Art Deco

The international exhibition , held in 1925 in Paris and officially called the "Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes" , gave birth to the term "Art Deco". At this exhibition, luxury goods of French manufacture were shown to the world, proving that Paris remained an international center of style after the First World War .

The Art Deco trend itself existed before the opening of the exhibition in 1925 - it was a notable trend in European art of the 1920s. It only reached the American coast by 1928, where in the 1930s it was transformed into , an Americanized art deco branch that became the hallmark of this decade.

Paris remained the center of the Art Deco style. He was embodied in furniture by Jacques-Émile Rulmann - the most famous of the furniture designers of that era and, possibly, the last of the classic Parisian ébéniste (cabinetry). In addition, the works of Jean-Jacques Rato, the products of Süe et Mare, Eileen Gray screens, wrought iron products by Edgar Brandt, metal and enamel of Swiss Jewess Jean Dunant, the glass of the great Rene Lalique and Maurice Marino, as well as watches and Cartier jewelry.

The symbol of art deco in the arts and crafts has become a sculpture of bronze and ivory . Inspired by Diaghilev’s “Russian Seasons”, the art of Egypt and the East, as well as the technological achievements of the “Age of Machines”, French and German masters created a unique style in small plastic of the 1920s – 1930s, which raised the status of decorative sculpture to the level of “high art” ". The classic representatives of art deco in sculpture are Dmitry Chiparus , Claire Jean Robert Colin , Paul Philippe (France), Ferdinand Price , Otto Poerzel (Germany), Bruno Zack , J. Lorenzl (Austria).

Although the term art deco arose in 1925 , it was not often used until the change of attitude to this era in the 1960s. Art Deco masters were not part of a single community. The movement was considered eclectic, influenced by several sources.

• “ Vienna Secession ” of the early period ( Vienna workshops ) ^[3] ; functional industrial design.
• Primitive art of Africa, Egypt (finds of other Egyptian art in Amarna, tombs of Tutankhamun, 1922) and Indians of "pre-Columbian" America ^[3] .
• Ancient Greek art (the period of the archaic ) is the least naturalistic of all.
• “ Russian Seasons ” by Sergey Diaghilev in Paris - sketches of costumes and sets by Leon Bakst ^[3] .
• Faceted, crystalline, facet forms of cubism and futurism .
• Coloristic palette of Fauvism .
• Strict forms of neoclassicism : Bule and Karl Schinkel .
• The Age of Jazz .
• Plant and animal motifs and forms; tropical vegetation; ziggurats ; crystals; coloristic black and white gamma of piano keys, motive of the Sun.
• Flexible and athletic forms of women athletes, of which there are a lot; sharp corners of short haircuts in representatives of club life - flappers .
• Technological advances of the “age of machines” - such as radio and skyscrapers .

Art Deco craftsmen loved using materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, enamel, wood inlays , shark skin and zebras. Actively used zigzag and step forms, wide and energetic curved lines (in contrast to the soft flowing curves of Art Nouveau ), chevron motifs and piano keys. Some of these decorative motifs have become ubiquitous, for example, the key pattern found in the design of ladies' shoes, heating radiators, Radio City lecture halls and the spire of the Chrysler Building . Cinemas and ocean liners such as the Ильle de France and Normandy were eagerly decorated in this style. Art Deco was luxurious and considered that this luxury is a psychological reaction to asceticism and restrictions during the First World War .

The culmination of the development of the Art Deco style became high-rise buildings built in American cities at the turn of the 1920s and 30s. However, stylistically they were extremely diverse. The origins of this style were different. And the researchers noted the first manifestations of the Art Deco style in art and architecture of the 1900-1910s. ^[4] Thus, art deco techniques are noticeable in a whole series of monuments created before the 1925 exhibition in Paris. These are the buildings of L. Sulliven and F. L. Wright , the stupendous towers of E. Saarinen of the 1910s and the first New York Art Deco skyscrapers - the Barlay-Vesier building ( R. Walker , since 1923) and Radiator building ( R . Hood , 1924), as well as the famous works of J. Hoffman ( Stokle Palace , 1905) and O. Perre ( Theater of the Champs Elysees , 1913) and others. Thus, the features of early art deco are noticeable even in the detailing of the pre-revolutionary buildings of Moscow and St. Petersburg (for example , apartment building pool of the partnership or the shopping gallery "New passage"), in the works of the masters of the Viennese school (starting with the church Am Pc ynhof O. Wagner , 1903) and in the building of the turn of 1910-20 Amsterdam's (starting with building Shipvorthaus , 1913).

Art Deco was used in the development of the New Zealand resort city of Napier after the 1931 earthquake ^[3] .

The style direction that developed in parallel with Art Deco and was adjacent to it was “Streamline Moderne” (the name from the English streamline - “flow line” - a term from the field of aerodynamics ). Streamline Modern is influenced by industrial stamping and aerodynamic technologies. As a result, the outlines of airplanes or revolver bullets appeared in the works of this style. When the design of Chrysler's first mass-produced car, the , became popular, streamlined shapes were even used for sharpeners, buildings, and refrigerators.

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  The building of the BBC Broadcasting Company (1931)

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  Building-liner in Paris at 3 boulevard Victor (1935)

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  Pan-Pacific Auditorium (1936) in Los Angeles

Art Deco quietly disappeared after the rise of mass production, when they began to regard it as flashy, tasteless and fake-luxurious. The end to this style was put by the deprivations of World War II . In colonial countries such as India , Art Deco became the gateway to modernism and did not disappear until the 1960s. The revival of interest in art deco in the 1980s was associated with graphic design, and the association of art deco with film noir tapes and the charm of the 1930s led to its reuse in jewelry and fashion.

• Art Deco Examples
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  Edgar Brandt's Iron Oasis was on display at the 1925 International Exhibition

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  Kansas City Municipal Audience (1936)

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  Lobby at 450 Sutter Street (1929) in San Francisco, designed by Timothy Pfluger. Mayan motifs served as inspiration.

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  Steam engine PRR S1 , 1937

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  Radio Philips 930A (1931)

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  Art Deco Poster

Art Deco had a significant impact on the architecture of the 1930s, being, along with post-constructivism and neoclassicism , one of the trends of Stalinist architecture ^[5] . With a strong influence of this style, a number of Moscow metro stations were built: the first stage ( Sokolnicheskaya line ), several stations of the second stage ( Zamoskvoretskaya line , for example, the Airport station). Researchers include the works of architects V. G. Gelfreikh , A. Ya. Langman , E. A. Levinson , B. M. Iofan , D. F. Fridman , V. A. Schuko to the Soviet version of Art Deco. ^[6]

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  The building of the V. I. Lenin Library in Moscow (since 1928), architects V. A. Schuko and V. G. Gelfreich

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  The building of the Council of Labor and Defense in Moscow, 1932-1935, architect A. Ya. Langman

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  The building of the State Archive in Moscow, 1936, architect A.F. Volkhonsky

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  Stock house (Novosibirsk, 1934–1937), architects A. D. Kryachkov , V. S. Maslennikov

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  People's Commissariat of Defense on Frunze Embankment (since 1939), architect L.V. Rudnev

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  Automatic telephone exchange building in the Frunze district , 1934, architect K. I. Solomonov

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  Building of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, 1934, architect D.F. Fridman

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  Residential buildings on Ivanovskaya street in Leningrad, 1937 E. A. Levinson , I. I. Fomin

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  Airport metro station (Moscow, 1936–1938), architects B. S. Vilensky , V. A. Ershov

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  Moscow metro station "Mayakovskaya", 1936-1938, architect A. N. Dushkin , artist A. A. Deineka

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  USSR pavilion at the 1937 international exhibition in Paris with the sculpture " Worker and Collective Farm Girl ", architect B. M. Iofan , sculptor V. I. Mukhina .

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  High-rise building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR , 1947-1953. Architects V. G. Gelfreich , M. A. Minkus

Art Deco was so popular that it was used in the design of cars, furniture, dishes, porcelain, textiles, jewelry, watches, as well as technical devices - radio, telephones and jukeboxes. Art Deco had a strong influence on architecture, interior design, industrial design, fashion, graphics and cinema. In the 1930s, Art Deco was widely used to design train stations, ocean liners and amusement parks.

December 19, 2014 at the site of the former pharmaceutical factory of Friedrich Bayer “Bayer and Co” on the Luzhnetskaya Embankment in Moscow, the Art Deco Museum was opened, dedicated to the art deco and modern style. The museum is based on the world's largest private collection of art deco items ^[7] . Among the exhibits are ivory and bronze figurines, furniture, decorative panels, including works by Dmitry Chiparus , Pierre Bobo and Bruno Zach.

• Roaring Twenties
• Neo-Mayan style
• Greco Deco
• Swedish Art Nouveau

• Bayer P. Art Deco Architecture. - London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1992.
• Benton C. Art Deco 1910-1939 / Benton C. Benton T., Wood G. - Bulfinch, 2003.
• Malinina T.G. Formula of style. Art Deco: origins, regional options, features of evolution. - M.: Pinakothek, 2005
• Art of the Modernist Era: Art Deco Style. 1910-1940s. / Ans. ed. T. G. Malinina. - M .: Pinakothek. 2009
• Hight V. L. “Art Deco: Genesis and Tradition” // About architecture, its history and problems. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2003
• Hiller B., Escritt S. Art Deco Style - M .: Art - XXI Century, 2005.
• Art Deco / Shukurova A.N. // Ankylosis - Bank. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - S. 133–1343. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 2). - ISBN 5-85270-330-3 .

• Art Deco Museum in Moscow (Neopr.) . Date of treatment December 2, 2015.
• "International Exhibition of Contemporary Decorative and Industrial Arts" in Paris 1925
• Art Deco Style: History