное руководство резко ужесточает внутреннюю политику.
• Июль 1979 — президент Нето принимает решение о расформировании DISA. Функции ведомства разделены между МВД и Министерством госбезопасности. На руководство DISA возлагается ответственность за «допущенные эксцессы» ^[49] .
• 10 сентября 1979 — кончина Агстиньо Нето. Вторым президентом Анголы и лидером МПЛА становится Жозе Эдуарду душ Сантуш .

1980-е. Консолидация режима на фоне гражданской войны

• 23 августа 1980 — первые в НРА выборы в однопалатный парламент проводятся в условиях однопартийной системы . Все 229 мандатов получают представители МПЛА.
• 11 ноября 1980 — Жозе Эдуарду душ Сантуш принимает присягу в качестве президента НРА. Изменения в Конституцию 1975 года окончательно утверждают принцип руководящей роли МПЛА и усиливают партийный контроль над избирательным процессом. В партийно-государственном руководстве производятся крупные перемены — отправлены в отставку министр обороны НРА Энрике Каррейра и генеральный секретарь МПЛА Лусио Лара , ближайшие сподвижники покойного Нето. Консолидация власти президента душ Сантуша происходит на фоне непрекращающейся гражданской войны с УНИТА и постоянных вооружённых столкновений с ЮАР.
• 2 июня 1985 — в военной столице УНИТА городе Джамба проходит международная конференция партизан-антикоммунистов .
• 9 декабря 1986 — вторые выборы в парламент НРА. Из 289 мандатов 173 получают представители МПЛА, 116 — беспартийные кандидаты.
• 30 января 1987 — Жозе Эдуарду душ Сантуш вторично приносит присягу в качестве президента Анголы.
• Август 1987 — март 1988 — Битва при Квито-Кванавале : ожесточённые бои на юге Анголы в районе Квито-Кванавале (считающиеся самыми масштабными на континенте после II Мировой войны ^[50] ). Правительственные войска при кубинской помощи пытаются покончить с формированиями УНИТА; УНИТА при южноафриканской помощи пытается развить наступление. Ни одна из сторон не достигает своей цели. При этом выявляется военно-политическое ослабление режима апартеида в ЮАР.

• 22 августа и 22 декабря 1988 — президент Анголы Жозе Эдуарду душ Сантуш и лидер УНИТА Жонас Савимби подписали соглашения о прекращении огня и национальном примирении (позже соглашение было нарушено и военные действия возобновились).
• 1989 — военная активизация УНИТА, ФАЛА наносит удары в окрестностях Луанды.

1990-е. Политические реформы. Попытки урегулирования и кульминация гражданской войны

• 1990 — МПЛА отказывается от марксизма-ленинизма как партийной идеологии, объявляет о переходе к многопартийной демократии и рыночной экономике.
• May 31, 1991 - In Lisbon, with the participation of Portugal, the USA and the USSR, Biessse agreements on a peaceful settlement are concluded between the MPLA government and the UNITA movement. Cuban troops were completely withdrawn from Angola.
• August 25, 1992 - a new Constitution is adopted, establishing a multi-party system and a presidential republic. NRA renamed the Republic of Angola . Having lost Soviet support, the MPLA is establishing relations with the West. Multiparty elections are being held with the participation of UNITA and the FNLA, an amnesty is declared, and the return of political emigrants (including Holden Roberto) is allowed.
• September 29 - September 30, 1992 - the first multi-party elections in the history of Angola. 11 candidates apply for the presidency, 18 parties - for mandates in the National Assembly . According to the announced results, dos Santos receives 49.6% of the vote, Savimbi - 40.1%, Roberto - 2.1%; MPLA - 129 out of 220 mandates, UNITA - 70, FNLA - 5. Opposition, primarily UNITA, declares fraud and does not recognize the election results.
• October 30 - November 1, 1992 - Halloween massacre, massacres of members of UNITA and FNLA, as well as many ovimbundu and bakongo. The second round of elections is disrupted. UNITA refuses legal methods of struggle and again relies on a military solution. The civil war is resuming with unprecedented intensity.
• January 9 - March 6, 1993 - 55 days war , the last major military victory of UNITA. FALA, under the command of Savimbi, once again capture Huambo. By the end of the year, UNITA takes control of up to two-thirds of the territory of Angola (mainly rural areas of the internal provinces inhabited by ovimbundu).
• November 15, 1994 - Lusaka Protocol , a new peace agreement on a ceasefire and the creation of a coalition government between the MPLA and UNITA.
• 1998 - another sharp aggravation of the political situation, the resumption of clashes between the MPLA and UNITA. The split in the opposition, the creation of the pro-government party Updated UNITA , into which former associates of Savimbi, who agree to reconciliation with the MPLA, are joining.
• 1999 - a massive offensive by government forces in the position of UNITA. Savimbi’s troops leave their main political centers with battle — Huambo, Bailundo , Andulo . On December 24, the military stronghold of UNITA - Jamba fell. Savimbi and his closest associates resume the guerrilla war in a nomadic regime.

2000s Ending the war and strengthening the regime

• February 22, 2002 - the death of Jonas Savimbi in a battle with government special forces. The new UNITA leadership, led by Paulo Lucamba and Isaias Samakuva, agrees to negotiations. On March 15, negotiations begin between representatives of the government and the new leadership of UNITA. On April 4, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed - a new peace agreement. UNITA basically accepts the terms of the settlement put forward by the ruling MPLA and becomes the legal opposition. The end of the civil war in Angola (1975-2002) ^[51] .
• August 2, 2007 - the death of Holden Roberto. FNLA split into groups of Lucas Ngonda Bengi and Ngola Kabangu .
• September 5, 2008 - Parliamentary elections record a sharp drop in opposition influence. MPLA receives 81.6% and 191 mandates, UNITA - 10.4% and 16 mandates, FNLA - 1.1% and 3 mandates. The presidential powers of the souls of Santos are automatically confirmed.

2010s Aggravation of Political Conflicts

• January 21, 2010 - The National Assembly approves the new Constitution of Angola. Direct presidential elections are officially canceled (although they have not actually been held before, with the exception of the first round before the Halloween Massacre), the head of state is the first number on the party’s election list that won the parliamentary elections. The presidential powers are further expanded, the post of prime minister is canceled, the institution of vice presidency is introduced. The parliamentary faction of UNITA boycotted the vote, stating that the constitutional process was undemocratic.
• March 7, 2011 - anti-government protests under the influence of the Arab Spring . UNITA abstains from oppositional activity, at the head of the movement is the rapper of Iconoclast . The MPLA organized a mass demonstration of civil servants in response. A new constitution is being adopted.
• April 26, 2012 - the radical opposition party - Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola (KASA), led by former UNITA intelligence officer Abel Shivukuvuku - was registered.
• May 27, 2012 - street clashes in Luanda (coinciding with the 35th anniversary of the "rebellion of factionalists"). Most protesters are demobilized soldiers. Government forces severely suppress protests, two people died.
• August 31, 2012 - MPLA wins again in the next parliamentary election : 71.84% and 175 out of 220 mandates in the National Assembly. The growth of UNITA influence is noted - 18.7% and 32 mandates. In third place is the KASA party - 6% and 8 seats. FNLA received 1,!% And 2 mandates. President dos Santos automatically retained his post.
• November 23, 2013 - a new wave of opposition protests and persecution, the arrests of KASA activists, the murder of one of them.
• August 31, 2015 - President dos Santos addressed the adoption of a law deciding to close all mosques in the country, the practice of Islam itself is prohibited until further notice ^[52] .
• On December 2, 2016, the MPLA Central Committee approved the list of party candidates for the parliamentary elections coming in August 2017. Angola’s Minister of Defense, MPLA Vice-Chairman Juan Lorenzo was included in the list as the first number. Thus, Lawrence was declared the successor of President dos Santos ^[53] .
• August 23, 2017 - the next parliamentary elections : MPLA receives 61.1% of the vote and 150 seats, UNITA - 26.7% and 51 seats, KASA - 9.5% and 16 seats. These results were the greatest success of the opposition in the electoral history of Angola, but the ruling party retained a strong majority ^[54] .
• September 26, 2017 - Juan Lorenzu took office of the President of Angola (Jose Eduardo dos Santos remained the chairman of the MPLA) ^[55] .
• September 8, 2018 - Juan Lorenzou is replaced by the soul of Santos as chairman (president) of the MPLA. The new leader criticizes his predecessor for authoritarian rule and corruption ^[56] .

• Voevodsky A.V. Angola // Black Africa: Past and Present: Textbook on the New and Contemporary History of Tropical and South Africa / Ed. A.S. Balezin, S.V. Mazov, and I.I. Filatova. - M .: Dmitry Pozharsky University, 2016 .-- 687 p. - ISBN 978-5-91244-179-0 . - S. 233-243.
• History of Africa in the 19th - early 20th centuries 2nd ed. - M .: Nauka , 1984 .-- 584 p.
• The history of tropical Africa (from ancient times to 1800). - M .: Nauka , 1984 .-- 374 p.
• Miller D. Kings and congeners: the earliest mbundu states in Angola. - M .: Nauka , 1984. - 271 p.
• Heywood L. M., Thornton J. K. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660 . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 .-- 370 p. - ISBN 978-0-521-77065-1 .
• James W. M. Historical Dictionary of Angola. 3rd edition . - Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018 .-- liv + 517 p. - (Historical Dictionaries of Africa). - ISBN 978-1-538-11123-9 .