Diaoha

Diaoha

Diaoha ( Diaheni ; Assyrian. Daiaeni, urart. Diauehi ) is an ancient region and tribal state formation in the south-west of Transcaucasia , bordering the southern borders of Colchis and the north-western borders of Urartu . Mainly covers the Chorokh river basin. Its capitals were the cities of Shashilu and Zuani .

Content

Title

The name Diaoch is first mentioned in Middle Eastern sources in the XII - VIII centuries BC. e. In the Assyrian inscriptions, it is referred to as Dayaeni (Diani).

The ancient Greeks called the population of the region “taokhs”, and the historical region - “The country of taokhs”, Tao ^[1] ( Taik ).

Ethnography

Despite numerous scientific studies, the question of the population of Diaohi remains open ^[2] .

According to one unproven version, the population of this region belonged to the Proto-Kartvelian ( ancient Georgian ) tribes ^[3] ^[1] ^[4] ^[5] .

According to another more probable version (such authorities as I. M. Dyakonov and G. A. Melikishvili leaned toward it), this region was inhabited by Hurrians (presumably the Taokhi were of Hurrian origin) ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] ^{[ 10]} .

So B. A. Harutyunyan , analyzing the ethnic origin of the Chorokh river basin in the 1st millennium BC. e., made a dubious conclusion that in the VII-VI centuries BC. e. this region “ ... was inhabited by Scythian tribes , subjugating the local Armenian population, and Georgian tribes in the area of the mouth of the Chorokh River. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. they basically found themselves in the whirlpool of the formation of the Armenian people and were armenized . ” ^[6] In general, he is inclined to the version about the mixed composition of the population of this territory ^[6] .

History

The first mention dates back to 1112 BC. e., when the Assyrian king Tiglathpalasar I ( 1115 - 1076 BC. E. ) made a campaign to the north, to the Black Sea: “I captured all the kings alive. I spared them all, saved my life, but left their sons hostage. I overlaid them with a tribute of 1,200 horses and 2,000 cattle and sent them to my countries. Seni - the king of the country Dayaeni, who did not obey the Assyrian deity, I connected the bound Ashur to my city and spared him there. When he submitted to the great deities, I let him go. ”

In 845 BC e. The Assyrians again came to the territory of Diaoha, and King Salmanasar III (858 - 824 BC) conquered it. In his annals is written: “ In the 15th year of my reign, I went to the country of Nairi. At the source of the Tiger, I carved an image of my regality on the cliffs of the mountains where water flows, recorded on it the victory of my power and the path of my courage. I went through the Tunibuni pass, the settlement of Aramu Urartu to the source of the Euphrates, I destroyed, demolished, burned with fire. I went to the source of the Euphrates, made sacrifices to my gods, Ashur’s weapons were washed in him. Asia king Diana, ⁶⁾ hugged my legs. I received a tribute and tribute from him, made an image of my regality and set it in his city . ”

Soon, Diaoha became the object of expansion of the kings of Urartu Menua (c. 810 - 786 BC ) and Argishti I ( 786 - 764 BC ). They defeated King Utupursa several times, who paid a rich tribute to the Urartians, including livestock, gold, silver and copper. Diaoha pledged to supply Urartu annually with more than five tons of copper, as well as gold and livestock. Then, during a military campaign , the southern regions of Diaohi were annexed to Urartu. In the VIII century BC. e. , after the defeat caused by the Urartians , the northern lands of Diaohi, presumably, became part of Colchis (Kulhu) ^[8] . From the 760s BC e. the inscriptions of the Urartian kings of Diaoh are no longer mentioned, thus, Urartu and Kolkh became neighbors ^[3] .

Kings of Diaoha

Seni, king of the country of Dayaeni (up. 1112 BC), is subordinate to Tiglathpalasar I.

Asia king of Diana (up. 845 BC) is subordinate to Salmanasar III .

Utupurshi, king, subordinate to Menua and Argishti I.

Notes

↑ ¹ ² Georgia // Encyclopædia Britannica

Among these were the Diauhi (Diaeni) nation, ancestors of the Taokhoi, who later domiciled in the southwestern Georgian province of Tao, and the Kulkha, forerunners of the Colchians, who held sway over large territories at the eastern end of the Black Sea.

↑ I. M. Dyakonov. Chapter II The History of the Armenian Highlands in the Bronze and Early Iron Age // Background to the Armenian People: History of Arm. highlands from 1500 to 500 BC e. Hurrites, Luvians, Proto-Armenians. - Er. : AN Arm. SSR, 1968. - S. 120. - 264 p.
Original text (Russian)
"The ethnicity of Dayaeni is not entirely clear ..."

↑ ¹ ² Vachnadze M., Guruli V., Bakhtadze M.A. History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University, 1993. - 172 p.

... Kings Urartu Menua and Argishti I in the 9th – 8th centuries BC several times struck the state of Diaoha. The Diaochian king Utupursi constantly revolted: from the 60s of the VIII century BC, the inscriptions of the Urartian kings of Diaoha are no longer mentioned. Urartian kings also fought with other Georgian tribes ...

↑ B.A. Harutyunyan. On the ethnicity of the population of the Chorokh river basin in the 7th – 4th centuries BC e. (unspecified) . Historical and Philological Journal No. 1-2. pp. 233-246. ISSN 0135-0536 (1998). Date of treatment September 4, 2012. Archived October 19, 2012.
Original text (Russian)
233. “According to the majority of specialists, the tribes occupying this territory in the above period belonged, perhaps, to the western branch of the Georgian tribes. If we do not even consider Georgian scholars who put forward or fully support such a formulation of the problem, the above point of view is not alien, although with a certain degree of speculation, to Armenologists. For example, G. Tiranyan believed that the tribes of the Suspirs or Esperites, the Thasians and the Chaldeans (Chaldeans) or the Halibs were probably of Kartvelian or Georgian origin, and the Taokhi were of Hurrian origin. ”

↑ DIAOKHI: GEORGIAN PRE-HISTORY Text: Givi Koberidze. Maps: Andrew Andersen, George Partskhaladze - Putzgers, FW, Historische Schul-Atlas, Leipzig / 1929

Several modern scholars believe Diauehi may have emerged as a tribal union of possible proto-Georgians in the post-Hittite period, in about the 12th century BC. This federation was powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC its king Sien was defeated and taken prisoner by Tiglath-Pileser I.

↑ ¹ ² ³ B.A. Harutyunyan . On the ethnicity of the population of the Chorokh river basin in the 7th – 4th centuries BC e. (unspecified) . Historical and Philological Journal No. 1-2. S. 233-246. ISSN 0135-0536 (1998). Date of treatment September 4, 2012. Archived October 19, 2012.
Original text (Russian)
233. “... For example, G. Tiranyan believed that the tribes of the Suspirs or Esperites, Fascians and Chaldeans (Chaldeans) or the Halibs were probably of Kartvelian or Georgian origin, and the Taokhi were of Hurrian origin.”
246. “Summing up the above, we come to the conclusion that the Chorokh basin in the 7th-7th centuries BC It was inhabited by Scythian tribes , subjugating the local Armenian population, and Georgian tribes in the area of the mouth of the Chorokh River. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC they basically found themselves in the whirlpool of the formation of the Armenian people and were armenized. ”
↑ M.A. Aglarov. Dagestan in the era of the great migration of peoples: ethnogenetic studies. - Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - S. 191. - 35 p.
Original text (Russian)
31. "Among experts, there is an opinion that the Tauohi diahu were a Hurrian tribe."
↑ ¹ ² M.S. Kapitsa; L. B. Alaev; K.Z. Ashrafyan. Chapter XXIX. Transcaucasia and neighboring countries during the Hellenistic period // History of the East: East in antiquity. - M: "Oriental literature", 1997. - T. 1. - S. 530.
Original text (Russian)
“The Western Proto-Georgian Colchis Association has existed independently for a long time; already in the VIII century. BC it supposedly inherited the northern lands of the taokhs destroyed by the Urarts of the Hurrian state, located in the valley of the river. Choroch. "
↑ A.V. Sedov. History of the ancient East. - M: Oriental literature, 2004 .-- S. 872. - 894 p. - ISBN 5020183881 , 9785020183889.
↑ I. M. Dyakonov. Chapter II The History of the Armenian Highlands in the Bronze and Early Iron Age // Background to the Armenian People: History of Arm. highlands from 1500 to 500 BC e. Hurrites, Luvians, Proto-Armenians. - Er. : AN Arm. SSR, 1968. - S. 120. - 264 p.
Original text (Russian)
“The ethnicity of Dayaeni is not entirely clear; G. A. Melikishvili considers them a Hurrian tribe, and this is very likely. But Dayaeni lasted until the VIII century. BC, and consequently, the Georgian-speaking Chaldean Khalibs, witnessed to the west, probably already from the 9th century, should have passed here, most likely, before its formation, - most likely, at the beginning of the 12th century. BC..."

Sources

Harutyunyan N.V. Corps of Urartian wedge-shaped inscriptions. - Yerevan: Gitutiun, 2001 .-- S. 77 - 79.
Dyakonov I. M. Assyro-Babylonian sources on the history of Urartu: [Ch. I - III] // Vestn. tree stories. - 1951. - No. 2. - S. 257 - 356.
Melikishvili G. A. Urartian wedge-shaped inscriptions. - M .: Publishing house of Acad. USSR Sciences, 1960. - Dayani (Diauehi): S. 157 - 159, 270 (decree).

Literature

Dyakonov I.M. Assyro-Babylonian sources on the history of Urartu // Bulletin of Ancient History. - 1951. - No. 2.
Harutyunyan N.V. Biainili-Urartu: Military-political. history and questions place names. - 2nd ed. - SPb .: Publishing house of St. Petersburg. Univ., 2006. - Dayaeni (Diauehi): S. 349 - 350 (decree).
Harutyunyan N.V. Agriculture and Cattle Breeding Urartu. - Yerevan: Acad. Armenian Sciences. SSR, 1964. - Dayaeni (Diauhi): S. 216 - 217 (decree).
Harutyunyan N.V. Toponymy of Urartu. - Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the ArmSSR, 1985.
Gogotidze S. D. Localization of the “countries” of Daiaen-Diaokh // Amirani. Vestn. Int. Caucasian scientist. scientific. societies. in-that. - Montreal; Tbilisi, 2002. - [T.] VI.
Dyakonov I. M. Background of the Armenian people: History of Armenians. highlands from 1500 to 500 BC e.: Hurrites, Luvians, proto-Armenians. - Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the ArmSSSR, 1968.
History of the Ancient East. - [Book III:] From the wounds. state formations before the tree. empires. - M.: East. lit., 2004. - Dayaene (Diauhe): S. 852 (decree), Taohi: S. 872 (decree).
Kandelaki D. A. Campaign of Tiglatpalasar I to the “Upper Sea” // Third International Inalipov Readings, (Sukhum, October 4-6, 2016). - Sukhum, 2017 .-- S. 204 - 218: maps.
Melikishvili G.A. Diaukhi // Tomsk State University Journal. tree stories. - 1950. - No. 4. - S. 26 - 42.
Melikishvili G. A. Kulha: (From the ancient history of South Transcaucasia) // Ancient World: Sat. Art. [In memory of V.V. Struve]. - M., 1962. - S. 319 - 326. - Diauhi: S. 320 - 322.
Piotrovsky B. B. Van Kingdom: (Urartu). - M.: East. lit., 1959. - Diauehi: S. 424 - 425 (decree).
Ebeling [E.] Daia (e) ne / [Erich] Ebeling // Reallexikon der Assyriologie [und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie]. - Bd. 2: Ber - Ezur und Nachträge. - Berlin; Leipzig, 1938 .-- S. 101.
Georgia (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved February 14, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service
Kavtaradze GL An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources // Sprache und Kultur. No. 3 (Staatliche I. Tschawtschawadse Universitaet Tbilisi für Sprache und Kultur Institut zur Erforschung des westlichen Denkens). - Tbilisi, 2002.
Sagona, Antonio, Sagona, Claudia. Archaeology At The North-east Anatolian Frontier, I: An Historical Geography And A Field Survey of the Bayburt Province (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) (Hardcover), Peeters (January 30, 2005), ISBN 90-429-1390-8
Suny, R. G. The making of the Georgian nation / R. G. Suny. - 2 ^nd ed. - [Bloomington, IN]: Indiana University Press, 1994. - P. 45. - 418 p. - ISBN 0-253-20915-3 .

[Britannica-1] ¹ ² Georgia // Encyclopædia Britannica
Among these were the Diauhi (Diaeni) nation, ancestors of the Taokhoi, who later domiciled in the southwestern Georgian province of Tao, and the Kulkha, forerunners of the Colchians, who held sway over large territories at the eastern end of the Black Sea.

[2] I. M. Dyakonov. Chapter II The History of the Armenian Highlands in the Bronze and Early Iron Age // Background to the Armenian People: History of Arm. highlands from 1500 to 500 BC e. Hurrites, Luvians, Proto-Armenians. - Er. : AN Arm. SSR, 1968. - S. 120. - 264 p.
Original text (Russian)
"The ethnicity of Dayaeni is not entirely clear ..."

[История_Грузии-3] ¹ ² Vachnadze M., Guruli V., Bakhtadze M.A. History of Georgia (from ancient times to the present day) Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University, 1993. - 172 p.
... Kings Urartu Menua and Argishti I in the 9th – 8th centuries BC several times struck the state of Diaoha. The Diaochian king Utupursi constantly revolted: from the 60s of the VIII century BC, the inscriptions of the Urartian kings of Diaoha are no longer mentioned. Urartian kings also fought with other Georgian tribes ...

[Племена-4] B.A. Harutyunyan. On the ethnicity of the population of the Chorokh river basin in the 7th – 4th centuries BC e. (unspecified) . Historical and Philological Journal No. 1-2. pp. 233-246. ISSN 0135-0536 (1998). Date of treatment September 4, 2012. Archived October 19, 2012.
Original text (Russian)
233. “According to the majority of specialists, the tribes occupying this territory in the above period belonged, perhaps, to the western branch of the Georgian tribes. If we do not even consider Georgian scholars who put forward or fully support such a formulation of the problem, the above point of view is not alien, although with a certain degree of speculation, to Armenologists. For example, G. Tiranyan believed that the tribes of the Suspirs or Esperites, the Thasians and the Chaldeans (Chaldeans) or the Halibs were probably of Kartvelian or Georgian origin, and the Taokhi were of Hurrian origin. ”

[5] DIAOKHI: GEORGIAN PRE-HISTORY Text: Givi Koberidze. Maps: Andrew Andersen, George Partskhaladze - Putzgers, FW, Historische Schul-Atlas, Leipzig / 1929
Several modern scholars believe Diauehi may have emerged as a tribal union of possible proto-Georgians in the post-Hittite period, in about the 12th century BC. This federation was powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC its king Sien was defeated and taken prisoner by Tiglath-Pileser I.

[Чорох-6] ¹ ² ³ B.A. Harutyunyan . On the ethnicity of the population of the Chorokh river basin in the 7th – 4th centuries BC e. (unspecified) . Historical and Philological Journal No. 1-2. S. 233-246. ISSN 0135-0536 (1998). Date of treatment September 4, 2012. Archived October 19, 2012.
Original text (Russian)
233. “... For example, G. Tiranyan believed that the tribes of the Suspirs or Esperites, Fascians and Chaldeans (Chaldeans) or the Halibs were probably of Kartvelian or Georgian origin, and the Taokhi were of Hurrian origin.”
246. “Summing up the above, we come to the conclusion that the Chorokh basin in the 7th-7th centuries BC It was inhabited by Scythian tribes , subjugating the local Armenian population, and Georgian tribes in the area of the mouth of the Chorokh River. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC they basically found themselves in the whirlpool of the formation of the Armenian people and were armenized. ”

[7] M.A. Aglarov. Dagestan in the era of the great migration of peoples: ethnogenetic studies. - Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - S. 191. - 35 p.
Original text (Russian)
31. "Among experts, there is an opinion that the Tauohi diahu were a Hurrian tribe."

[История_востока-8] ¹ ² M.S. Kapitsa; L. B. Alaev; K.Z. Ashrafyan. Chapter XXIX. Transcaucasia and neighboring countries during the Hellenistic period // History of the East: East in antiquity. - M: "Oriental literature", 1997. - T. 1. - S. 530.
Original text (Russian)
“The Western Proto-Georgian Colchis Association has existed independently for a long time; already in the VIII century. BC it supposedly inherited the northern lands of the taokhs destroyed by the Urarts of the Hurrian state, located in the valley of the river. Choroch. "

[9] A.V. Sedov. History of the ancient East. - M: Oriental literature, 2004 .-- S. 872. - 894 p. - ISBN 5020183881 , 9785020183889.

[10] I. M. Dyakonov. Chapter II The History of the Armenian Highlands in the Bronze and Early Iron Age // Background to the Armenian People: History of Arm. highlands from 1500 to 500 BC e. Hurrites, Luvians, Proto-Armenians. - Er. : AN Arm. SSR, 1968. - S. 120. - 264 p.
Original text (Russian)
“The ethnicity of Dayaeni is not entirely clear; G. A. Melikishvili considers them a Hurrian tribe, and this is very likely. But Dayaeni lasted until the VIII century. BC, and consequently, the Georgian-speaking Chaldean Khalibs, witnessed to the west, probably already from the 9th century, should have passed here, most likely, before its formation, - most likely, at the beginning of the 12th century. BC..."

Diaoha

Content

Title

Ethnography

History

Kings of Diaoha

Notes

Sources

Literature

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