Nettle , or Nettle [2] ( Latin Urticaceae ) is a family of flowering plants with a predominance of grassy life forms , which includes about 60 genera and 1000 species , distributed mainly in the tropics. The most well-known representatives are nettles , with extremely strong stinging properties of laportea , as well as common in room culture pylae and saline .
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Stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica ) | |||||||||||||||||
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Urticaceae Juss. , 1789 | |||||||||||||||||
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Vegetative organs
Annual or perennial grasses , less often shrubs or shrubs , creepers and very rarely trees . The leaves , as a rule, are simple , with three veins at the base, usually serrated, with an abundance of cystolites — whitish, dotted, rod-shaped, oval, sickle-shaped, or clavate, stellate or V-shaped formations saturated with calcium carbonate; their shape serves as a good classification feature. The leaf position in primitive forms is opposite opposite, in the more advanced - two-row-regular in connection with the reduction of one leaf in each pair of opposite leaves. Often this sheet does not disappear completely; in this case, anisophylly is characteristic of the family.
Generatives
The evolution in the family followed the path of simplifying the structure of the reproductive organs and the reduction of their parts associated with wind-dusting . The inflorescences are usually same-sex, varied in shape: capitate, paniculate, and earring. Prior to pollination, stamen filaments are tightly folded, their sharp straightening leads to the release of pollen . Fruits are usually small, dry (nut-shaped), but for some - types of fruits are fleshy, berry-shaped. In the laporteya mulberry ( Laportea moroides ) - similar to the fruits of raspberry. Fruiting is plentiful, in some ( elastosetem ( Elastostema )) apomixis is widespread. The spread of seeds is usually zoohore . In some pili and elastic properties , ejection of seeds up to 100 m is common. Often , vegetative reproduction is prevalent; in herbaceous succulents, it prevails.
Flower formula : ; [3] .
Systematic position
According to the systematics of APG II, based on genetic research, the family belongs to the Rosales order.
In the traditional systematics, the family has its own order - nettle flowers (Urticales):
- Department of flowering (Covered Seed) plants (Magnoliophyta, Angiospermophyta)
- Dicotyledonous class ( Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledones )
- Hamamelids subclass ( Hamamelididae )
- Nettle Order ( Urticales )
- Elm family ( Ulmaceae )
- Mulberry family ( Moraceae )
- Hemp family ( Cannabaceae )
- Cecropia family ( Cecropiaceae )
- Nettle family (Urticaceae)
- Nettle Order ( Urticales )
- Hamamelids subclass ( Hamamelididae )
- Dicotyledonous class ( Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledones )
Classification and Representatives
In the family there are several tribes .
Triba Nettle ( Urticeae )
The most well-known members of the family. Burns caused by tropical members of the tribe, especially laportey , can even lead to fainting , death, are felt for many months. However, despite this, laporti are defenseless against cattle, and Urera , the berrier ( Urera baccata ) even develops many spines.
Representatives of nettle ( Urtica ), laporteya ( Laportea ), girardienia ( Girardinia ), urera ( Urera ), Pellionia ( Pellionia ), Pylaea ( Pilaea ), Elatosthema ( Elatostema ).
Tribe Procurdeae
The largest tribe in the family includes more than 700 species of grassy, rarely succulent plants that usually live under the canopy of tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, in wet habitats, near brooks, in crevices of rocks and ravines.
Representatives: elastosoma ( Elastosoma ).
Tribe boomeric ( Boehmerieae )
Pantropic tribe , uniting 16 genera and about 250 species of herbaceous plants with large toothed, located opposite to each other, leaves. Inflorescences develop in the axils of the leaf . In the tribe there are many spinning plants with very long fibers.
Representatives: Boomery ( Boehmeria ), Pipturus ( Pipturus ), Mautia ( Maoutia ), Puzzy ( Pouzolzia ), Leikosike ( Leucosyke ).
Tribe forskolaevye ( Forsskaoleae )
The most archaic and interesting from an evolutionary point of view is a group of nettle, very specialized. The analysis of the ranges suggests that all three genera have existed for at least 75 million years, and were included in the Cretaceous subtropical flora of the shores and islands of the ancient Tethys sea.
Representatives: Australian ( Australina ), drugethea ( Drougetia ), Forskolaia ( Forsskaolea ).
Postenice tribe ( Parietarieae )
A small (5 genera and about 30 species ) group, the most advanced in the family, includes herbaceous and shrub plants with entire, mostly alternate leaves. Among the postennits many pioneer plants and weeds . Distribution - Southern Europe , Mediterranean , Transcaucasia .
Representatives: podennitsa ( Parietaria ), Hesnuinia ( Gesnouinia ), Hemistylis ( Hemistylis ), Russelia ( Russelia ), Salt diet ( Soleirolia ).
Notes
- ↑ About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .
- ↑ Tsvelev N.N. On the Russian names of angiosperm plant families // News of systematics of higher plants: collection. - M. - SPb. : Fellowship of scientific publications KMK, 2011. - V. 42. - p. 24-29. - ISBN 978-5-87317-759-2 . - ISSN 0568-5443 .
- ↑ Mirkin BM, Naumova L. G., Muldashev A. A. Higher plants: a short course in taxonomy with the basics of the science of vegetation: Textbook. - 2nd, perabot. - M .: Logos, 2002. - 256 p. - 3000 copies - ISBN 5-94010-041-4 .