Stylistics

• Style
• The correlation of language expression methods
• Stylistic coloring of language units
• Style norm
• Style rules

• Theoretical Style
  • The style of language units (the style of resources)
  • Text style
  • Stylistics of varieties of language use (functional stylistics)
• Practical styling

Linguistic stylistics is a science of speech styles that studies the various expressive possibilities of a language - expressive, evaluative, functional (communicative, cognitive, emotional, historical).

The doctrine of the three "calm" M.V. Lomonosov

The first is composed of Slovenian-Russian utterances, that is, used in both dialects, and of Slovenian (Old Slavic), intelligible to the Russians, but very dilapidated. Heroic poems, odes , prosaic speeches about important matters should be compiled in this calm manner ...

The average calm should consist of speeches, mostly in Russian ones used ... To calmly write all theatrical compositions in which an ordinary human word is required for a live representation of the action. Friendly poems, satyrs , eclogues (idylls, pastorals - verses about the shepherd’s life) of this calm should be kept longer.

The low calm accepts speeches that are not in the Slovenian dialect ... What are the essence - comedies , amusing epigrams , songs ; in prose - friendly letters, a description of ordinary affairs. Common low words can have a place for consideration in them.

- M.V. Lomonosov. Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language, 1758

Modern Functional Speech Styles

Modern Russian language consists of 5 styles:

• Spoken style
• Science style
• Official business style
• Journalistic style
• Art style

Each of these styles has its own peculiarities that distinguish it from other styles, for example, standardization, inclusion of abbreviations, abbreviations in the text are typical for the official-business style, and for the scientific one it is saturated with terminology (15-25% of the text, “dry” language statements, etc.)

In the style of fiction, language means are used that have, along with the logical meaning, an expressive and emotional connotation.

Such means include, for example, trophies , in addition to which other constructions are used: appeals, introductory and plug-in constructions, direct speech , improperly direct speech, many one-part and incomplete sentences. Strong means of emphatic intonation are stylistic figures .

Poetry is almost impossible without stylistic figures that allow you to evaluate the increase and decrease in voice, the pace of speech, pause, in a word - all the shades of the sounding phrase.

A person who, while reading, ignores stylistic figures and is guided only by punctuation, deprives himself of all the subtleties of poetry and, therefore, does not understand the depth of the work.

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures (rhetorical figures) are special syntactic constructions that serve to enhance the figurative-expressive function of speech.

Stylistic figures were studied by such philologists as A. M. Veselovsky, B. V. Tomashevsky and others.

These syntactic constructions can be divided into 2 groups:

1. Constructive - figures that make syntactic structures more balanced.
2. Destructive ones are figures from which the reverse process takes place (“split” of structures).

Of the total mass of stylistic figures, 13 main are distinguished:

• Anaphora
• Epiphora
• Parallelism
• Antithesis
• Graduation
• Inversion
• Ellipsis
• Oxymoron
• Default
• A rhetorical question
• Rhetorical exclamation
• Multi-union
• Asyndeton

• A culture of speech
• Literary studies

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• Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language
• Stylistics in the online encyclopedia "Around the World"]
• Stylistics on Grammar.ru
• Educational dictionary of stylistic terms. Part 1
• Educational dictionary of stylistic terms. Part 2