Landscape Studies

• Structural and genetic
• Structural and functional
• Evolutionary dynamic
• Natural anthropogenic
• Ethnocultural
• Aesthetics and Design
• Landscape planning
• Physical and Mathematical Modeling

• Aerospace
• Paleogeographic
• Biogeochemical

Russia

The beginning of modern landscape science was laid by the works of German scientists of the mid-19th century - A. Humboldt and K. Ritter. Ritter first used the term “ landscape ” in geography and wrote the first study guide on geography . Alexander Humboldt revived the idea of ​​geographical zonality and defended the concept of the unity of nature , considered nature as a living organism.

In Russia, the foundations of science were laid by V. V. Dokuchaev , the author of the first in Russia monograph on landscape science - “Our steppes before and now” ( 1892 ). Dokuchaev paid great attention to the creation of a cultural landscape, wrote about the disintegrated state of geography and natural science, said that the natural relationship between bodies and phenomena was not studied.

One of the first Russian landscape scientists proper was A. N. Krasnov , a professor at Kharkov University. He is the author of the first in Russia manual on geography. Krasnov traveled around the world, studied equatorial and tropical landscapes.

L. S. Berg was engaged in complex studies of individual regions of Russia. He attached great importance to the concept of landscape and for the first time developed a system of landscape zoning (the work “The Experience of Separating Siberia and Turkestan into Landscape and Morphological Areas”).

GF Morozov was engaged in the study of forests as a landscape object.

B. B. Polynov - the founder of landscape geochemistry.

L. G. Ramensky was engaged in geobotany and landscape science, in particular, he studied the morphology of the landscape.

N. A. Solntsev - founder of the school of landscape science at the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University .

DL Armand - the founder of landscape geophysics.

V. B. Sochava is the founder of the Siberian Branch of the IG RAS in Irkutsk , whose main works are on the classification of landscapes and vegetation of tundra and taiga, geobotanic zoning and mapping of the plant cover of Siberia .

A. G. Isachenko - author of the monograph "Landscapes of the World", compiled a landscape map of the USSR .

F. N. Milkov - the founder of the theory of natural-anthropogenic landscapes.

V.S. Preobrazhensky - geographer and landscape scientist, a staff member of the IG RAS, preached a systematic approach to landscape science.

Belarus

Under the influence of the Leningrad and Moscow schools of landscape science in the 1970s and 80s, a distinctive school of landscape science developed in the BSSR, outstanding representatives of which are N.K. Klitsunova (methods of physical-geographical research, landscape profiling), I.I. Schastnaya (recreational landscapes ) and G. I. Martsinkevich (landscape zoning of the BSSR).

Germany

The German School of Landscape Studies deals mainly with landscape modeling and the study of natural and man-made landscapes.

A. Gettner is the author of regional landscape studies of Central Europe, works on the history and tasks of geography. The study of landscapes, in his opinion, was of great educational value.

E. Passarge made the first landscape map of South Africa .

K. Troll paid great attention to the relationship of landscape science and ecology, introduced the term "landscape ecology."

France

The French School of Landscape Studies is mainly engaged in the study of the geographic environment as a person’s dwelling, aesthetics of the landscape. E. Reclu - the founder of modern country studies. “Earth and people. General geography "(19 vols.)," Man and the Earth "(6 vols.).

US and UK

English-language landscape science is associated with the study of landscape ecology .

• The presence of structural elements of the landscape, interacting with each other. Each element can exist in the system because it receives information or energy from other elements. Hence the law of the necessary diversity.
• The integrity of the landscape system and its irreducibility to the simple sum of the constituent elements.
• The interaction of the landscape with the environment as a special independent unity, through direct and inverse links.
• The hierarchy of the structure of the landscape, consisting of subordinate elements and which is an element for a system of higher rank.

• Latitudinal zonality
• Azonality
• Landscape indication
• Landscape map

• Mamai I. I. Landscape Dynamics: A Methodology for Studying. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow. University, 1992. - 168 p. - ISBN 5-211-02371-4 .
• Milkov F.N. Landscaping Sphere of the Earth. - M .: Thought, 1970. - 208 p.
• Milkov FN Man and landscapes: essays on anthropogenic landscape science. - M .: Thought, 1973. - 224 p.
• Milkov F.N. Man-made landscapes. - M .: Thought, 1978. - 86 p.
• Kazakov L.K. Landscape science: a textbook for students of institutions of higher education prof. education. - M .: Izdat. center "Academy". 2011. - 336 p. - ISBN 978-5-7695-7991-2 .
• Isachenko A.G. Landscape science and physiographic zoning. - M .: Higher school, 1991.
• Kazakov L.K. Landscape science with the basics of landscape planning. Study Guide - 2nd Edition. - M .: Izd. center "Academy". 2008. - 338 s. - ISBN 978-5-7695-5612-8 .
• Kazakov L.K. Landscape science / natural and natural-man-made landscapes. - M .: Publishing house MNEPU, 2004.
• Perelman A.I. Geochemistry of landscapes. - Ed. 2nd, pererabot. and add. - M .: High School, 1975. - 344 p.
• Nikolaev V.A. Landscape science. - M .: Publishing House of the Geographer. Faculty of Moscow State University. 2006
• Kafanov, A.I., Kudryashov, V.A. Outstanding Biogeographers: A Bio-Bibliographic Reference. - M., 2007. - 308 p.