The effect of the "ominous valley" ( English uncanny valley ) is a hypothesis according to which a robot or other object that looks or acts approximately like a person (but not exactly like a real one) causes hostility and disgust among human observers.
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Possible reasons
- 3 Manifestations
- 4 In fiction and memoirs
- 5 See also
- 6 notes
- 7 Literature
- 8 References
History
In 1978, Japanese scientist Masahiro Mori conducted a survey examining the emotional response of people to the appearance of robots. At first, the results were predictable: the more the robot looks like a person, the prettier it seems - but only to a certain limit [1] . The most humanoid robots unexpectedly turned out to be unpleasant to people due to small inconsistencies of reality, causing a feeling of discomfort and fear [1] . An unexpected decline in the graph of “sympathy” was called the “Evil Valley” [2] , while Masahiro Mori found that animation reinforces both positive and negative perceptions.
Possible Reasons
The reason for this psychological phenomenon has not yet been elucidated. Perhaps the problem is that the person is so arranged that on an unconscious level he analyzes the slightest deviations from "normality". Maybe the reason is that at a certain level of similarity between a robot and a person, a machine ceases to be perceived as a machine and begins to seem like an abnormal person or a animated corpse, cadaver. In addition, the cause of hostility may be the symmetry of the face of the robot, which is rarely observed in humans and looks a little frightening. Facial expression also plays an important role: the more frozen the face looks, the worse people treat it [3] ; the same applies to articulation of speech. In addition, the situation is aggravated by unnaturalness, “twitching” of movements, unnaturalness of speech (in particular, “wrong” pitch of voice, slow speed of pronunciation of words, emotionlessness), inaccurate synchronization of lip movements.
In addition to the concept of “ memento mori ” from Masahiro Mori, other explanations of the effect were proposed (which, however, do not exclude each other):
- The threat perception theory - was proposed by Mins Kahn in 2009 [4] . He wrote that the androids that are in the space between the categories of “robot” and “human” introduce us into a state of constant cognitive dissonance and are faced with the unknown: what exactly can we expect from such a creature, are we managing the situation? If there is no answer to these questions, then this causes fear. Similar ideas, based on the theory of cognitive dissonance, are developed in modern research.
- The theory of inability to empathy Katrina Misselhorn. The effect of rejection is based on the fact that we are not able to understand the feelings of such an object and this again leads to a feeling of obscurity. Similar ideas can be traced in the earlier history of psychology and explained through the self-concept: the way we perceive ourselves can give a serious crack if a humanoid creature does not respond to us as we expect.
- The “Theory of Psychopaths" by Angela Tinwell [3] is that we are afraid not so much of being incapable of empathy, but of the fact that android is incapable of empathy - in other words, we perceive such a creature as a psychopath.
Also, if we talk about neurosciences, the phenomenon is closely associated with the activity of mirror neurons that are excited in response to similar actions, and facial mimicry, that is, copying the expression of another person - receiving conflicting information negatively affects our emotional perception. Moreover, in one study, subjects were shown videos of people, robots, and androids, recording their performance in fMRI - in the first two cases, people's reactions were quite typical, but the brain literally broke out on androids, especially in the parietal regions and places of accumulation of mirror neurons. This is interpreted as the result of a dissonance between reality and expectation.
Manifestations
For a long time, the creators of films, literature, games and animations have been using the phenomenon of the “sinister valley” to evoke a feeling of fear [1] - just remember the Frankenstein monster , various cyborgs in human flesh, zombies , nurses from the Silent Hill computer games series and the movie of the same name , frightening the disproportion of the boy in the psychedelic picture of Bill Stoneham, The Hands Resist Him or Sadako from the movie “The Call ”.
Artificial characters that should be sympathetic should not be too similar to people, especially if they are animated - animators know this very well.
In fiction and memoirs
Fear arising from the contemplation of a "man" having small deviations from the norm, and the increase in impression due to his movement were noticed back in 1818 by the writer Mary Shelley in the novel Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus :
How to describe my feelings in this terrible sight, how to portray the unfortunate person I created with such incredible difficulty? Meanwhile, his members were proportionate, and I picked up beautiful features for him. Beautiful - Great God! The yellow skin was too tight on his muscles and veins; the hair was black, shiny and long, and the teeth were white as pearls; but the more terrible was their contrast with watery eyes, almost indistinguishable in color from the eye sockets, with dry skin and a narrow cut of a black mouth. <...> It was impossible to look at him without a shudder. No mummy brought back to life could be worse than this monster. I saw my creation unfinished; it was ugly even then; but when his joints and muscles began to move, something more terrible than all of Dante’s inventions came about.
- Mary Shelley. Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus
Observations about the mannequin Ivan Ivanovich were described in his book “With a man on board” by a test pilot, engineer-methodologist of the first cosmonaut squad and writer Mark Gallay :
In contrast to them, the mannequin, as an inanimate being (which, for example, was unable to overeat with something), it would seem, could not cause any discussion problems. It should not have ... However, it only seemed so. As it soon became clear, one of the eternal common problems of modeling - about the optimal measure of approximation of the model to nature - showed itself here.
In one of the rooms of the annex to the assembly and test building, there were “rescuers” —the representatives of the design bureau that created the ejection chair and the astronaut's spacesuit. A few days before the launch of the satellite ship — it was, if I’m not mistaken, just on the day of my first arrival at the cosmodrome — they presented to Korolev and several “persons accompanying him” all of their household equipment assembled: a chair and a safety belt attached to it belts clothed in a bright orange spacesuit mannequin.
The manufacturers of the mannequin tried to ensure that everything - at least everything accessible to the public - was “like a human being” in it. And therefore, they made him a completely humanlike face: with a mouth, nose, eyes, eyebrows, even eyelashes ... I could not resist the cue that, supposedly, having seen such a figure somewhere in the field or in the forest, I probably would have accepted it at the first moment for the dead man.
And indeed, there was something deadly unpleasant in the mannequin sitting in front of us. Probably, after all, it is impossible for a person to be too much like a person.
- Gallay M. L. With a man on board. - M .: Soviet writer , 1985. [5]
See also
- Bunraku
- Xenophobia
- Coulrophobia
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Michio Kaku . 10. Artificial Intelligence and Silicon Consciousness // The Future of the Mind = The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind / per. from English N. Lisova, scientific ed. C. Thoms. - M .: Alpina non-fiction , 2015 .-- S. 318-320. - 502 s. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-91671-369-5 .
- ↑ Masahiro Mori. The Uncanny Valley (Eng.) // IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine: Per. with yap. Karl F. MacDorman and Norri Kageki. - 2012. - Vol. 19, No. 2 . - P. 98-100. - DOI : 10.1109 / MRA.2012.2192811 . Archived January 4, 2018. (first edition of the Japanese article by Mori M. The Uncanny Valley // Energy, 1970. Vol. 7. No. 4. pp. 33–35)
- ↑ 1 2 Tinwell A., Grimshaw M., Abdel Nabi D., Williams A. Facial expression of emotion and perception of the Uncanny Valley in virtual characters (Eng.) // Computers in Human Behavior . - 2011.
- ↑ Minsoo Kang. The Ambivalent Power of the Robot // Antennae. - 2009. - No. 9 .
- ↑ Gallay M. L. With a man on board . - M .: Soviet writer , 1985.
Literature
- Bartneck, C., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., & Hagita, N. (2007). Is the Uncanny Valley an Uncanny Cliff? Proceedings of the 16th IEEE, RO-MAN 2007, Jeju, Korea, pp. 368-373. DOI : 10.1109 / ROMAN.2007.4415111 html
- Burleigh, TJ & Schoenherr (2015). A reappraisal of the uncanny valley: categorical perception or frequency-based sensitization? Frontiers in Psychology , 5: 1488 DOI : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2014.01488 .
- Burleigh, TJ, Schoenherr, JR, & Lacroix, GL (2013). Does the uncanny valley exist? An empirical test of the relationship between eeriness and the human likeness of digitally created faces. Computers in Human Behavior 29 (3), 759-771 DOI : 10.1016 / j.chb.2012.11.11.021 .
- Chaminade, T., Hodgins, J. & Kawato, M. (2007). Anthropomorphism influences perception of computer-animated characters' actions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2 (3), 206-216.
- Chattopadhyay, D., & MacDorman, KF (2016). Familiar faces rendered strange: Why inconsistent realism drives characters into the uncanny valley. Journal of Vision, 16 (11): 7, 1-25. doi: 10.1167 / 16.11.7
- Cheetham, M., Suter, P., & Jancke, L. (2011). The human likeness dimension of the "uncanny valley hypothesis": behavioral and functional MRI findings . Front Hum Neurosci 5, 126.
- Ferrey, A., Burleigh, TJ, & Fenske, M. (2015). Stimulus-category competition, inhibition and affective devaluation: A novel account of the Uncanny Valley. Frontiers in Psychology , 6: 249 DOI : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.00249 .
- Goetz, J., Kiesler, S., & Powers, A. (2003). Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation. Proceedings of the Twelfth IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. Lisbon, Portugal.
- Green, RD, MacDorman, KF, Ho, C.-C., & Vasudevan, SK (2008). Sensitivity to the proportions of faces that vary in human likeness . Computers in Human Behavior 24 (5), 2456-2474. doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2008.02.01.019
- Ho, C.-C., & MacDorman, KF (2010). Revisiting the uncanny valley theory: Developing and validating an alternative to the Godspeed indices. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (6), 1508-1518 DOI : 10.1016 / j.chb.2010.05.01.015
- Ho, C.-C., & MacDorman, KF (2016). Measuring the uncanny valley effect: Refinements to indices for perceived humanness, attractiveness, and eeriness. International Journal of Social Robotics, 8 (5). DOI : 10.1007 / s12369-016-0380-9
- Ho, C.-C., MacDorman, KF, & Pramono, ZAD (2008). Human emotion and the uncanny valley: A GLM, MDS, and ISOMAP analysis of robot video ratings. Proceedings of the Third ACM / IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. March 11-14. Amsterdam. DOI : 10.1145 / 1349822.1349845
- Ishiguro, H. (2005). Android science: Toward a new cross-disciplinary framework . CogSci-2005 Workshop: Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science, 2005, pp. 1-6.
- Kageki, N. (2012). An uncanny mind (An interview with M. Mori). IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine , 19 (2), 112-108. doi: 10.1109 / MRA.2012.2192819
- Kätsyri, J. & Förger, K. & Mäkäräinen, M. & Takala, T. 2015. A review of empirical evidence on different uncanny valley hypotheses: support for perceptual mismatch as one road to the valley of eeriness . Frontiers in Psychology.
- MacDorman, KF (2005). Androids as an experimental apparatus: Why is there an uncanny valley and can we exploit it? CogSci-2005 Workshop: Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science , 106-118. (An English translation of Mori's “The Uncanny Valley” made by Karl MacDorman and Takashi Minato appears in Appendix B of the paper.)
- MacDorman, KF (2006). Subjective ratings of robot video clips for human likeness, familiarity, and eeriness: An exploration of the uncanny valley. ICCS / CogSci-2006 Long Symposium: Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science. July 26, 2006. Vancouver, Canada.
- MacDorman, KF & Entezari, SO (2015). Individual differences predict sensitivity to the uncanny valley. Interaction Studies , 16 (2), 141-172. doi: 10.1075 / is.16.2.01mac
- MacDorman, KF & Chattopadhyay, D. (2016). Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not. Cognition , 146, 190-205. doi: 10.1016 / j.cognition.2015.09.09.019
- MacDorman, KF & Ishiguro, H. (2006). The uncanny advantage of using androids in cognitive science research. Interaction Studies , 7 (3), 297–337. DOI : 10.1075 / is.7.3.03mac
- MacDorman, KF, & Ishiguro, H. (2006). Opening Pandora's uncanny box: Reply to commentaries on "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research." Interaction Studies, 7 (3), 361-368. DOI : 10.1075 / is.7.3.10mac
- MacDorman, KF, Vasudevan, SK, & Ho, C.-C. (2009). Does Japan really have robot mania? Comparing attitudes by implicit and explicit measures. AI & Society , 23 (4), 485-510.
- MacDorman, KF, Green, RD, Ho, C.-C., & Koch, C. (2009). Too real for comfort: Uncanny responses to computer generated faces. Computers in Human Behavior , 25, 695-710. DOI : 10.1016 / j.chb.2008.12.0.026
- Misselhorn, C. (2009). Empathy with inanimate objects and the uncanny valley. Minds and Machines , 19 (3), 345–359.
- Mitchell, WJ, Szerszen, Sr., KA, Lu, AS, Schermerhorn, PW, Scheutz, M., & MacDorman, KF (2011). A mismatch in the human realism of face and voice produces an uncanny valley . i-Perception , 2 (1), 10-12.
- Moore, RK (2012). A Bayesian explanation of the 'Uncanny Valley' effect and related psychological phenomena . Nature Scientific Reports , 2, doi: 10.1038 / srep00864.
- Mori, M. (1970/2012). The uncanny valley ( KF MacDorman & N. Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19 (2), 98-100. DOI : 10.1109 / MRA.2012.2192811
- Mori, M. (2005). On the Uncanny Valley . Proceedings of the Humanoids-2005 workshop: Views of the Uncanny Valley . December 5, 2005, Tsukuba, Japan.
- Patel, H., & MacDorman, KF (2015). Sending an avatar to do a human's job: Compliance with authority persists despite the uncanny valley. Presence, 24 (1), 1-23. DOI : 10.1162 / PRES_a_00212
- Pollick, FE (forthcoming). In search of the uncanny valley. In Grammer, K. & Juette, A. (Eds.), Analog communication: Evolution, brain mechanisms, dynamics, simulation. The Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology. Cambridge, Mass .: The MIT Press.
- Ramey, CH (2005). The uncanny valley of similarities concerning abortion, baldness, heaps of sand, and humanlike robots. In Proceedings of the Views of the Uncanny Valley Workshop, IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.
- Saygin, AP, Chaminade, T., Ishiguro, H., Driver, J. & Frith, C. (2011) The thing that should not be: Predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 6 (4).
- Saygin, AP, Chaminade, T., Ishiguro, H. (2010) The Perception of Humans and Robots: Uncanny Hills in Parietal Cortex. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2716-2720). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
- Schoenherr, JR & Burleigh, TJ (2014). Uncanny sociocultural categories . Frontiers in Psychology, 5: 1456, DOI : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2014.01456 .
- Seyama, J., & Nagayama, RS (2007). The uncanny valley: Effect of realism on the impression of artificial human faces. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 16 (4), 337–351.
- Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., Abdel Nabi, D., & Williams, A. (2011) Facial expression of emotion and perception of the Uncanny Valley in virtual characters. Computers in Human Behavior, 27 (2), pp. 741-749.
- Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., & Williams, A. (2010) Uncanny Behavior in Survival Horror Games. Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, 2 (1), pp. 3-25.
- Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., & Williams, A. (2011) The Uncanny Wall. International Journal of Arts and Technology, 4 (3), pp. 326-341.
- Vinayagamoorthy, V. Steed, A. & Slater, M. (2005). Building Characters: Lessons Drawn from Virtual Environments. Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science: A CogSci 2005 Workshop. July 25-26, Stresa, Italy, pp. 119-126.
- Yamada, Y., Kawabe, T., & Ihaya, K. (2013). Categorization difficulty is associated with negative evaluation in the "uncanny valley" phenomenon . Japanese Psychological Research, 55 (1), 20-32.
- Burleigh, TJ & Schoenherr (2015). A reappraisal of the uncanny valley: categorical perception or frequency-based sensitization? Frontiers in Psychology , 5: 1488 DOI : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2014.01488 .
Links
- Bryant D. The Uncanny Valley. Why are monster-movie zombies so horrifying and talking animals so fascinating . - 2005.
- MacPherson Kitta. Like humans, monkeys fall into the 'uncanny valley' . Princeton University (Oct 13, 2009). - Press release, Princeton University. Date of treatment November 5, 2009. Archived March 12, 2012.
- Steckenfinger Shawn A., Ghazanfar Asif A. Monkey visual behavior falls into the uncanny valley (English) (HTML + PDF). PNAS (Oct 12, 2009). Date of treatment November 5, 2009. Archived March 12, 2012.
- Manaenkov Alexander. The effect of the "sinister valley" . N + 1 (Nov 7, 2016). Date of treatment November 5, 2016.