Nagorny Karabakh ( Azeri. Dağlıq QarabaԼ , Armenian . ԼեինայՂն Ղարաբաղ ) is a region in the Transcaucasus , in the eastern part of the Armenian Highlands [1] [2] [3] .
In fact, most of it is controlled by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic ; according to the administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Azerbaijan is located on its territory. It occupies the eastern and southeastern mountain and foothill regions of the Lesser Caucasus , together with the Plain Karabakh constitutes the geographical region of Karabakh .
The origin and ambiguity of the term
The name "Karabakh" comes from the Turkic word "Kara" - plentiful (not "black") [4] and the Persian "bug" - garden [5] , it was fixed to the region from the XIV century.
In Armenian, the region is called Armenian. Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ (read Lernain Gharabagh ), in Azeri - Azerb. Dağlıq Qarabağ or Azerb. Yuxarı Qarabağ . To designate the territory, Armenians also often use the name of the province of Great Armenia Artsakh ( Armenian Ար охватախ ), which covered the region in antiquity.
Often, the term Nagorno-Karabakh is called the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic [6] [7] [8] , although its declared and effectively controlled territories geographically coincide with Nagorno-Karabakh in part.
Story
History of Nagorno-Karabakh |
|---|
 |
| Prehistoric period |
| Azikh Cave • Shusha Cave • Taglar Cave |
| Khojaly-Kedabek culture Kuro-Arak culture |
| Antiquity |
| Urartu Armenia (satrapy) Yervidian Armenia Great Armenia ( Artsakh ) Caucasian Albania |
| Middle Ages |
| Khachen principality |
| New time |
| Kashatagh Melikstvo Karabakh run-run Melikstva Hamsa Karabakh Khanate |
| XIX - XX |
| Gulustan peace treaty Elizavetpol Province First Republic of Armenia Armenian-Azerbaijani war Republic of Mountain Armenia Azerbaijan SSR ( NKAR ) Karabakh conflict Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , Azerbaijan Republic |
Antiquity
The autochthonous population of the region were various tribes, mostly not of Indo-European origin [9] . Most historians agree that these tribes mixed with Armenians after the region became part of Armenia in the 4th century BC. er [10] [11] [12] Other sources, based on the classical authors of Xenophon and Herodotus , claim that the Armenians had spread to the Kura River already in the VII century BC. er [13]
In the IV — II centuries. BC er the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was part of the Armenian kingdom of Yervandidov [10] [11] . At the beginning of the II century BC. er The region became part of Greater Armenia , as the Artsakh province [14] (in the Greco-Roman sources of Orkhisten [15] ). This name is first found in the Urartian inscriptions in the form of Urtekh and Adakhuni [16] . Within the borders of the Armenian state of Great Armenia, the northeastern border of which passed along the Kura River , the territory of present-day Nagorny Karabakh was located until the 390s AD er [17] . After the fall of Great Armenia, the territory of Artsakh was ceded to Persian [18] Caucasian Albania by vassal [19] [20] [21] . During the period of a long stay in the structure of Armenia, the region was armenianized [22] . From this epoch, Armenian culture flourishes on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh [23] .
Middle Ages
From the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 9th century, multi-ethnic Albania was ruled by the Mihranids - dynasties of Iranian origin. The latter were vassals of the Sassanids, then of the Caliphate, and, according to the specialists, themselves were subjected to Armenization. According to a 700 year old historical source, the population of the ancient Armenian province [24] Artsakh spoke not only Armenian [25] , but also in its own dialect of the Armenian language [26] [27] .
Al-Istahri , a 10th century Arab author, reports:
| "... for the Berd'a and Shamkur people from the Armenian tribe ..." "The way from Berd'a to Dabil goes through the lands of the Armenians, and all these cities in the kingdom of Sanbat, son of Ashut" [28] |
At the beginning of the 9th century, under the leadership of Sahla Smbatyan ( Sahl ibn Sunbat al-Armani [29] ), whom Kagankatvatsi calls " Sakhlem of the Haik family " [30] , the Armenian feudal principality of Khachen was formed on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. In the 9th — 11th centuries, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was incorporated into the restored Armenian state of the Bagratids [31] [32] . From the beginning of the 13th century, Armenian [33] [34] princely dynasties of Hasan-Jalalian and Dopian ruled there - offshoots of Sahl Smbatyan's descendants. As the authors of the academic “History of the East” [35] , the “ Orthodox Encyclopedia ” [36] , as well as other authoritative Russian historians, in the XII-XIII centuries Armenian-populated [33] [37] [35] Nagorno-Karabakh becomes one of the centers of Armenian culture [38] [39] . After the Seljuq conquest of Armenia, Armenian rule continued in Khachen [40] , which was the center of Armenian political life [38] .
New time
At the turn of the XVI - XVII centuries, Khachen collapsed [41] [42] , and in its place five Armenian [43] [44] principalities (Khachen, Dizak, Varanda, Jraberd and Gulistan) were gradually formed, which respectively received the name “ Hams ” - "Five". The Russian historian of the late 19th century, P. G. Butkov, citing the St. Petersburg Gazette of 1743, cites the following quotation:
| Karabag is a country lying between the left bank of the Araks and the right river Kura, above the Mugan field, in the mountains. Its main inhabitants are the Armenians, which are hereditarily ruled by its 5 meliks or natural princes, according to the number of signals or cantons: 1. Charapert, 2. Igermadar, 3. Duzah, 4. Varand, 5. Khachen. [45] |
These melikdstvs, subordinated to the Karabakh runner (with residence in Ganja), existed until the second half of the 18th century [46] [47] [48] .
| These meliks, on the establishment of Nadir, depended directly on the Shah, and the local government had their Catholicos (or titular patriarch, supplied from the main whole of Armenia, Patriarch Echmiadzinsky), who has the adjective title of Aghvan, which was more ancient than Armenia. [45] [Comm 1] |
The institute of melikdoms in Nagorno-Karabakh was finally formed under the Iranian Shah Abbas I [42] . After the collapse of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia at the end of the 14th century, as noted by authoritative Russian sources [49] , including the Great Russian Encyclopedia [50] , as well as Western sources [51] [48] , including the Encyclopedia of Islam [52] , practically only in Karabakh the remains of the Armenian state structure remained. The document of the end of the XVIII century states [53] :
| "In the region of the Karabag, supposedly a single remnant of ancient Armenia, which preserved its independence for many centuries under the rule of the natural owners, the nation considered it with the help of God and an all-Russian empire inherent in it only flattering hope." |
In the 1720s , Nagorno-Karabakh became one of the centers of the national liberation struggle of Armenians against the Ottoman occupation [54] [42] . In this struggle, the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh were also encouraged by the Persian campaign of Peter I [55] [56] .
Beginning with the reign of Peter I , the meliks of Karabakh and the Catholicos of the Gandzasar monastery, Yesai Hasan-Jalalyan, began secret correspondence with the Russian rulers, which was resumed under Catherine II and continued until these territories joined the Russian Empire. From the message of the Catholicos Esai and Nerses and the Karabakh meliks to Peter I:
| All submissive servant worshipers humbly worship you: the current leaders of the Armenian Karabakh land, high and lower ruling, bosses and commoners, riders and footmen, as well as all the common people. Your Imperial Majesty! We have sent our people to your country several times. And letters addressed to you, disturbing Your Majesty, calling for help, for three years already, as we are without a leader and without a master. But we are surrounded by ruthless enemies: the Persians, the Ottoman Turks, Dagestanis and others. [57] |
In 1747, the Karabakh Khanate was formed in Flat Karabakh, which soon established power over the predominantly Armenian-populated [58] Nagorno-Karabakh: the first two Karabakh khans, Panakh and Ibrahim, subordinated Armenian meliks to their authority, establishing themselves in the center of the Armenian melikdstvo Varanda - in the built Pan. Fortress Shusha [59] . As a result of civil strife [60] between Armenian meliks, for the first time in its history, Nagorno-Karabakh was ruled by a Turkic ruler [42] [61] . After these events, from the middle of the XVIII century, there is a massive outflow of the Armenian population from Nagorno-Karabakh, and, conversely, Turkic migrations [62] . Initially, it was under Persian, from 1805 - under Russian sovereignty. The Khanate was occupied by Russian troops during the Russian-Persian war and taken into Russian citizenship by a treatise on May 14, 1805. [63]
Formally, it was recognized by Russia under the Russian-Persian Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813.
After the liquidation of the Khanate in 1823, Nagorny Karabakh was first part of the Karabakh province, then - part of several counties of the Elizavetpol province .
The newest time
Karabakh became the scene of the struggle of Azerbaijan and Armenia during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war of 1918-1920 . The Armenian side in the conflict was represented by the People’s Government of Karabakh, later known as the Armenian National Council of Karabakh. In late September, Turkish-Azerbaijani troops established partial control over Karabakh. In January 1919, the British command in the Caucasus announced that Karabakh and Zangezur were recognized under the provisional Azerbaijani command until the decision of the Paris Peace Conference. This decision caused discontent of the Armenians, but the Armenian National Council of Karabakh had to submit to these conditions after the failed fighting in the summer of 1919. [64] According to the Armenian-Azerbaijani agreement of August 22, 1919, Karabakh was granted territorial autonomy, and local autonomy cultural autonomy. [65] At the beginning of 1920 at the Paris Peace Conference, Karabakh was recognized for Azerbaijan. [66] [67] [68] After the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, by the decision of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of July 4, 1921, it was decided to transfer the Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, but leave the final decision to the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) On July 5, he was retained as part of Azerbaijan with the provision of broad regional autonomy [69] . According to Samuel Huntington , the Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh was transferred to Azerbaijan, since the Soviet government sought to change the borders in order to create divided republics:
| Many former Soviet republics are also divided by fault lines between civilizations, partly because the Soviet government changed borders to create divided republics when the Russian Crimea went to Ukraine, and the Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan [70] . |
In 1923, the Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh (AONK) was formed from the Armenian-populated part of Nagorno-Karabakh (however, without the Shahumyan and part of the Khanlar regions , also Armenian-populated) within the Azerbaijan SSR . In 1937, the AONK was transformed into the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO).
Population
XIX century
According to the censuses of the first half of the XIX century, about a third of the population of the entire territory of Karabakh (together with its flat part to the mouth of the Kura River) were Armenians, and about two thirds of Azerbaijanis [71] [72] . As American historian George Bornutyan notes, the censuses of those years show that the Armenian population was mainly concentrated in 8 out of 21 Magal (districts) of Karabakh, of which 5 make up the modern territory of Nagorny Karabakh, and 3 belong to the modern territory of Zangezur . Thus, 35 percent of the population of Karabakh (Armenians) lived on 38 percent of the entire territory, making up an absolute majority in Nagorno-Karabakh (more than 90%) [71] . According to Ph.D. Anatoly Yamskov should take into account the fact that population censuses were conducted in winter, when the nomadic Azerbaijani population was on the plains, and in the summer months it climbed to high-altitude pastures, changing the demographic situation in mountainous areas. However, Yamskov notes that the point of view on the rights of nomadic peoples to be considered a full-fledged population of the nomadic territory seasonally used by them is currently not shared by most authors, both from post-Soviet countries and from “far-abroad” countries, including both pro-Armenian and pro-Azerbaijani works; in the Russian Transcaucasus of the XIX century, this territory could only be the property of the sedentary population [72] .
The population of Nagorno-Karabakh at the beginning of the XX century
According to the census of 1923, in the newly-formed NKAO, Armenians accounted for 94%; of the remaining 6%, the overwhelming majority were Azeris. Among other minorities, the Kurds , who have long been inhabiting these lands and Russians , immigrants or descendants of immigrants of the XIX-XX centuries, stood out there were also a number of Greeks , also colonists of the 19th century [73] [74]
In 1918, the Karabakh Armenians claimed:
According to the statistics for the last years, the Armenian population of the Elizavetpolsky, Dzhevanshirsky, Shusha, Karyaginsky and Zangezur districts, distributed almost exclusively in the mountainous parts of these counties, is 300,000 souls and is an absolute majority compared to the Tatars and other ethnic groups, who only in some localities make up a more or less significant part of the population, while Armenians everywhere represent a solid mass. Consequently, the Muslim part of the population can only be in the position of a minority, and because of this minority of 3-4 tens of thousands it is impossible to sacrifice the vital interests of the people [75]
Ethno-linguistic dynamics
| Year | Population | Armenians | Azerbaijanis | Russians | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | 157 800 | 149,600 (94%) | 7700 (6%) | ||
| 1925 [76] | 157 807 | 142,470 (90.3%) | 15 261 (9.7%) | 46 | |
| 1926 | 125,159 | 111,694 (89.2%) | 12,592 (10.1%) | 596 (0.5%) | |
| 1939 | NKAO | 150 837 | 132,800 (88.0%) | 14,053 (9.3%) | 3174 (2.1%) |
| Stepanakert | 10,459 | 9079 (86.8%) | 672 (6.4%) | 563 (5.4%) | |
| Hadrut district | 27,128 | 25,975 (95.7%) | 727 (2.7%) | 349 (1.3%) | |
| Mardakert district | 40,812 | 36,453 (89.3%) | 2833 (6.9%) | 1244 (3.0%) | |
| Martuninsky district | 32,298 | 30,235 (93.6%) | 1501 (4.6%) | 457 (1.4%) | |
| Stepanakert district | 29 321 | 26,881 (91.7%) | 2014 (6.9%) | 305 (1.0%) | |
| Shusha district | 10,818 | 4177 (38.6%) | 6306 (58.3%) | 256 (2.4%) | |
| 1959 | 130,406 | 110 053 (84.4%) | 17,995 (13.8%) | 1790 (1.6%) | |
| 1970 | 150,313 | 121,068 (80.5%) | 27,179 (18.1%) | 1310 (0.9%) | |
| 1979 | 162 181 | 123,076 (75.9%) | 37,264 (23.0%) | 1265 (0.8%) | |
| 1989 | 189,085 | 145,450 (76.9%) | 40,688 (21.5%) | 1922 (1.0%) | |
During the years of Soviet power, the percentage of the Azerbaijani population of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region increased to 21.5% and the Armenian population decreased to 76.9%. Армянские авторы объясняют это целенаправленной политикой властей Азербайджанской ССР по изменению демографической ситуации в регионе в пользу азербайджанцев. Похожие этнические сдвиги в сторону титульной национальности наблюдались также в автономных республиках Грузинской ССР: Абхазии, Южной Осетии и Аджарии [77] . Гейдар Алиев , третий президент Азербайджана (1993—2003), который в 1969—1982 годах занимал должность первого секретаря ЦК КП Азербайджанской ССР, 22 июля 2002 года принимая в Президентском дворце учредителей Бакинского пресс-клуба по случаю Дня национальной печати, комментируя данную тему заявил:
«…я говорю о периоде, когда был первым секретарём, я много помогал в то время развитию Нагорного Карабаха. В то же время старался изменить там демографию. Нагорный Карабах поднимал вопрос об открытии там вуза. У нас все возражали. Я подумал и решил открыть. Но с тем условием, чтобы было три сектора — азербайджанский, русский и армянский. Открыли. Азербайджанцев из прилегающих районов мы направляли не в Баку, а туда. Открыли там большую обувную фабрику. В самом Степанакерте не было рабочей силы. Направляли туда азербайджанцев из окружающих область мест. Этими и другими мерами я старался, чтобы в Нагорном Карабахе было больше азербайджанцев, а число армян сократилось.» [78] [79]
Доля русского населения в Нагорном Карабахе, как следует из таблицы, стремительно увеличивалась в довоенные годы и, достигнув максимума в 1939 году, начала столь же стремительно сокращаться, что коррелирует с процессами, происходившими во всем Азербайджане и вообще во всём Закавказье.
Из пяти районов НКАО азербайджанцы составляли большинство в самом маленьком по площади Шушинском районе, где в 1989 году, согласно последней советской переписи, проживало 23156 человек, из которых 21 234 (91,7 %) были азербайджанцами и 1620 (7 %) армянами. В самом городе Шуша проживало 17000 из которых 98 % были азербайджанцами [80] . Однако перепись 1939 года дает другие данные: население Шушинского района 10818, из которых азербайджанцев 6306 (58,3 %) и армян 4177 (38,6 %). Причём большая часть азербайджанцев жила в Шуше, население которой было 5424 человека, в сельской части района армяне составляли большинство.
При этом до начала XX века большинство населения в городе Шуша и в Шушинском уезде составляли армяне. Так в 1886 году армяне составляли 81,7 % (72785 человек) населения Шушинского уезда и 56,7 % (15188 человек) населения города Шуша (азербайджанцы 17 % и 43,3 % соответственно) [81] . По данным ЭСБЕ (1904 год) армяне составляли 58,2 % (81911 человек) населения уезда и 56,5 % (14496 человек) населения города (азербайджанцы 41,5 % и 43,2 % соответственно) [82] . Подавляющее большинство армян Шуши были убиты или покинули город в результате Шушинской резни в конце марта 1920 года [83] . В 1939 году наиболее велика доля русских была в Степанакерте (5,4 %).
В остальных четырёх районах и городе Степанакерт азербайджанцы являлись меньшинством, однако и в них имелись населённые пункты с преимущественно азербайджанским населением. Азербайджанскими населёнными пунктами в этих четырёх районах являлись сёла Умудлу , Ходжалы и другие.
См. также
- Нагорно-Карабахская Республика
- Равнинный Карабах
- Арцах
- Миацум
- Лачинский коридор
- Карабахский конфликт
Comments
- ↑ Топоним Агванк был распространён на восточных территориях исторической Армении, в частности на территории древней области Арцах, однако название Агванк/Албания/Арран в армянсонаселённом Нагорном Карабахе являлось лишь топонимом без какого-либо этнического указания. Смотрите А. Л. Якобсон , Из истории армянского средневекового зодчества (Гандзасарский монастырь), стр. 447
Notes
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica. Статья: Armenian Highland :Original Text (Eng.)mountainous region of Transcaucasia. It lies mainly in Turkey, occupies all of Armenia, and includes southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran.
- ↑ Большая советская энциклопедия. Статья: Армянское нагорье : Оригинальный текст (рус.)Расположено главным образом в Турции, частично в СССР и в Иране. Часть А. н., находящаяся в СССР (т. н. Закавказское нагорье), занимает всю территорию Армянской ССР, южную часть Грузинской ССР и западную часть Азербайджанской ССР.
...
Крупнейшие невулканические хребты А. н.: в советской части Зангезурский, в зарубежной части — Паландёкен, Бингёль, Аладаг, Котур, Карадаг, Машудаг, Карабахский, Гегамский, Бозкуш. - ↑ Лев Семёнович Берг . «Natural regions of the USSR» , страница 232, издание 1950.:
The Armenian Plateau lies between the Trialetsk range on the north, the Agri-Dagh (more exactly, Lake Van, in Turkey) on the south, the Arsiansk on the west, and the Karabakh on the east . The Trialetsk range stretches from west to east, from Borzhom to Tiflis; it forms the eastern continuation of the Adzhar-Akhaltsykh range. On the watershed of the Black and the Caspian seas lies the Arsiansk range (elevation 3121 m.). The Armenian Plateau has an average elevation of 1500 m., but its eastern part, the Karabakh Plateau , is much higher (2500 m. and more).
- ↑ Юзбашев Р. М. Топонимика Нагорно-Карабахской автономной области (на азерб. яз.) // Известия АН АзССР, серия "Наук о Земле". — 1969. — № 2 . — С. 92 .
- ↑ BĀḠ i. Etymology — статья из Encyclopædia Iranica . W. Eilers
- ↑ ИА Лента.ру « Президент Нагорного Карабаха переизбран на новый срок » 12 августа 2002
- ↑ Газета РБК « Новые правила игры (недоступная ссылка) » 26 февр. 2008 г.: Оригинальный текст (рус.)В отличие от Косова, Нагорный Карабах уже 17 лет существует как де-факто независимое демократическое государство.
- ↑ ИА Регнум « Президент Нагорного Карабаха подписал ряд законов » 3 Марта 2009
- ↑ Robert H. Hewsen, Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in Thomas J. Samuelian, ed., Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity. Pennsylvania: Scholars Press, 1982
- ↑ 1 2 Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: A Historical Atlas . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 33, карта 19 (территория Нагорного Карабаха показана в составе Армянского царства Ервандидов (IV-II вв. до н. э.))
- ↑ 1 2 Кембриджская история Ирана, том 3, книга 1. Стр. 510: Original Text (Eng.)During the Seleucid period, Armenia became divided into several virtually independent kingdoms and principalities. The classification adopted at this epoch persisted, with certain changes, well into the Byzantine era. The most important region, of course, was Greater Armenia, situated east of the upper Euphrates, and including vast areas all round Lake Van, along the Araxes valley, and northwards to take in Lake Sevan, the Karabagh , and even the southern marches of Georgia.
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Mahé L'editio princeps des palimpsestes albaniens du Sinaï , in: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Vol. 153. № 3, стр. 1074: Оригинальный текст (фр.)En 485, le roi Vacagan III le Pieux, allie augouvemeur d'Armenie, Vahan Mamikonean, regne sur un territoire ajoutant a l'Albanetie d'Arsualen, au nord de la Kura, les provinces meridionales d'Utik' et d'Arc ax (fig. 3) fortement armenisees depuis le IVе siecle avant notre ere. La liturgie chretienne etant alors celebree en armenien, l'ancien alphabet albanien tombe en desuetude et disparait tout a fait apres la creation de la province arabe d'Arminiya au debut du VHP siecle.
- ↑ Энциклопедия Ираника . Статья: Armenia and Iran I. Armina, Achaemenid province Original Text (Eng.)Bordering on Media, Cappadocia, and Assyria, the Armenians settled, according to classical sources (beginning with Herodotus and Xenophon), in the east Anatolian mountains along the Araxes (Aras) river and around Mt. Ararat, Lake Van, Lake Rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the Euphrates and Tigris; they extended as far north as the Cyrus (Kur) river. To that region they seem to have immigrated only about the 7th century BC
- ↑ Анания Ширакаци . Армянская География
- ↑ Страбон . География , XI, XIV, 4:
В самой Армении много гор и плоскогорий, где с трудом растет даже виноградная лоза; много там и долин, причем одни из них не отличаются особенным плодородием, другие же, напротив, чрезвычайно плодородны, например равнина Аракса, по которой река Аракс течет до границ Албании, впадая в Каспийское море. За этой равниной идет Сакасена , тоже граничащая с Албанией и с рекой Киром ; ещё далее идет Гогарена. Вся эта страна полна дикими плодами и плодами деревьев, выращенных человеком, и вечнозелеными растениями; здесь растет даже маслина. Провинцией Армении являются Фавена, а также Комисена и Орхистена, выставляющая наибольшее число всадников.
- ↑ Christopher Walker. The Armenian presence in Mountainous Karabakh, in John FR Wright et al.: Transcaucasian Boundaries (SOAS/GRC Geopolitics). 1995, p. 91
- ↑
- Очерки истории СССР: Первобытно-общинный строй и древнейшие государства на территории СССР. М.: АН СССР, 1956, стр., 615
- А. П. Новосельцев . К вопросу о политической границе Армении и Кавказской Албании в античный период // Кавказ и Византия : Сб. — Ер. : Наука, 1979. — № I .
- С. В. Юшков. К вопросу о границах древней Албании // Исторические записки : Сб. — М. , 1937. — № I . — С. 129-148 .
- Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft . Erster Band. Stuttgart 1894. p. 1303
- Яновский А. О древней Кавказской Албании // Журнал министр. народного просвещения . — 1846. — № 52 . — С. 97 .
- Marquart J. Eranlahr nach der Geogrphle des Ps.Moses Xorenac'i. In: Abhandlungen der koniglichen Geselsch. der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Philologisch-hisiorische Klasse. Neue Folge B.ffl, No 2, Berlin, 1901,S 358
- Б. А. Дорн . «Каспий. О походах древних русских в Табаристан» («Записки Академии Наук» 1875, т. XXVI, приложение 1, стр., 187)
- Карабах // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Клавдий Птолемей . География, 5, 12; Плиний Старший . Prince VI, 28-29, 39; Дион Кассий (II—III вв.), «Римская История», кн. XXXVI, гл. 54.1; Prince XXXVI, гл.54,4,5; Prince XXXVII, гл. 2, 3, 4; Prince XXXVI, гл.53,5; 54.1; Аппиан (I—II вв.), «Римская История» , Митридатовы войны, 103; Плутарх (I—II вв.), «Сравнительные жизнеописания» , Помпей, гл. 34-35; Мовсес Хоренаци, кн. II, гл.8, 65 ; «Армянская География VII века по Р.Х (приписывавшаяся прежде Моисею Хоренскому)», СПб.,1877 ; Фавст Бузанд , «История Армении», кн. III, гл.7; Prince V, гл.13; Агатангелос , «Житие и история святого Григора», 28, «Спасительное обращение страны нашей Армении через святого мужа-мученика» , 795 CXII , Юстин , XLII, 2,9 ; Плиний , VI,37;27; Стефан Византийский , sv Ο τ η ν ή, Ω β α ρ η ο ί
- ↑ Всемирная история. Encyclopedia. Том 3, гл. VIII: « Внутренний строй стран Закавказья оставался без изменения до середины V в., несмотря на то, что в результате договора 387 г. Армения оказалась разделённой между Ираном и Римом, Лазика была признана сферой влияния Рима, а Картли и Албания должны были подчиниться Ирану. "
- ↑ История древнего мира, М., 1989, т.3, стр. 286
- ↑ Анания Ширакаци. Армянская География
- ↑ Всемирная История, М., т.2, стр.769, и карта-вкладыш Закавказье в I—IV вв. н. er
- ↑ А. П. Новосельцев . К вопросу о политической границе Армении и Кавказской Албании в античный период // Кавказ и Византия : Сб. — Ер. : Наука, 1979. — № I .
- ↑ Hewsen, Robert H. Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, p. 34: Original Text (Eng.)That the so-called "Christian" or "New" Albanian culture, which flourished after the transfer of the capital from Kabala, north of the Kur, to Partav, south of the river, in the fifth century, AD, was essentially Armenian is also beyond question, and here the arguments of Manc'akanyan are the strongest.
- ↑ V. Minorsky . Studies in Caucasian History. — CUP Archive, 1953. — С. 115. :
Ahar is still the center of the district of Qaraja-dagh (older Maymad), the hilly and wild tract to which, on the opposite northern bank of the Araxes, correspond the highlands of Qara-bagh ( ancient Armenian provinces Artsax and Siunik').
- ↑ Тревер К. В. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании IV в. до н. э. – VII в. н. э. (источники и литература). — М. - Л. , 1959. — С. 294-295. :
Временем расцвета албанской письменности принято считать V—VII века, когда, по словам А. Г. Шанидзе, «албаны во всех областях политической и культурной жизни Кавказа принимали деятельное участие наравне с грузинами и армянами». По всей видимости, в Албании параллельно с албанским как язык письменности использовался ещё и армянский, на котором к тому времени говорило население областей Арцаха и Утика, входивших до 387 года в состав Большой Армении.
- ↑ Тревер К. В. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании IV в. до н. э. – VII в. н. э. (источники и литература). — М. - Л. , 1959. :
Высокий уровень албанской культуры в это время объясняется не только экономическим подъёмом, но и тем, что Албания в VII веке находилась в оживлённых культурных сношениях с соседними странами, главным образом с Арменией, особенно с армянской областью Сюник (Джываншер был женат на дочери сюнийского князя, княжне Хосровануйш). В Сюнике в это время, как сообщает Стефан Сюнийский, процветала и славилась школа, во главе которой стоял поэт и философ Матусала (Мафусаил). Преподаватели этой школы назначались главами армянских школ и вардапетов, и то же самое, вероятно, имело место и в отношении школ Албании. Любопытно, что тот же Стефан Сюнийский сохранил сведения о существовании арцахского (то есть карабахского) диалекта армянского языка.
- ↑ Н. Адонц. Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи. — Пг. , 1915. — С. 181—219.
- ↑ Караулов Н. А. Сведения арабских писателей X и XI веков по Р. Хр. о Кавказе, Армении и Адербейджане.
- ↑ Пер.: армянин Сахль сын Смбата. См. Абу-л-Хасан 'Али ибн ал-Хусайн ибн 'Али ал-Масуди . Золотые копи и россыпи самоцветов (История Аббасидской династии 749-947 гг/) . — М. , 2002. — С. 262. (ср. также прим. 52)
- ↑ Каганкатваци, кн. III, гл. XXIII
- ↑ Албания Кавказская // Православная энциклопедия . — М. , 2000. — Т. 1 . — С. 455-464 . :
The rulers of the Khachen principality, located in the Right Bank of the Kura, adhered to Monophysitism and in X - middle. XI century. also bearing the title of "Kings of Aluanka", were in vassal dependence on the Armenian. the kingdom of the Baigratii of Asia ...
- ↑ Shnirelman V. A. War of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in the South Caucasus / Ed. Alaeva L. B. - M .: Academic Book, 2003. - P. 198 .:
Then his sons divided this territory among themselves, but they all no longer had that independence and in the 10th century became vassals of the Armenian Bagratids.
- ↑ 1 2 Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L. , 1949. - P. 28 .:
Hassan-Jalalyan came from a noble Armenian surname of the hereditary meliks of the Khachen district in the mountainous part of Karabag, inhabited by Armenians ; the ancestor of this family, Khasan-Jalal, was the prince of the Khachen during the Mongol conquest, in the XIII century under the Kyzylbash sovereignty of Hasan-Jalalyan, the meliks of Khachen retained their position ...
- ↑ Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog. The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). - BRILL, 2010. - p. 34 .:
The subjects of the Iwanē's family were the Orbelians, Khaghbakians, Dopians, Hasan, Jalalians and others (see Map 4) .18 in nest chapters.
- ↑ 1 2 Lev Gumilev . “The History of the East” (East in the Middle Ages - from the 13th century AD). –M: “Eastern Literature”, 2002 - vol. T. 2 .:
For the Armenian culture of this time, its center is characterized by a shift to the northeast, in the area of historical Albania, where there was an array of Armenian population
- ↑ edition = Orthodox encyclopedia Albania Caucasus. - M. , 2000. - T. 1 . - p . 455-464 . :
in con XII — XIII c. liberation from the Seljuk yoke led to the flourishing of the arm. culture in the princedom of Khachen (about the Christ culture and monuments of Artsakh and Utik since the XII century. see Art. Armenia).
- ↑ A. L. Jacobson , From the history of Armenian medieval architecture (Gandzasar Monastery), p. 447 :
.the indigenous population of Khachen — in antiquity, as in the era of the construction of the temple, and later, according to contemporaries, it was the Armenian . The Principality of Khachen was located in the territory of Arran, but this term is only a toponym and does not contain an indication of ethnicity.
- ↑ 1 2 A. Novoseltsev , V. Pashuto , L. Cherepnin . Ways of development of feudalism. - M .: Science, 1972. - S. 47 .:
As a result of the harsh and rather fanatical policy of the Seljuk rulers, who accepted Islam for political purposes and became its next stronghold, the Armenian population was forced to leave their native land and emigrate north to the borders of Georgia and especially to Cilicia.
The battle of Manzikert (Manazkert) led to the final loss of Armenia to Byzantium. Now Cilicia and Albania have become centers of Armenian political and cultural life. - ↑ Shnirelman V. A. War of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academkniga, 2003. - p. 236. - 592 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
- ↑ Armenia - article from the Britannica Encyclopedia:
The rulers of the Baurus or the Kapan, and the principates of the Khachen (Artzakh) and Sasun.
- ↑ Shnirelman V. A. War of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academkniga, 2003. - 592 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
Khachen is a medieval Armenian feudal principality on the territory of present-day Karabakh, which played a significant role in the political history of Armenia and the entire region in the 10th-16th centuries.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 V. Shnirelman. Wars of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in the Transcaucasus / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academkniga, 2003. - p. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
During the Persian dynasty of Safavid Karabakh was one of the provinces (Beglarbek), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim Khanate, and the mountains remained in the hands of the Armenian rulers. The system of melikdoms finally took shape in Nagorno-Karabakh during the rule of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged the Armenian meliks to take active actions against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, tried to weaken them, separating them from the main Armenian territories by resettling Kurdish tribes to the region located between Artsakh and Syunik. Nevertheless, in the 17th — 18th centuries, the five Armenian melikdoms of Karabakh constituted a force with which their powerful neighbors had to reckon. It is these mountain areas that became the center where the idea of the Armenian revival and the formation of an independent Armenian state arose. However, the struggle for power in one of the melikdoms led to civil strife, in which the neighboring nomadic tribe of Sarydzhaly intervened to their advantage, and in the middle of the 18th century, the power in Karabakh went to the Turkic khan for the first time in its history.
- ↑ Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the XVI - early XIX centuries. - L. , 1949. - p. 59 .:
Along with this, there were also sovereign meliks - Armenians in the following districts [...] in five districts of Nagorno-Karabag - Charaberd (Dzhrabert), Gulistan, Khachen, Varanda and Dizak; these five Karabagian Armenian melikdoms are usually known under the common name “Khamsay-i Karabag” (“the Karabagian queen”)
- ↑ Armenia - article from the Britannica Encyclopedia:
In the mountainous Armenian maliks (princes), they managed to maintain their short period of independence (1722-30) during the 18th century; Despite the fact that they were driven by the war, they were driven by the Nald Qolī Beg (from 1736-47, Ndir Shah) in 1735.
- ↑ 1 2 Materials for the new history of the Caucasus from 1722 to 1803 Archived on October 19, 2013. P. G. Butkova. SPb. 1869.
- Ew Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of the Arc'ax" in Medieval Armenian Culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies). Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone (eds.) Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1984, pp. 52-53
- Ay Jayanta Kumar Ray, Center for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture. Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World , p.63:
“The real trend towards Armenians settling down in the subcontinent began only in the eighteenth century. In the Persian area of the Karabakh region, it’s possible that they’ve been in the past. ”
- ↑ 1 2 James Stuart Olson . An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. - Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. - p. 44 .:
It has been decided that it will be the most resignation of the United Kingdom and the European Union’s 13 such as Karabagh (Karabakh) and Zangezour in southern Armenia has remained autonomous.
- ↑ Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. :
In 1639, after the peace concluded between Turkey and Iran, A. was finally divided: Western A., making up most of the country, was ceded to Turkey, Eastern A. - to Iran. The last remnants of Armenian statehood were 5 melikhestv of Nagorno-Karabakh, which existed until the end of the 18th century.
- ↑ Great Russian Encyclopedia , article "Armenia": Original text (rus.)In 1578, Ottoman troops captured b. h. Transcaucasia, and under the treaty of 1590 Shah Abbas I recognized the rights to the whole of Transcaucasus for the Ottoman Empire. However, in 1603, taking advantage of the unrest in Turkey, the Shah returned Tabriz, and in 1604 took Yerevan, but then was forced to retreat. During the retreat by order of Abbas I pl. cities and villages of A. were destroyed, and of sv. 300 thousand of its inhabitants, prev. artisans and young women forcibly evicted to Iran. Abandoned Arm. nomadic tribes inhabited the villages. After the second section A. (1639) Zap. A. ceded to the Ottoman Empire, and Vost. A. - to Persia. The last remnants of arm. statehood from the 16th century. were 5 relatively independent principalities of Karabakh in the composition of Persia, at the head of which stood meliks (princes) of the dec. branches of the genus Aranshahikov.
- ↑ Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. - Cambridge, 1966. - T. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV . - p . 593-637 . :
It is a title of the King of Armenia. It was found that there was no problem for the women to live in peace.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam. - Leiden: BRILL, 1986. - Vol. 1. - p. 639-640. :
Numismatic Society). The Armenians of Adharbaydjan were later in the United States. Semi-autonomous seigni, survived, with the north of the 18th century.
- ↑ Armenian-Russian relations in the 18th century . - Yer. , 1990. - T. IV. - p. 505. (AVPR, f. CPA, op. 100/3, 1797-1799 gg. 464, pp. 191-192. Copy)
- ↑ Armenia and Iran - article from Encyclopædia Iranica . G. Bournoutian:
It has been the case for Ottoman occupation troops. The armed Armenian forces waged heroic battles on the outskirts of Erevan, in Qarabāḡ , in the mountainous regions of Siwnikʿ and elsewhere.
- ↑ Franco Cardini. Europa und der Islam, 2001, p. 179:
It’s been the first time you’ve been living in the mountains of Karabagh and Siwnik.
- ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People From Ancient To Modern Times. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - T. II. - p. 88 .:
In the 1623 agreement, he entered into the agreement. , concentrated on the Caspian coast. He reckoned for Armenians, however, he supported the Armenians to armed resistance, they fiercely defended Erevan and Ganja. Although the Turks were successful in capturing the streets of the Karabagh-Zangezur fought on. The Armenians were there a formidable leader of Davit Bek.
- ↑ AVPR, f. 100, 1724, d. 2, l. 4 and about. Script. Publ. in col .: Armenian-Russian relations in the first third of the XVIII century. Volume II, Part II, Yerevan, 1967, doc. No. 309.
- ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. From the 15th century to the twentieth century , Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.96:
“The Armenians of Ganja had also been reduced to a minority. The majority of people live in the mountains of Karabakh and Zangezur .
- ↑ Raffy. Melikstva hamsy.
- ↑ Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the XVI - early XIX centuries .. - L. , 1949. - P. 71 .:
After the death of Nadir Shah and the collapse of the Iranian state (1747), the then head of the Panah Khan Dzhavanshir tribe, son of Ibrahim Khan, declared himself an independent Khan of Karabag. Taking advantage of the civil wars among the five Armenian meliks of the mountainous part of Karabag, Panah Khan supported one of them, the melik of Varanda Shah-Nazar, and with his help, he subjugated all the Armenian meliks and made them his vassals.
- ↑ Michael P. Croissant, The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications, p.11:
It is important to disunion among the five countries in the mountainous Karabakh by a Turkic tribe around 1750.
- ↑ Shnirelman V. A. War of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academicbook, 2003. - p. 200. - 592 p. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
“Thus, in the second half of the XVIII century. The composition of the population of Karabakh has changed dramatically. The Muslim (Kurds) and Turkic tribes that lived on the outskirts of Karabakh from the 11th — 12th centuries, in the middle of the 18th century, gained access to the mountainous regions and began to inhabit Shusha for the first time. At the same time, by the end of the 18th century, a significant part of its Armenian inhabitants left Nagorno-Karabakh. ”
- ↑ Acts collected by the Caucasian Archeographical Commission. Volume II. Tiflis, 1868, p. 705.
- Tie Artie H. Arslanian / Middle Eastern Studies / Vol. 16 / January 1980 / pp. 92-104 Artie H. Arslanian / MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES / Vol. 16 / January 1980 / pp. 92-104
- ↑ Text of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Treaty of August 22, 1919 ( Banner of Labor, August 26, 1919 )
- ↑ Audrey L. Alstadt. Karabakh and Zangezur // The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule.
- ↑ Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal. - p. 2.
- ↑ Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille. State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. - p. 167.
- ↑ Resolution of the Bureau of July 4, 1921. TsPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 17. Resolution of July 5: CPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 18. / / Nagorny Karabakh in the years 1918-1923. Collection of documents and materials. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Yerevan, 1991, pp. 649-650.
- ↑ {book | author = Huntington SF | part = | link part = | title = Clash of civilizations and the transformation of world order | original = he Clash of World Order | link = | wiki = | responsible = trans. from angli. T. Velimeeva | Edition = | Place = Moscow | Publishing House = AST | Year = 2014 | Volume = | Pages = 208 | Columns = | Pages = 571 [5] | Series = | isbn = 978-5-17-072374-4 | circulation = 2000 | ref =}}
- ↑ 1 2 George A. Bournoutian . The Politics of Demography: The Population of Mountainous Karabakh (Eng.) // Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. - Society for Armenian Studies, 1999. - Vol. 9. - P. 99-103.
Anonymous statement for this statement. The population of Karabakh is at 34.8 percent (slightly over one-third) and that of the Azeris at 64.8 percent. Altstadt Karabakh with Mountainous Karabakh. The Armenian population of Karabakh (as it was seen below) was concentrated in 8 out of the 21 districts or mahals of Karabakh. These 8 districts are located in Mountainous Karabakh and present-day Zangezur (then part of Karabakh). Thus 34.8 percent of the population of Karabakh populated 38 percent of the land. In other words, the Armenians form 91.58 percent of the population of Mountainous Karabakh.
- ↑ 1 2 Anatoly Yamskov. Traditional land tenure of historical Karabakh nomads and modern Armenian-Azerbaijani ethno-territorial conflict: “ Secondly, this is the problem of recognizing the rights of nomadic pastoral (like any other non-settled) population to the seasonally used land and to transfer these land rights to descendants. Here, only the last decades of the 20th century. were marked by significant and positive changes for nomads, whereas previously such rights to the land of nomadic pastoral population were practically not recognized by European states ... So, it is the political history of the territory and the ethnic history of the permanently residing population in a given territory that are usually used as arguments proving the rights of each of parties to the lands of Nagorno-Karabakh. This approach is prevalent not only in Soviet and post-Soviet scientific research and journalism, but also in the works of scientists from “foreign countries” with very different political orientations - see, for example, works that are fairly neutral (Heradstveit, 1993, p. 22; Hunter , 1994, pp. 97, 104–105; Loken, 1995, p. 10), clearly pro-Armenian (Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994, p. 6, 11) and almost as openly pro-Azerbaijani (Altstadt, 1992, p. 7— 8, 195-196). "
- Ds Bradshaw, Michael J. Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices. - New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2004. - P. 164. - ISBN 0-0725-4975-0 .
- ↑ Yamskov, AN " Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh ." Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union October 1991, 659. Retrieved on February 13, 2007.
- ↑ A note on Karabakh, compiled by the Tiflis Compatriot Union, dated July 10, 1918. TsGIA of Armenia, f. 200, op. 1, d. 49, ll. 6-9 v. // Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923 Collection of documents and materials. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Yerevan, 1991, p. 11.
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. I edition, volume 1 (1926). The article “Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic”, section “Demography”.
- ↑ Arsen Melik-Shakhnazarov Chapter 2. Transcaucasian Shagreen Skin
- ↑ Heydar Aliyev: “The state with the opposition is better” Archived May 24, 2012. . Azerbaijani political newspaper ECHO # 138 (383) Wed, 24 July 2002
- ↑ Who is at the intersection of interests? USA, Russia and the new reality on the border with Iran . REGNUM, April 22, 2006
- ↑ Amirbayov, Elchin. "Shusha's Pivotal Role in Nagorno-Karabagh Settlement" in Dr. Brenda Shaffer (ed.), Policy Brief Number 6, Cambridge, MA: Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, December 2001.
- ↑ Population of the territories of Elizavetpol province, which later became part of the NKAO according to the data of 1886
- ↑ Shusha // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Giovanni Guaita . Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil // 1700 Years of Faithfulness: The History of Armenia and its Churches. - Moscow: FAM, 2001. - ISBN 5898310134 . Original Text (Eng.)A month ago after the meeting of the United States of America and the United States of America collected in the San-Remo…
In March, a terrible pogrom, organized by Azerbaijanis with the support of Turkish forces. There are more than 30000 Armenians.
Links
- The Caucasus Territory // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Nagorny Karabakh // Dictionary of modern place names / Rus. geogr. oh Mosk. Centre; Under total ed. Acad. V.M. Kotlyakov . Institute of Geography RAS . - Yekaterinburg: U-Factory, 2006.
- Nagorno-Karabakh in the Modern Dictionary
- Population of the Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent areas according to the census of the population of the AzSSR of 1921
- Barbashin M. Yu. The Institutional Dimension of Ethnosocial and Ethnic-Conflict Processes in Nagorno-Karabakh
Documents
- Persian documents of the Matenadaran, I. Decrees. First release (XV-XVI centuries). / trans. A. D. Papazyan. - Yer. 1956.
- Armenian-Russian relations in the first third of the XVIII century . - Yer. : Academy of Sciences of Armenia, 1967. - T. II, Part II.
- Armenian-Russian relations in the XVIII century . - Yer. , 1990. - T. IV.