Hayasa

BC Thudhalius III (1500–1340 BC)

Before the reign of Tudhalius III, information about Hayas obtained from the Hittite sources is very scarce. It is known that in the XIV century BC. e. the Haystans invaded the Hittite territories and burned their new capital - Sapinuva, after which they made the city of Samuha their border. From the cuneiform tablets, the names of several Khayas kings are known - Mariya , Karanni , Hukkana , Anania . Names of Indo-European origin. There are also horse breeding Indo-European terms.

In 1405 BC, during the reign of King Marias , the Hittites attacked Hayasa and robbed her of the Tsopk province, the war continued under Mariya Karanni’s successor. OK. 1397 BC e. the Hittites defeated Karani at the Battle of Kathalaia (in Cappadocia). Building on their success, the Hittites again attacked Tsopk, but were repelled. In the same year, a battle took place near the fortress of Ani (Kamakh), as a result of which the Hittite forces were forced to retreat. The war lasted until 1380 BC. e. The army of Caranni several times attacked the territory of the Hittite kingdom and devastated it. In 1380 BC e. Caranni even managed to capture the capital of Hattus and burn it. Around 1375 BC e. the Hittites tried to land on the Black Sea coast of Hayasa, but in the battle that followed, they suffered serious damage and were discarded. In the year 1350 BC e. The Hittite kingdom was captured by Tsopk (Tsupani), but in 1349 BC e. Hukanna managed to recapture this province. In the year 1345 BC e. the Hittites again occupied Tsopk, as a result of the Principality of Togarma and Melid, they passed to the Hittites, and Hukanna had to accept the supremacy of the Hittite kingdom . However, this did not prevent him from attacking Cappadocia in the same year and thereby forcing the Hittites to retreat from the territory of Mitanni .

Thudhalia III and Suppillium I (1340–1320 BC)

After assuming the throne, Tudhalius III sent his commander and successor (who later became king of the Hittite state) to Suppilium to conquer the Hayastians, who harbor the fugitives from Hittite territory, and return the city of Samukh. He entered into a peace treaty with the ruler of Hayasa Hukkanoy Suppillium. According to this agreement, Hukkana took the oath of allegiance to Supppillium, pledged to provide him with military assistance and to observe the Hittite state secrets that had become known to him, and, in addition, to extradite those who had fled from the Hittite kingdom to Hayasu. Suppilulium gave his sister for Hukkan, but at the same time made a curious reservation forbidding King Hayasa from claiming other women of the Hittite royal house, which shows that there are remnants of a very ancient marriage relationship in Hayas - the right to cohabit with his wife’s sisters and cousins .

In 1324 BC e. the Hittites seized the fortress of Dukkum and the city of Erznka, but as a result of fierce resistance, Anniyas again had to go to peace.

Mursili II (1320–1290 BC)

In 1324, 1321, 1320, 1319, the Hittites made a number of campaigns in the territory of Hayasa, but did not achieve serious success. In the same year 1319 BC e. The Hittite kingdom tried to capture the fortress of Ur, but was repelled. In revenge, the Ananian army captured Arrina and Ankuwa and, devastating the surroundings, retreated. Anania attacked the Hittites in the same way in 1318 BC. e., basically already by the forces of the princedom of Kaska. In 1317, another Hittite attack followed, but under the same fortress of Ur, the Hittites suffered a serious defeat. The following year, the Hittites were defeated already near Canuvara.

Hayasa-Azzi was not mentioned in the Hittite sources for some time, until the reign of Mursili II . During the Hittite Helmet War, the Hayastians again began to shelter the fugitives from Hittite territory, and the leader, Azzi Annia , son of Maria, attacked one of the Hittite regions and stole cattle and prisoners from there. At the request of Mursili, Annia refused to return them, as a result of which the Hittites started a war and besieged the impregnable hellish fortress of Ur. However, the main actions against Azzi-Hayasa unfolded in subsequent years, since Mursili had before him more important opponents in the person of the Assyrians, who continued to build up military power.

In the tenth year of his reign, Mursili, at the head of the main forces, opposed the Hayastians. They took refuge in mountain fortresses, hoping to attack the passing Hittite troops at night. However, Mursili, leaving most of the mountain fortresses in the rear, apparently crossed the Pontic Mountains , went to the city of Aripse on the Black Sea and took it, and from there moved to Tukkama - apparently the center of Azzi. The inhabitants of Tukkama surrendered to the mercy of the winner, and Mursili enrolled 3 thousand Aztsians in his army as chariots. Negotiations this time were not with the king, but with the advice of the elders of Azzi. The country was included in the Hittite kingdom, but later the Hittites failed to keep it.

In the first half of the 20th century, some researchers suggested that in the word “Hayas” the root is “haya” (haya), which corresponds to the Armenian self-name - “hay” (hay), and the word “(a) sa” ((a) sa) is a Hittite suffix that means "country." This theory was one of the first to be introduced into the circulation by E. Forrer ^[5] and developed by the German researcher Paul Kretschmer ^[6] . Kretschmer devoted much time to studying the issue of the country of Hayas. In a work published by the Vienna Academy of Sciences in 1933, Kretschmer's “National Name of the Armenians Haik” ( German: Der nationale Name der Armenier Haik ), he concludes that “the name Hayas used in the Bogazki inscriptions means“ Armenia ” ^[7] . As an example, such Asian words as “Turhunt” and “Datta” were presented, which, using the suffix “(a) sa” ((a) sa), acquired the meaning of the toponyms (countries) “Turhuntasa” and “Dattasa.” Later in Armenia this point of view was supported by Nikolay Adonts , Grigory Kapantsyan and other historians.8 Gevorg Dzhaukyan , developing this scheme, as As evidence, he also proposed the words “Harsankila”, “Parminaija”, “Hiwaswanta” and so on, which, receiving the meanings of toponyms, respectively took the form “Harsanasa”, “Parminasa”, “Hiwasasa” ^[9] . On this occasion, he wrote: “The main language of Hayas was Armenian and ... the Armenian element had a dominant role in the Haya state.” ^[10] Rafael Ishkhanyan believes that in the dialect of the Armenians of Van and some other regions of Armenia (for example, the Armenians from the western shore of Lake Sevan) Hitt. Ḫ is replaced precisely by the hornbeam Խ- , which means the possibility of transforming the Hittites. Ḫajasa in the grabar Հայք (hay-kʿ) ^[11] .

The point of view regarding the origin of the antonym hay and the identity of Hayas and Armenia was supported by Vyacheslav Ivanov , ^[12] . Nevertheless, Ivanov believed that for any reasoning about Hayas as an Armenian ancestral home, there is insufficient data ^{[13] [14]} .

According to historian Armen Ayvazyan , the denial of the Armenian-Hayas relationship is politically motivated and aims to deprive the Armenians of their autochthonous right in the Armenian Highlands ^[15] . However, as the press sympathetic to Ayvazyan notes, a minority of historians share his views in Armenia ^[16] . There is an opposite opinion that the version of Hayas as the ancestral home of the Armenian people is politically motivated in order to further confirm the autochthony of the Armenian ethnic group in the Armenian Highlands ^[17] . Dyakonov suggested that the self-name of the Armenian grabar граայք (hay-kʿ) probably comes from the Urartian name Melitena , urartsk. Ḫāti ^{[18] [19]} . In this regard, Vyacheslav Ivanov notes the complete fallacy of all the constructions of I. M. Dyakonov regarding the origin of the ethnonym hay and other issues of ethnogenesis of Armenians and supports the correct conclusions of G. A. Kapantsyan . ^[twenty]

• Armanum
• Hittite Kingdom
• Ethnogenesis of Armenians

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• AE Redgate. The Armenians . - Oxford: Blackwell, 1998 .-- 332 p. - ISBN 0-631-14372-6 .
• Shnirelman V. A. War of memory: myths, identity and politics in the Transcaucasus / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academic book, 2003 .-- 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
• Kapantsyan G.A. Hayas is the cradle of Armenians. Ethnogenesis of Armenians and their initial history / A.S. Garibyan. - Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1947. - 3000 copies.
• Vahan M. Kurkjian, History of Armenia .
• Gamkrelidze T.V. , Ivanov Vyach. Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans. Reconstruction and historical-typological analysis of parent language and protoculture . - Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, 1984. - 1328 p.
• History of Armenia