The ceremony of the coronation of the Russian tsars according to the church rite . It was first committed under Moscow’s Grand Duke Ivan III over his grandson Dmitry Ivanovich on February 4, 1498 [1] . The ceremony included the ceremony of anointing the kingdom .
Content
History
Putting on a great reign in the Middle Ages was made out by means of placing , or intronization. The Byzantine rite of marriage to the kingdom, apparently, brought to Russia Tsarevna Sofia Paleolog . For the first time in Russia, a wedding to the kingdom took place in 1498 , when her husband Ivan III married his grandson Dmitry Ivanovich as an heir. Dmitry, however, enjoyed the title " Grand Duke " and not " king ." Neither Ivan III nor his successor, Vasily III, were crowned.
For the first time as head of state he was crowned (and since that time the tsar systematically used the title) Ivan IV the Terrible in 1547 . Anointing the kingdom, this rite did not provide [2] . In 1561, the Greek clergy presented Ivan with a book of the royal wedding of the emperors of Byzantium. Then the wedding ceremony for the kingdom was compiled (the probable author is Metropolitan Macarius ) [2] .
At the same time, the ceremony of anointing the kingdom was mistakenly identified with anointing , although in Europe and Byzantium these rituals differed: unlike Russia, there the anointing of the kingdom preceded the wedding, and not vice versa [2] . If in other countries the king, when anointed, was likened to the kings of Israel, in Russia he began to be likened to Christ himself [2] .
The wedding to the kingdom of Theodore Ioannovich on May 31, 1584 was the first to seamlessly follow the rethought Byzantine rite with the “great exit” of the sovereign and the courtiers to the Assumption Cathedral (where special royal places were arranged) and the presentation of the “ sovereign apple ” to him. Later, a great exit was carried out on the Golden Porch of the Faceted Chamber .
All coronations took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin and were performed by the metropolitans of Moscow and all Russia, then by the patriarchs , and in the late synodal period by the metropolitans of St. Petersburg . Further sacralization of the figure of the “anointed one” led to the fact that since the XVII century the priesthood and kingdom were equated: even the kings communed in exactly the same order as the clergy [2] .
Beginning with Paul I , the spouses of Russian emperors were also crowned: the tsar himself, and not the priestly bishop , laid the crown, which was smaller, and the empress knelt before her husband. When the coronation of Alexander I, the difference was that the Empress Elisaveta Alekseevna did not kneel before her husband, but while standing, she took the crown on her head. The custom of kneeling was restored during the crowning of Alexander II [3] .
Kingdom List
- For the coronation of the first king, see Wedding on the Kingdom of Ivan IV .
- For the last coronation ceremony, see Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Fedorovna
- Ivan IV (1547)
- Simeon Bekbulatovich (1575)
- Fedor Ioannovich (1584)
- Boris Godunov (1598)
- False Dmitry I (1605) - the only triple coronation of the Russian Tsar
- Marina Mnishek (1606) - the first separate coronation of the Queen Queen
- Vasily Shuisky (1606)
- Mikhail Fedorovich (1613)
- Alexey Mikhailovich (1645)
- Fedor Alekseevich (1676)
- Ivan V and Peter I (1682) - a unique joint coronation of co-rulers
- Ekaterina Alekseevna (1724) - a separate coronation of the Empress-wife (later Catherine I)
- Peter II (1728) - the first coronation of the emperor
- Anna Ivanovna (1730)
- Elizaveta Petrovna (1742)
- Catherine II (1762)
- Pavel I and Maria Fedorovna (1797) - the first of six consecutive joint coronation of spouses
- Alexander I and Elizabeth Alekseevna (1801)
- Nicholas I and Alexandra Fedorovna (1826)
- Nicholas I and Alexandra Fedorovna (1829) - coronation in Warsaw (to the Kingdom of Poland )
- Alexander II and Maria Alexandrovna (1856)
- Alexander III and Maria Fedorovna (1883) - the maximum delay in coronation compared with accession to the throne (2 years); due to the Empress’s pregnancy in the spring of 1882 and possibly safety concerns
- Nicholas II and Alexandra Fedorovna (1896).
The following tsars and emperors: Fedor II Borisovich , Vladislav Sigismundovich , Catherine I (as reigning empress), John Antonovich , Peter III - were not crowned. During the reburial of Peter III, Paul I laid the crown on his coffin in 1796.
Royal Crown
Traditionally, during the Russian wedding to the kingdom, starting with Dmitry Ivanovich and Ivan IV, the 14th century crown was used - the so-called Monomakh hat . For the coronation of Ivan V and Peter I, a second similar hat was made - the “Monomakh hat of the second order”. Vladislav IV Vaza supposed to be crowned with a special dress - “the crown of Muscovites ”.
Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna and Elizabeth were married to the kingdom with European-style crowns. From Catherine II to Nicholas II, the same Great Imperial Crown made by jewelers Eckart and Pozier (with a group of apprentices) was used. Starting with the coronation of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna in 1797, special small crowns were used for the empress spouse.
See also
- Anointing to the kingdom
- Kingdom election
Notes
- ↑ Wedding on the kingdom // Encyclopedia " Around the World ."
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Assumption B. A. Tsar and Emperor: Anointing the kingdom and semantics of monarchal titles. - M .: Languages of Russian culture, 2000. - S. 27-31.
- ↑ In memory of the Holy Coronation of Their Imperial Majesties Nikolai Alexandrovich and Alexandra Feodorovna. With many illustrations by the best artists. - St. Petersburg: German Goppe, 1896. - Part I. - S. 28, 32.
Literature
- Aronova A. A. Coronation decorations as a political text: Catherine I - Catherine II // Actual problems of the theory and history of art : collection. scientific articles. Vol. 8. / Ed. S.V. Maltseva, E. Yu. Stanyukovich-Denisova, A.V. Zakharova. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 2018 .-- S. 185—201. - ISSN 2312-2129.
- Belozerskaya N. The royal wedding in Russia (Historical outline). // Russian thought. - 1883. - Book. 4. - S. 1-40; Prince 5. - S. 1-48.
- The wedding to the kingdom // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Archpriest Alexander Gorsky . On the priesthood of the wedding and anointing of kings to the kingdom (1856) . // Additions to the Creations of the Holy Fathers. - 1882. - Part 29. Book. 1. - S. 117-151.
- Dumin S.V. History of coronations. - M .: Slovo, 2013.
- Description of the coronation, anointing and communion of Empress Catherine II. // Russian Antiquity. - 1893. - T. 80. - No. 12. - S. 487—496.
- Slyunkova I.N. Design projects for coronation celebrations in Russia of the 19th century. - M .: Buksmart, 2013 .-- 438 p. - ISBN 978-5-906190-07-9 .
- Sokolov D., archpriest. The rite of anointing the Russian tsars at their marriage to the kingdom. - 1908.
- Ulyanov O. G. Wedding on the kingdom
- Ulyanov O. G. The wedding of the kingdom of St. Vladimir and the approval of the royal title of Ivan the Terrible in a letter from the Patriarch of Joasaph II of Constantinople // Historian and Society. Historical fact and political controversy. Sat Art. / holes ed. M.P. Aizenshtat. - M .: IVI RAS, 2011. - P. 80–97.
- Ulyanov O. G. Birth of the Russian Kingdom