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Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic ( azerb. Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası ) is an exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan , which, in accordance with the Constitution of Azerbaijan and its own constitution, is an autonomous state within the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is separated from the rest of Azerbaijan by the territories of Armenia and the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic .

Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası
FlagEmblem
FlagEmblem
A country Azerbaijan
Adm. CentreNakhichevan
Chairman of the Supreme MajlisVasif Talibov
History and Geography
Date of formationNovember 9, 1924 (as the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic )
November 17, 1990 (as the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic)
Square5 502.75 [1] km²
Height
Largest citiesNakhchivan , Julfa , Ordubad
Population
Population439,800 people [2] people ( 2015 )
Density80 people / km²
NationalitiesAzerbaijanis - 99.6%
DenominationsShiite Muslims of the jafarit madhhab
Official languageAzerbaijani
Digital identifiers
AbbreviationNax.MR
ISO 3166-2 Code
Telephone code994
Internet domain.az
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic on the map

On July 28, 1920, the Nakhichevan Socialist Soviet Republic was formed. February 27, 1923 it was transformed into the Nakhchivan Autonomous Region. On June 16, 1923 the region became part of the Azerbaijan SSR and on February 9, 1924 it was transformed into the Nakhchivan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. On December 5, 1936, it was renamed the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on November 17, 1990, the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic [3] [4]

Territory - 5.5 thousand km². The population is 439,800 people as estimated in January 2015 [2] and 398,323 people according to the 2009 census, of which 99.6% are Azerbaijanis and 0.3% are Kurds [5] . The capital is the city of Nakhichevan .

Title

Geography

It occupies the south-eastern part of the Transcaucasian Highlands [6] . Almost 75% of the territory lies at an altitude of more than 1000 m. In the north, the Daralagez Range extends, in the east - the Zangezur Range (with the highest point of the republic, Kapidzhik , 3904 m) [6] . The southern and southwestern parts of the territory along the Araks River are a plain 600–1000 m high. Average January temperatures range from −3 ° C in the plain to −14 ° C in the mountains; July respectively +28 and +25 ° С (at the peaks up to +5 ° С). Precipitation a year from 200 mm on the plain to 600 mm in the mountains.

History

As part of Greater Armenia

 
Great Armenia in the I-IV centuries, according to the insert card for the second volume of World History (Moscow, 1956) (The lands of Great Armenia are shaded, which departed from it to neighboring states after the partition in 387). In the center of Marzpan Armenia - V — VII centuries

Since the beginning of the II century. BC e. to 428 g. e. the territory of the modern Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic was part of two neighboring provinces of Greater Armenia - Vaspurakan (Gavar (counties) Nakhchavan and Gokhtn - now the Ordubad region ) [7] [8] and Syunik (Gavar Chakhuk (Shahaponk) (now the Shahbuz region ) and Yernjak ( Julfa district ) [9] (see map here ).

At the end of the 4th century the scholar and monk Mesrop Mashtots preached in Gokhtn, who came to the idea that the Bible should be translated into Armenian for understanding by the local population [10] [11] . The monastery on the site where Mashtots preached (built in 456), was preserved until recently in the village, which was called Mesropavan in honor of Mashtots.

Middle Ages

Since 428, after the liquidation of the Armenian kingdom, the territory of Nakhjavan was part of the Armenian marzpanism of Sasanian Iran , since 623 it was part of Byzantium , and in the middle of the 7th century all Transcaucasia, including Nakhjavan, fell under the rule of the Arab caliphate and was united as a single Armenian emirate . In the Arab sources, Nahjavan is referred to as Nashava [12] .

 
Robert Husen. Syunik and neighboring territories in the 7th-11th centuries

At the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th centuries, Nakhjavan was recaptured from the Arabs by the Armenian kingdom and transferred to the possession of Prince Syunik [13] [14] . Later, the Kurdish dynasty of the Sheddadids , the Iranian dynasty of the Salarids and the Rabadids fought for control of this territory [15] .

In the XI-XIV centuries. Nakhjavan / Nakhichevan was subjected to several invasions - at first it was conquered by the Seljuks [16] , in the XII century Nakhichevan became one of the capitals of the state of Ildehyzids [17] , and in the XIII-XIV centuries. experienced the invasion of the Mongols and Tamerlane . In the XV century. Nakhichevan was part of the states of Kara-Koyunlu and Ak-Koyunlu , in the XVI-XVII centuries. disputed by Turkey and the Safavid power.

Opposition of the Armenian population by the Turks

Already in the Seljuk era, the region began the centuries-old process of crowding out the Armenian population with the new Turkic, especially intensified after the invasions of Timur [18] .

Around 1500, a Turkic nomadic tribe Kangarlu (Kengerli), numbering 4-5 thousand people, settled in Persian Armenia north of the Araks River [19] . At the beginning of the XVI century, the Nakhchivan region was inhabited by Christians and, to a lesser extent, Persians [20] . In the sixteenth century, Christians still made up the population of most of the region [21] .

The process of expelling the Armenians of Nakhichevan intensified at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, during the Ottoman-Persian wars, when a large majority of the Armenian population of Nakhichevan region either died or was stolen to Persia [22] . At the same time, Transcaucasia was not only spontaneously, but also purposefully populated by Kurds and Turkmen nomadic tribes, which local rulers regarded as their support [23] .

 
Suleiman the Magnificent with his army enters Nakhichevan, summer of 1554

In the fall of 1603, Shah Abbas I during the war with the Ottoman Empire occupied the Nakhchivan Territory, however, in the summer of 1604, the Ottoman forces launched a counterattack that took Shah Abbas by surprise. Not hoping to keep the occupied lands, Shah Abbas decided to implement the “ scorched earth ” tactics and led the entire population of Nakhichevan and Erivan (both Armenian and Muslim) deep into Persia. Arakel Davrizhetsi, a contemporary of The Great Surgut [24] [25] ), wrote: “... he turned into a uninhabited [desert] prosperous and fertile Armenia. For when he resettled, he did not expel [residents] in Persia, not one or two, but many Gavar, starting from the borders of Nakhichevan through Yeghegadzor, right up to the shores of Geghama ... ” [26] [27] [28] . In total, 250-300 thousand Armenians were hijacked from Persia to Nakhichevan and Erivani [29] [30] . In particular, Julfa, a large city populated mainly by Armenians [31] and being the center of Armenian trade (primarily silk) in the region, lost its population [32] . About 20 thousand inhabitants of Julfa [33] were resettled in Isfahan [34] , where they formed the Armenian suburb that still exists - New Julfa . Moreover, many Armenian artisans and the poor died during the resettlement, and wealthy merchants turned into clerks of the shah [35] . Among the resettled was the Turkic Kengerli tribe, which was allowed to return to Nakhichevan under Shah Abbas II - a descendant of Shah Abbas I.

In the middle of the XVIII century. after the death of Nadir Shah, Heydar-Kuli Khan of the Kengerli clan proclaimed an independent Nakhichevan Khanate .

As part of the Russian Empire

At the beginning of the XIX century, the region became the scene of Russian-Persian wars. During the Russo-Persian war (1826-1828), Nakhchivan was occupied by the troops of General Paskevich [36] , and under the Turkmanchay Treaty signed in 1828, the Nakhchivan and Erivan Khanates were transferred “into perfect ownership” of Russia [37] . Immediately after the conclusion of the Turkmanchay treaty, the Armenian region was formed from the Nakhichevan and Erivan khanates annexed to Russia [38] , from which in 1849, with the annexation of the Alexandropol district, the Erivan province was formed.

According to the conditions of the Turkmanchay world, the Russian government organized a massive resettlement of Armenians from Persia to the Armenian region [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .

The census of 1897 recorded in the Nakhichevan county apprx. 101 thousand people [44] , of which (in their native language) Tatars (Azerbaijanis) - 64.1 thousand (63.7%), Armenians - 34.7 thousand (34.4%), Russians - 0, 9%, Kurds - 0.6% [45] [46] .

Nakhchivan region in 1918-1920

Nakhichevan SSR

On July 28, 1920, the 1st Caucasian Regiment of the 11th Red Army entered Nakhichevan. The regiment commander telegraphed S. M. Kirov : “The population of Nakhichevan warmly welcomes the Red Army and Soviet power” [47] . The Nakhichevan Revolutionary Committee was formed (chairman M. Baktashev, members: G. Babaev, A. Kadymov, F. Makhmudbekov, etc.), proclaiming the Nakhichevan region as the Soviet Socialist Republic. The next day, the Revolutionary Committee proposed to the Government of the Republic of Armenia to begin peace negotiations, but on July 30 the Minister of War of Armenia demanded "to ensure the unconditional submission of Nakhichevan to the Armenian government ..." [48] . The ultimatum was rejected. In early August, Armenian units launched an offensive on Nakhichevan from the area of ​​the city of Ordubad, but were repelled by the Soviet units 28 sd [49] . On August 10, the chairman of the Nakhichevan revolutionary committee Baktashev wrote to the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR Nariman Narimanov that the population of the region recognizes Nakhichevan as an integral part of the Azerbaijan SSR [48] . On the same day, the RSFSR and the Republic of Armenia signed an agreement on peace, according to which the disputed areas of Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhichevan are engaged in troops of the RSFSR. According to the agreement, “the occupation by the Soviet troops of the disputed territories does not predetermine the issue of the rights to these territories of the Republic of Armenia or the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic. This temporary occupation of the RSFSR means to create favorable conditions for the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes between Armenia and Azerbaijan on the basis that will be established by a peace treaty that will be concluded between the RSFSR and the Republic of Armenia in the near future ” [50] .

In November, the Armenian units re-launched military operations [48] , however, the forces of Armenia were largely distracted by the ongoing offensive of the Turkish units on Armenia. On November 29, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia was proclaimed the Revolutionary Committee of Armenia. On November 30, the Azrevkom’s declaration was drawn up as follows (according to the text published in the Collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 601):

Soviet Azerbaijan, meeting the struggle of the fraternal Armenian working people against the power of the Dashnaks, who shed and shed the innocent blood of our best comrade communists within Armenia and Zangezur, announces that from now on no territorial issues can cause mutual bleeding of two centuries-old neighboring peoples: Armenians and Muslims ; the territories of Zangezur and Nakhichevan counties are an integral part of Soviet Armenia, and the laboring peasantry of Nagorno-Karabakh is given the full right of self-determination [51] [52] [53] [54] .

On December 1, Narimanov announced the declaration at a meeting of the Baku Council.

Due to the advancement of Turkish units during the Turkish-Armenian war on the night of December 2–3, a peace treaty was concluded between Dashnak Armenia and the government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Alexandropol , according to which the areas of Nakhichevan, Sharur and Shakhtakhty were declared temporarily protected by Turkey [55] . The Government of the RSFSR and the Revolutionary Committee of the Armenian SSR did not recognize the Alexandropol Treaty, since it was signed after the transfer of power by the Government of the Republic of Armenia to the Revolutionary Armenian SSR and was accordingly not ratified.

However, according to Audrey Alstad, the agreement between the RSFSR and the Democratic Republic of Armenia, concluded in December 1920, recognized the latter's claims only to Zangezur, but not to Karabakh or Nakhichevan [53] .

In January 1921, Stalin, in a conversation with the representative of Armenia, argued that there could be no talk about Nakhichevan - it should definitely be part of Armenia. [56]

In February 1921, many Armenian refugees gathered in Sadarak. [56] At the beginning of 1921, a referendum was held in the cities and villages of the Nakhchivan Territory by a poll [57] , according to the results of which over 90% of the population supported Nakhichevan joining the Azerbaijan SSR as an autonomous republic [48] [58] [ 59] . The data obtained during the referendum are explained by the fact that the number of Armenians in the region has significantly decreased. So, as a result of the extermination and flight of Armenians during the First World War, coupled with the inability to return, the share of Armenians decreased from 41.2% in 1832 to less than 11% in 1926 [60] . Many Armenian villages were not even aware of the transition of Nakhichevan to the control of Azerbaijan. [56] At the same time, the Nakhchivan Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was elected at the 1st regional party conference. [6]

On March 16, the governments of Soviet Russia and the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Moscow concluded a friendship and brotherhood agreement , according to which the Nakhchivan region “forms an autonomous territory under the protectorate of Azerbaijan, provided that Azerbaijan does not cede this protectorate to a third state” [61] . According to the encyclopedia “ Iranika ”, the Nakhchivan Treaty was separated from Armenia by the Soviet-Turkish treaty [62] . According to Sergei Vostrikov, Nakhchivan was the core of the historical Armenian lands, which served as a bargaining chip in the territorial division and rapprochement between Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey [63] . According to him, the formal reason for transferring Nakhichevan to the protectorate of Azerbaijan was the fact that due to the Armenian genocide and the massacre of Armenians in Baku , Nakhichevan and Shusha in 1918-1921 the number of the Armenian population was halved [63] . In October of the same year, the Kars Treaty was signed between the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Soviet Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. According to Art. 5 of this agreement: “The Government of Turkey and the Government of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan agree that the Nakhichevan region, within the boundaries defined in Appendix 3 of this agreement, forms an autonomous territory under the auspices of Azerbaijan” [64] . According to the agreement, the protectorate over Nakhichevan could not be transferred to a third party (ie Armenia) without the consent of Turkey [65]

According to Iranian historians, in the Moscow and Kara treaties, the Soviet Union did not have the right to transfer a strip of land between Upper Kara-Su and the Araks River to Turkey. In their opinion, the narrow corridor connecting Turkey with Nakhichevan belonged to Iran. On 18th-century maps, this corridor was part of the Maku province, and not part of the Surmalu district in Yerevan province. Later, Iran tried to regain the lane during negotiations on the final border with Turkey [66] . By incorporating Surmalu and being sure that Sharur will remain part of Nakhichevan, Turkey thus received a strip that connected it with Sharur in the Azerbaijani-controlled Nakhichevan. Thus, Turkish diplomats secured the isolation of Armenia and gained access to Nakhichevan. In addition, Turkey had high hopes that the Zangezur region would also become part of Azerbaijan, as a result of which this would provide them with an open route to Baku. However, after the uprising and major protests by the Armenians of Moscow, Zangezur became part of Soviet Armenia [65]

In January 1922, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Nakhichevan SSR was held [48] .

Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

 
The flag of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, introduced in 1937. The flag in the Azerbaijani and Armenian languages ​​says "Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
 
USSR postage stamp issued to the 50th anniversary of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

In February 1923, on the basis of a decision of the 3rd All-Nakhchivan Congress of Soviets, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Territory was created as part of the Azerbaijan SSR, which was transformed on February 9, 1924 into the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic [6] . The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was the only autonomous entity on the territory of the USSR, which was not created on an ethno-religious basis. According to the 1926 census , 104,656 Soviet citizens lived in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, of which Azerbaijanis - 88433, Armenians - 11276, Kurds - 2649, Russians - 1837 people [67] . Due to the policy of ousting the Armenian population from the region, which was carried out since the Stalin era, by 1988 the entire Armenian population was expelled from the autonomous republic. [68] [69] .

В республике были созданы горнорудная, пищевая, лёгкая и др. промышленность, многоотраслевое колхозное сельское хозяйство. Были созданы высшие учебные заведения, научные и научно-исследовательские учреждения, библиотеки, клубы и др. В республике значительного развития достигли литература и искусство [6] .

В годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 жители республики принимали в ней участие. Три человека были удостоены звания Героя Советского Союза , тысячи награждены орденами и медалями за боевые и трудовые подвиги [6] .

В 1967 году за успехи в развитии народного хозяйства и в культурном строительстве Нахичеванская АССР была награждена орденом Ленина, а 29 декабря 1972 года в ознаменование 50-летия Союза ССР — орденом Дружбы народов. К 1974 году в республике был 21 Герой Социалистического Труда [6] .

Нахичеванская Автономная Республика

19 января 1990 года чрезвычайная сессия Верховного Совета Нахичеванской АССР приняла постановление о выходе Нахичеванской АССР из Союза ССР и объявлении независимости [70] . 17 ноября того же года Верховный Совет Нахичеванской АССР изменил наименование «Нахичеванская АССР» на «Нахичеванская Автономная Республика».

Конституция Нахичеванской Автономной Республики в статье 1 гласит:

I. Нахчыванское автономное государство демократическая, правовая, светская автономная республика в составе Азербайджанской Республики.
II. Статус Нахчыванской Автономной Республики определяют Конституция Азербайджанской Республики, Московский 16 марта 1921 года и Карсский 13 октября 1921 года международные договора [71] .

 
Панорамный вид Нахичевани

Культурные памятники

 
Мавзолей Момине Хатун

В XII веке сложилась Нахичеванская архитектурная школа, выдающимся представителем и основателем которой считается Аджеми ибн Абу Бекр ( Аджеми Нахчивани ). Ранним его произведением является мавзолей Юсуфа ибн Кусейра (1161 г.). восьмигранное, сложенное из обожженного кирпича сооружение, перекрытое пирамидальным шатром. Уже в этом произведении Аджеми достиг большой художественной выразительности предельной простотой и строгостью форм.

Самым большим и наиболее известным среди мавзолеев Нахичевани является Мавзолей Момине хатун (1186 г.), построенный по проекту архитектора Аджеми ибн Абубекр Нахчивани [72] . Это усыпальница Момине хатун — жены атабека Джахан Пехлевана. Мавзолей сложен из обожженного кирпича, имеет десять граней, которые покрыты слегка рельефным узором, выполненным в той же технике, что и мавзолей Юсуфа ибн Кусейра. Высота его без шатра достигает 25 м [73] [74] .

Мавзолей декорирован сложным геометрическим орнаментом и письменами из Корана. Поверхность каждой грани полностью покрыта резными украшениями, которые представляют собой куфические арабские письмена, стилизованные под геометрический орнамент. Мавзолей Момине хатун является шедевром средневековой архитектуры [75] . Мавзолей Момине хатун воздвигнут в возвышенной части города. «Его силуэт прекрасно вписан в окружающий горный пейзаж. Тонко найденные пропорции, ритм архитектурных форм воспринимаются ещё издали. Вблизи поражают богатство деталей и их изумительно гармоничная связь с монументальным целым. Не без основания создатель этого прекрасного памятника поместил на фризе надпись: „Мы уходим, мир останется. Мы умрем, этот остается памятью…“» [74] [76] [77] .

В городе Нахичевани находится памятник XIX века — Ханский дворец .

 
Ханский дворец, XIX век

Рядом с городом Джульфа находится одна из самых мощных крепостей того времени Алинджа-гала (XI—XIII в. в.), расположенная на берегах рек Аракс и Алинджа. Многочисленные оборонительные, жилые и дворцовые сооружения находятся на самой вершине скалистой горы, с отвесными склонами. Дождевая вода в крепости собиралась с помощью разветвленной сети каналов и цистерн [77] .

Недалеко от Джульфы находятся развалины большого караван-сарая, построенного, по-видимому, нахичеванским правителем Хаким Зия ад-Дином в начале XIV века, построившего также близлежащий мост через реку Аракс.

 
Орнамент граней мавзолея Момине Хатун

Мавзолей Гюлистан (XII—XIII в.) — «Райский сад», находится недалеко от села Джуга Джульфинского района, в лесной лощине, построен из красного песчаника. Квадратный постамент мавзолея через клиновидные плоскости переходит в 12-гранник, который был увенчан (не сохранился) пирамидальным шатром [74] [78]

Вблизи селения Дер сохранились руины трех небольших мавзолеев, сооруженных из булыжного камня и кирпича. [79] .

В селении Карабаглар (Шарурский район) находятся сооружения знаменитого мавзолея , датируемого XIV веком. [74] . Сохранившиеся до настоящего времени минареты, соединенные с мавзолеем, а также руины небольших мавзолеев и укреплений с башнями, позволяют говорить о том, что на этом месте находилось крупное городское поселение с 70 мечетями, из них 40 с минаретами. Сооружения построены в основном при правлении Абу Саида Бахадур хана (1319—1335 гг.) и ранее [77] .

В городе Ордубаде сохранились архитектурные памятники XVII—XVIII веков — Джума-мечеть, здание медресе, Дилбер-мечеть [77] .

Армянское архитектурное наследие

Армяне оставили в Нахичевани богатое архитектурное наследие [80] , которое, однако, азербайджанские власти полностью игнорировали, а впоследствии объявили « албанским » или подвергли разрушению [81] (см. Фальсификация истории в Азербайджане ). По данным армянских исследователей, из древнейших памятников нахичеванской области, сохранившихся до XX века, выделяются монастырь Аствацацин (Богородицы) в Агулисе (древний центр провинции Гохтан), церковь которого считается крупнейшим армянским культурным памятником района, и там же — монастыри Св. Фомы и Св. Христофера, основанные в IV веке, церкви Св. Минаса, Св Шмавона, Св. Ованеса, Св. Акопа-Айрапета, Сурб Ерордутюн (Св. Троицы), Амараин и др, сооруженные позже (всего Агулисе было 12 монастырей и церквей); монастырь Сурб Ншан (Св. Знамения, основан в V в.) со скрипторием, две рукописи из которого хранятся в ереванском Матенадаране , монастырь Св. Товмы в селе Вананд, основанный в 450 году, монастырь Сурб Геворг (Св. Георгия) в Ернджаке (основан предположительно в V веке, первое упоминание в 841 году), монастырь Сурб Карапет (Иоанна Крестителя) в Арбакунисе (основан в 381 году), чьи постройки были оформлены интересной резьбой, монастырь Сурб Аствацацин (Пресвятой Богородицы) в Норашене, основанный в 952 году, крепость, церковь Тарманчац Ванк и кладбище с хачкарами XIV—XVIII века в селе Норакерт [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] . Как отмечает В. А. Шнирельман , интересным памятником является также монастырь Св. Степаноса VII в., известный как «Красный монастырь» — Кармир Ванк (ныне именуемый Кызыл Ванк) под Нахичеванью, в городе Астапате (армянское название) [87] . Он считается «значительным памятником армянской средневековой архитектуры». Нахичеванская церковь Сурб Еррордутюн — св. Троицы — где, по преданию, в 705 г. была сожжена армянская знать, сохранялась до 1975 г., когда была снесена [81] .

Известны армянские средневековые рукописи, созданные в Нахичевани [88] .

Разрушение армянского кладбища в Джульфе

Согласно ИКОМОСу в 1998 году азербайджанским правительством было удалено 800 хачкаров , но разрушение было приостановлено из-за протестов ЮНЕСКО. В 2002 г. разрушение кладбища возобновилось, к 2006 году от кладбища не осталось следа [89] . Хачкары были разрушены, а ландшафт выровнен [90] . Весной 2006 года азербайджанский журналист из Института войны и мира Идрак Аббасов попытался исследовать это кладбище, однако местные власти запретили ему посещать этот объект. Тем не менее он сумел хорошо рассмотреть территорию кладбища и подтвердил, что оно полностью исчезло. [91] . 30 мая 2006 года Азербайджан запретил комиссии Европейского парламента осмотреть бывшее кладбище [89] . В 2010 году сообщения очевидцев о разрушении кладбища были подтверждены Американской ассоциацией содействия развитию науки на основе анализа спутниковых снимков региона [92] .

Administrative division

 
Administrative division

Столица — город Нахичевань ( азерб. Naxçıvan ).

Семь районов и город:

  1. Бабекский район ( азерб. Babək )
  2. Джульфинский район ( азерб. Culfa )
  3. Кенгерлинский район ( азерб. Kəngərli ). Образован в 2004 году.
  4. Нахичевань ( азерб. Naxçıvan ) — столица
  5. Ордубадский район ( азерб. Ordubad )
  6. Садаракский район ( азерб. Sədərək ). Образован в 1990 году.
  7. Шахбузский район ( азерб. Şahbuz )
  8. Шарурский район ( азерб. Şərur )

Population

По данным переписи Азербайджана 1999 года в Нахичеванской Автономной Республике проживало 354,072 человека [93] , а по переписи 2009 года численность населения составила 398,323 человека [5] .

Динамика численности и этнического состава населения Нахичеванской АССР по данным Всесоюзных переписей 1926 — 1989 годов и Нахичеванской АР по переписям 1999 и 2009 гг.
Nationality1926 [94]
people		%1939 [95]
people		%1959 [96]
people		%1970 [97]
people		%1979 [98]
people		%1989 [99]
people		%1999 [93]
people		%2009 [5]
people		%
Total104656100.00%126696100.00%141361100.00%202187100.00%240459100.00%293875100.00%354072100.00%398323100.00%
азербайджанцы [100]8843384,50%10852985,66%12750890,20%18967993,81%22996895,64%28180795,89%35080699,08%39670999,59%
Armenians1127610,77%1335010,54%95196,73%58282,88%34061,42%19060,65%170.00%60.00%
Kurds26492,53%15091,19%3030.21%10870,54%16960.71%31271,06%22820,64%13210.33%
Russians18371,76%25492,01%31612,24%39191,94%38071,58%37821.29%5170.15%1010.03%
Ukrainians920.09%3600.28%4380.31%9970.49%9420.39%18580,63%1400.04%220.01%
Turkssixteen0.02%four0.00%one0.00%sixteen0.01%2150.06%1040.03%
Tatars170.02%520.04%880.06%1020.05%900.04%1040.04%510.01%eleven0.00%
Belarusians70.01%330.03%630.04%1080.05%940.04%4500.15%
other3290.31%3100.24%2810.20%4670.23%4550.19%8250.28%440.01%490.01%

По данным Энциклопедического словаря Брокгауза и Ефрона (1890−1907) национальный состав Нахичеванского уезда Российской империи к началу 20 века был следующим: адербейджанские татары (азербайджанцы) — 56,95%; армяне — 42,21%; курды, русские и другие народы — 0,84%. [101]

По данным переписи населения 1897 года состав 100 771 жителей Нахичеванского уезда по родному языку выглядел так: татары (азербайджанцы) — 64 151 человек или 63,7%, армяне — 34 672 человек или 34,4%, русские — 1014 человек или 1,0% (в том числе велокорусы — 858 человек, малорусы — 152 человека, белорусы — 4 человека); курды — 639 человек; поляки — 154 человека; грузины — 42 человека. [102]

Economics

Famous Natives

  • Абдуллаев, Гасан Мамедбагир оглы — учёный-физик, член-корреспондент АН СССР, Президент АН Азербайджана (1969—1983)
  • Абдуллаев, Ровнаг Ибрагим оглы — хозяйственный и государственный деятель, президент ГНКАР с 2005 года
  • Абуталыбов, Гаджибала Ибрагим оглы — политический деятель, мэр Баку с 2001 года
  • Абуталыбов, Музаффар Гейдар оглы — учёный-ботаник, академик АН Азербайджанской ССР
  • Агаев, Мамедали Гусейн оглы — директор Московского академического театра сатиры с 1992 года
  • Аджеми Нахчивани — архитектор
  • Акулисский, Закарий — армянский историк XVII века
  • Алиев, Амираслан Рза оглы — Национальный Герой Азербайджана
  • Алиев, Агиль Алирза оглы — учёный-экономист, член-корреспондент Академии Наук Азербайджана
  • Алиев, Гейдар Алирза оглы — политический деятель, Президент Азербайджана (1993—2003)
  • Алиев, Джалал Алирза оглы — учёный-селекционер, академик, политический деятель
  • Вртанес Срнкеци — армянский поэт и церковный деятель XVI века
  • Гасанов, Саявуш Гасан оглы — Национальный Герой Азербайджана
  • Гончабейим — азербайджанская поэтесса XIX века
  • Гусейн Джавид Расизаде — знаменитый азербайджанский поэт и драматург
  • Давтян, Акоп Христофорович — советский разведчик и дипломат
  • Заманов, Аббас Фатах оглы — критик, литературовед, член Союза писателей, доктор филологических наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Академии Наук Азербайджанской ССР
  • Караханян, Сурен Смбатович — учёный, доктор технических наук, академик
  • Касумбеков, Гамид Габиб оглы — советский военачальник, вице-адмирал
  • Кенгерли, Бахруз — художник
  • Макогонов, Владимир Андреевич — советский шахматист, международный гроссмейстер
  • Максудов, Фарамаз Газанфар оглы — учёный-математик, Президент АН Азербайджана (1997—2000)
  • Мамедов, Али Гусейн оглы — Национальный Герой Азербайджана
  • Мамедов, Ибрагим Исмаил оглы — Национальный Герой Азербайджана
  • Мамедкулизаде, Джалил Гусейнкули оглы — журналист, просветитель и писатель-сатирик
  • Мамедалиев, Юсиф Гейдар оглы — учёный-химик, академик, Президент АН Азербайджана (1947—1961)
  • Нахичеванский, Исмаил Хан — российский военачальник, генерал от кавалерии
  • Нахичеванский, Келбали Хан Эхсан Хан оглы — российский военачальник, генерал-майор
  • Нахичеванский, Гусейн Хан — российский военачальник, генерал от кавалерии, генерал-адъютант
  • Нахичеванский, Джамшид Джафаргулу оглы — советский военачальник, комбриг
  • Овакимян, Гайк Бадалович — советский разведчик, генерал-майор
  • Ордубади, Мамед Саид — писатель, заслуженный деятель искусств Азербайджанской ССР
  • Расизаде, Алирза Абдуллаевич — публицист, революционер и один из создателей Нахичеванской АССР : комиссар Нахревкома и член секретариата АзЦИК (1920-1923)
  • Расизаде, Шамиль Алиевич — государственный деятель и учёный-аграрий, заместитель председателя Совета министров Азербайджанской ССР (1970-1984)
  • Расизаде, Али Шамилевич — американский историк, автор алгоритма поэтапного упадка нефтедобывающих стран по окончании в них нефтебума
  • Рафиев, Наджафгулу Раджабали оглы — командир танкового взвода в годы Великой Отечественной Войны, Герой Советского Союза
  • Рустамов, Муса Исмаил оглы — учёный, директор Института нефтехимических процессов
  • Салаев, Эльдар Юнис оглы — учёный-физик, Президент АН Азербайджана (1983—1997)
  • Сафаров, Юнис Бахшали оглы — профессор, доктор наук
  • Сеидов, Магеррам Миразиз оглы — Национальный Герой Азербайджана
  • Сеидов, Надир Мирибрагим оглы — учёный-химик, академик
  • Степанос Орбелян — историк, политический деятель и представитель церковного служения Армении
  • Степанян, Левон Владимирович — армянский военный и политический деятель, генерал-майор
  • Степанян, Степан Бабаевич — герой Великой Отечественной войны, полный кавалер ордена Славы
  • Султанлы, Али Абдулла оглы — азербайджанский литературовед, педагог, доктор филологических наук (1946)
  • Талыбов, Васиф Юсиф оглы — государственный деятель, Председатель Верховного Меджлиса Нахичеванской Автономной Республики с 1993 года
  • Тахмасиб, Рза Аббас-кули оглы — кинорежиссёр, педагог и актёр кино. Народный артист Азербайджанской ССР (1966)
  • Тер-Гаспарян, Геворк Андреевич — советский военный деятель, генерал-лейтенант
  • Эльчибей, Абульфаз — политический деятель, Президент Азербайджана (1992—1993)

Фотографии Нахичевани

  •  

    Мавзолей Момине хатун в городе Нахичевнь

  •  

    Каменный барашек на бетонном основании в Ордубаде

  •  

    Вид на город Ордубад , на заднем плане видны горы на территории Ирана

  •  

    Мавзолей « Гюлистан » близ города Джульфа

  •  

    Мечеть XIX века в селе Дырныс Ордубадского района

  •  

    Развалины древнего города Хараба-Гилян близ села Юхары Азы Ордубадского района

Notes

  1. ↑ Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi : Demoqrafiya : 1 yanvar 2014-cü il tarixə Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikasının ərazisi, əhalisinin sayı, sıxlığı və inzibati ərazi bölgüsü — проверено: 14.12.2014
  2. ↑ 1 2 1.15 Territories, number and density of population by economic and administrative regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan // Population Архивная копия от 27 декабря 2016 на Wayback Machine The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  3. ↑ Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898—1991.
  4. ↑ Население России и СССР с древнейших времен по настоящее время: ДЕМОГРАФИЯ. Авторы: А. Г. Виноградов
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 (рус.) , pop-stat.mashke.org.
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика (рус.) , БСЭ.
  7. ↑ Шнирельман В. А. Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье / Рецензент: Л. Б. Алаев . — М. : Академкнига, 2003. — С. 242. — 592 с. - 2000 copies. — ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .

    В раннем средневековье здесь располагались армянские области Нахчаван и Гохтн провинции Васпуракан, а также часть исторического Сюника.

  8. ↑ Анания Ширакаци. Армянская география : « 8. Васпуракан к западу от Персармении , рядом с Корджайк , имеет 36 областей: 1. Рештуник, 2. Тосб, 3. Будуник, 4. Арчишаковит, 5. Аговит, 6. Кугановит, 7. Арберани, 8. Дарни, 9. Бужуник, 10. Арнойотн, 11. Андзевацик, 12. Атрпатуник, 13. Еритуник, 14. Мардастан , 15. Артаз, 16. Аке, 17. Великий Албак, 18. Андзахадзор, 19. Торнаван, 20. Чуашрот, 21. Крчуник, 22. Мецнуник, 23. Палуник, 24. Гукан, 25. Агуандрот, 26. Патспаруник, 27. Арташезьян, 28. Артаваньян, 29. Бакан, 30. Гапитьян, 31. Газрикан, 32. Танкриан, 33. Варажнуник, 34. обильный вином Гохтн , 35. Нахчуан с городом того же имени , и 36. Маранд. "
  9. ↑ Анания Ширакаци. Армянская география : « 9. Сюник , к востоку от Айрарата , между Ерасхом ( Араксом ) и Арцахом , имеет 12 областей: 1. Ернджак , 2. Чагук , 3. Вайоц-дзор , 4. Гелакуни с морем , 5. Сотк , 6. Агахечк, 7. Цгак, 8. Габанд, 9. Багк или Балк, 10. Дзорк, 11. Аревик, 12. Кусакан. "
  10. ↑ История всемирной литературы: в 9 т.. — М.: 1983—1994. — Т. 2. — С. 285—288
  11. ↑ Хоренаци, III, 47 " Он идет в область Голтн, селится там и живёт в отшельничестве. Языческая ересь, скрыто таившаяся здесь со времен Трдата и до тех пор, вновь оживилась при ослаблении Армянского царства. Он искоренил её при содействии правителя области по имени Шабит. […] Однако во время своего проповедничества блаженный Месроп испытывал немало трудностей, ибо он был одновременно и чтецом, и переводчиком. Если же читал кто-либо другой, а его при этом не было, то народ ничего не понимал за отсутствием переводчика. Поэтому он замыслил изобрести письмена для армянского языка и, всецело отдавшись этому делу, тяжко трудился, перебирая разные способы. "
  12. ↑ V. Minorsky . Studies in Caucasian History . — CUP Archive, 1953. — С. 34.
  13. ↑ Lynn Jones. Between Islam and Byzantium: Aght'amar and the visual construction of medieval Armenian rulership. — Ashgate Publishing, 2007. — P. 65. — 144 p. — ISBN 0754638529 , ISBN 9780754638520 . :

    The catholicos promptly excommunicated Ashot, and the prince died one year later, in 904. Gagik Artsruni succeeded his brother as prince of Vaspuarakan. Smbat, unsure of Artsrunik' loyalty, took Nakhchavan from them and restored it to the prince of Siunik'.

  14. ↑ Ованес Драсханакертци. История Армении. Ch. 43 и прим.
  15. ↑ Naḵjavān — статья из Encyclopædia Iranica . C. Edmund Bosworth:

    Meskawayh (II, pp 148-49, tr. V, p. 157) records how a former commander of the Sajids, Daysam b. Ebrāhim, backed by a largely Kurdish body of troops, contended for supremacy in Azerbaijan during the years 327-45/938-57 and from a base at Ardabil expanded into Armenia and captured Naḵjavān and Dvin or Dābel. Subsequently, control of Naḵjavān was contested by the Shaddadids, who were apparently of Kurdish stock and whose main branch became based on Ganja and Dvin, by the Mosaferids, and by the Rawwadids, who were probably Kurdicized Arabs.

  16. ↑ Naḵjavān — статья из Encyclopædia Iranica . C. Edmund Bosworth:

    The Saljuqs appeared in northwestern Iran and then Arrān, first in the time of Ṭoḡrel Beg and then in greater strength under Alp Arslān, who began the systematic conquest of Armenia, but it was under the Ildegizid Atabegs of northwestern Iran (see ATĀBAKĀN-e ĀḎARBĀYJĀN) that Naḵjavān especially flourished in the later 6th/12th century.

  17. ↑ Encyclopaedia Iranica. KA Luther. Atabakan-e Adarbayjan
  18. ↑ История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века. М., «Восточная литература», 2002. ISBN 5-02-017711-3 : « В описаниях современников сельджукское нашествие предстает как бедствие для стран Закавказья. Сельджуки быстрее всего утвердились в южных армянских землях, откуда армянское население вынуждено было эмигрировать в пределы Византии. Так возникло Киликийское Армянское царство, просуществовавшее до конца XIV в. На Армянском нагорье начался многовековой процесс оттеснения армянского и курдского населения пришлым тюркским. "
  19. ↑ Kangarlu — статья из Encyclopædia Iranica . P. Oberling:

    Many Kangarlu settled north of the river Aras, probably in around 1500, when the Ostājlu moved into Azerbaijan. At the beginning of the 19th century, JM Jouannin described these Kangarlu as «a small tribe established in Persian Armenia, on the shores of the Aras, and numbering up to four or five thousand individuals» (Dupré, II, p. 459).

  20. ↑ Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran,

    Although around 1500 Elatamedia castle (situated between Khoy and Marand) was inhabited by Turkmen, the inhabitants of Nakhjevan province were Christians and some Persians.

  21. ↑ Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran,

    It would thus appear that in the sixteenth century, Tabriz was inhabited by Persian speaking Moslems and Christians, while most of Azerbaijan and Nakhjevan was inhabited by Christians, but southeast of Tabriz no Christians were to be found.

  22. ↑ Шнирельман В. А. Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье / Рецензент: Л. Б. Алаев . — М. : Академкнига, 2003. — С. 242. — 592 с. - 2000 copies. — ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .

    Тогда политическая роль Нахичевани сильно изменилась, ибо атабеки Ильдегизиды сделали её в XII в. столицей своего огромного государства. Между тем, город сохранял роль крупного торгово-ремесленного центра, где жила большая армянская община. Так продолжалось до конца XVI—начала XVII вв., когда по области прокатился вал османско-персидских войн, и значительное большинство армянского населения либо погибло, либо было угнано в Персию.

  23. ↑ Всемирная История, т. IV, М., 1958, стр. 567

    В XVI—XVII вв. количество кочевников здесь даже увеличилось благодаря политике завоевателей, переселявших сюда кочевников — курдов и туркмен — с целью разъединить и ослабить местное оседлое население.

  24. ↑ Aptin Khanbaghi. The fire, the star and the cross, IBTauris, 2006, p. 112
  25. ↑ Cosroe Chaquèri. The Armenians of Iran: the paradoxical role of a minority in a dominant culture; articles and documents, 2008, p. 38
  26. ↑ Аракел Даврижеци. «Книга историй»
  27. ↑ George A. Bournoutian. Armenians in Iran (ca. 1500—1994)
  28. ↑ Oberling, Pierre. Kangarlu (англ.) // Encyclopædia Iranica . - Vol. XV, no. 5 . — P. 495.
  29. ↑ James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires, p.44:

    Armenians were uprooted during these wars, and, in 1604, some 250,000 Armenians were forcibly transferred by Shah 'Abbas to Iran. By the seventeenth century, the Armenian had become a minority in parts of their historic lands

  30. ↑ Massoume Price. Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, p. 71:

    Primary sources estimate that between 1604 and 1605 some 250 to 300,000 Armenians were removed from Armenia for settlement in Iran.

  31. ↑ Rodionova E. M. Armenian-Iranian relations during the reign of Shah Abbas I Archive copy of February 26, 2010 on the Wayback Machine Author - teacher of the St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies [1] Archive copy of May 15, 2008 on the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Error in footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> ; for footnotes Аракел Даврижеци. Книга историй Аракел Даврижеци. Книга историй no text specified
  33. ↑ Julfa - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
  34. ↑ World History, M., 1958 vol. IV, p. 563
  35. ↑ World History, vol. IV, M., 1958, p. 563, 567
  36. ↑ Count Paskevich-Erivansky
  37. ↑ Turkmanchay peace treaty
  38. ↑ Acts of the Caucasus Archaeographic Commission. t. VII, doc. Number 437
  39. ↑ Gr. I.F. Paskevich. October 1, 1828 Ferry on Araks against Julfa.
  40. ↑ Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Armenia The people :
    Original text
    The Russian campaigns against the Persians and the Turks in the 18th and 19th centuries resulted in large emigrations of Armenians under Muslim rule to the Transcaucasian provinces of the Russian Empire and to Russia itself.
  41. ↑ Ronald Grigor Suny . Eastern Armenians Under Tsarist Rule // Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign dominion to statehood: the fifteenth century to the twentieth century. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6422-X . Page 112:
    Original text
    With the fighting over and the Russian hold over Transcaucasia secure, tens of thousands of Armenians living on the Turkish and Persian sides of the new border migrated into Russian territory, while Muslims left for Turkey and Persia. Before 1828 there had been approximately 87,000 Muslims and 20,000 Armenians in Erevan khanate. After the migrations the number of Armenians reached 65,000 and the number of Muslims fell to just over 50,000, including about 10,000 Kurds.
  42. ↑ Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh. Author (s): AN Yamskov. Source: Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet. Union (Oct., 1991), pp. 631-660. Published by: Springer. Page 651:
    Original text
    Massive immigrations of Armenians from Turkey and Persia into the Russian Empire that took place in the middle and late nineteenth century. These immigrants, it should be noted, settled largely on territories that form part of eastern Armenia and northern Azerbaijan, and that partially include Nagorno-Karabakh.
  43. ↑ George Bournoutian "Eastern Armenia", from The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume II, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, ed. Macmillan Press, 1997. pp. 105:
    Original text
    Nerses followed the Russian army to Echmiadzin and, citing the Armenian contributions to the Russian victory, began an immediate campaign for the restoration of an Armenian homeland under the supervision of the church and the protection of Russia. He realized, however, that a large part of the Armenian population had gradually left Eastern Armenia and that the Armenians had become a minority in much of the land. He therefore set out to convince the Russian commanders and diplomats to include the Armenian repatriation in their talks with the Persians. Largely because of his efforts and the support of the pro-Armenian groups in Russian military and diplomatic circles, that idea was formally incorporated into article 15 of the Treaty of Turkmenchai, which allowed population transfers across the Araxes River for a specific period. Some 30,000 Armenians were encouraged to repatriate from northern Persia.
  44. ↑ First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The present population in the provinces, counties, cities of the Russian Empire (without Finland) (Russian) , Demoscope.
  45. ↑ NAKHICHEVAN UEZD (1897) (neopr.) . www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru. Date of treatment March 13, 2012. Archived May 31, 2012.
  46. ↑ First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by mother tongue and counties of the Russian Empire except for the provinces of European Russia (Rus.) , Demoscope.
  47. ↑ Isaac Izrailevich Mints. The victory of Soviet power in the Caucasus. - Metzniereba, 1971.- S. 474.
  48. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR: Encyclopedia. - Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983.- S. 387.
    Original text (Russian)
    In the beginning. 1921 a referendum was held in cities and villages. Over 90% of the population supported Nakhichevan joining the Azerbaijan SSR as an autonomous republic.
  49. ↑ Armenian-Azerbaijani armed conflicts 1919-1920 (Russian) , CHRONOS.
  50. ↑ AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA AND THE RSFSR ON PEACE (rus.) , Karabah88.ru.
  51. ↑ Communist (Baku), December 2, 1920. Cit. by: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923 Collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992, p. 601
  52. ↑ Levon Chorbajian, Patrick Donabédian, Claude Mutafian in “The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh”. Zed Books, 1994, ISBN 1-85649-288-5 , 9781856492881. “ Soviet Azerbaijan, joining the working and fraternal people of Armenia in their struggle against Dashnak power which made and continues to make the blood of thousands of our Communist comrades in Armenia and in Zangezur flow, declares that henceforth no territorial conflict will cause bloodshed between these two age-old neighbourly peoples, Armenian and Moslem. Zangezur and Nakhichevan are an integral part of Soviet Armenia. The full right to self-determination is accorded the people of Karabagh. // Documents on the Victory of Soviet Power in Armenia, doc. 293, p. 437, Yerevan, 1957 (in Russian). Kommumsu Baku, 2 December 1920 (in Russian) »
  53. ↑ 1 2 Audrey L. Altstadt . The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. - Hoover Press, 1992 .-- P. 116. - 331 p. - (Studies of nationalities). - ISBN 0-8179-9182-4 , ISBN 978-0-8179-9182-1 .

    The sovietization of neighboring Armenia during the winter changed the equation. A November 1920 declaration by the Azrevkom celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia" declared that both Zangezur and Nakhjivan should be awarded to Armenia to signify Azerbaijan's support for the Armenian people in their battle against the Dashnaks (whose bands under General Dro were still operating in Zangezur) and to prevent any territorial matter from coming between these centuries-old friends. 69 But the December 1920 treaty between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and Armenia recognized Armenian claims to Zangezur, not to Karabagh or Nakhjivan. 70

  54. ↑ S. Frederick Starr. The legacy of history in Russia and the new states of Eurasia. ME Sharpe, 1994. ISBN 1-56324-353-9 , 9781563243530. Page 247-248. “ During Soviet-Armenian negotiations in Moscow for a treaty of friendship in mid-1920, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Grigorii Chicherin accepted Armenia's economic arguments and proposed a compromise whereby Zangezur and Sharur-Nakhichevan would be awarded to Armenia, whereas Karabagh would go to Azerbaijan. In a draft treaty subsequently initialed in Erevan in October, Soviet envoy Boris Legran went even further by confirming the inclusion of Sharur-Nakhichevan and Zangezur in Armenia and designating Mountainous Karabagh as a disputed territory, whose fate would be resolved through the will of its people and Soviet mediation. 19 When Armenia was Sovietized in December 1920, Dr. Nariman Narimanov, the president of Soviet Azerbaijan, in a gesture of frater-nalism, renounced all Azerbaijani claims to Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan, a declaration that was broadcast throughout the world as evidence that only the Soviet order could resolve such complex national questions. (20) // 20. Pravda (Moscow), 4 December 1920; Kommunist (Baku), 2 and 6 December 1920; Kommunist (Erevan), December 7, 1920; GK Ordzhonikkbe, Statu rechi (Moscow: Institut Marksisma-Leninisma pri TsK KPSS, 1956), vol. 1, pp. 140-41. "
  55. ↑ Documents of foreign policy of the USSR. - State Political Publishing House, 1959. - T. 3. - S. 675.
  56. ↑ 1 2 3 From the history of the dearmenization of the Nakhchivan region (1920-1921). Archival documents. (unspecified) .
  57. ↑ The survey is one of the types of referendum
  58. ↑ Eduard Vramovich Tadevosyan. Soviet national statehood. - Publishing house Mosk. University, 1972 .-- S. 101.
    Original text (Russian)
    A population survey conducted in early 1921 in the Nakhchivan Territory showed that nine-tenths of all residents supported maintaining the territory as part of the Azerbaijan SSR as an ASSR.
  59. ↑ Audrey L. Altstadt . The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. - Hoover Press, 1992 .-- P. 116-117. - 331 p. - (Studies of nationalities). - ISBN 0-8179-9182-4 , ISBN 978-0-8179-9182-1 .
    Original text
    A referendum taken early in 1921 demonstrated that "nine-tenths" of the Nakhjivan population wanted to be included in Azerbaijan, "with the rights of an autonomous republic.
  60. ↑ Shnirelman V. A. Memory wars: myths, identity and politics in the Transcaucasus / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Akademkniga, 2003 .-- S. 246. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .

    Gradually, Armenian villages began to recover, and by 1832 the share of Armenians in the Nakhchivan region had increased to 41.2%. Serious new changes in the ethnic composition of the population occurred in connection with the First World War and the subsequent intervention of the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus , when the Armenians were again partially exterminated and partially fled to the north. Many failed to return back, in 1926 the number of Armenians in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was less than 11%. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that 90% of the participants in the referendum in 1921 voted in favor of joining Azerbaijan.

  61. ↑ Documents of foreign policy of the USSR. - State Political Publishing House, 1959. - T. 3. - S. 598-599.
  62. ↑ Julfa i. Safavid Period - article from Encyclopædia Iranica . Vazken S. Ghougassian:

    In 1921, a treaty between the Soviet Union and Turkey separated the province of Nakhijevan from Armenia, declaring it an autonomous territory of Azerbaijan.

  63. ↑ 1 2 S.V. Vostrikov // Karabakh crisis and Russian policy in the Caucasus [2] // Social Sciences and the Present 1999 • No. 3
  64. ↑ Kars Treaty (Russian) , CHRONOS.
  65. ↑ 1 2 George Bournoutian / The Iran-Turkey-Armenia Borders as Depicted in Various Maps / Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 19, Issue 1, 2015; pages 97 - 107 ISSN: 1609-8498

    THE TURKISH-SOVIET ARMENIAN / REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA BORDER, 1921-PRESENT
    The main articles of the Moscow and Kars (1921) treaties dealt specifically with the regions of Surmalu, Sharur and Batum. In exchange for returning part of Adjaria with its port of Batum to the Georgian SSR, Turkey was awarded the district of Surmalu (already occupied by Turkish forces), which contained Greater Ararat. In addition, Turkey returned the occupied parts of the Alexandropol district (with its rail connection to Tiflis) to Soviet Armenia, and removed its troops from Sharur-Nakhichevan, with the provision that it be made into an autonomous region under the jurisdiction of Soviet Azerbaijan and not be transferred to another party (ie, Soviet Armenia) without the consent of Turkey (see map 2). Having annexed Surmalu and being assured that Sharur would remain a part of Nakhichevan, Turkey thus gained the strip, which connected it to Sharur in Azeri-controlled Nakhichevan. A new international border was drawn between the USSR and Turkey, which remained in effect throughout the Soviet period and continues to be the present-day international border separating Turkey, Armenia, and Georgia. The astute Turkish diplomats assured the isolation of Armenia and, as noted, gained access to Azerbaijani Nakhichevan (see map 2). They had great hopes that the region of Zangezur would also become part of Azerbaijan, which would then give them an open land route to Baku. Following an uprising and major protests from Armenians, Moscow gave Zangezur to Armenia and designated the Armenian-populated regions of Nagorno-Karabakh as an autonomous enclave within Azerbaijan (see map 2). Ironically, several weeks prior to the Treaty of Moscow, the USSR, on February 21, 1921, signed a treaty of friendship with Iran. Although this treaty repudiated certain articles of the Turkmanchay treaty, it did not address the territorial losses of Iran in 1828. The Qajar dynasty was on its deathbed, and Iran had more pressing issues on its borders with the Soviet Union

  66. ↑ George Bournoutian / The Iran-Turkey-Armenia Borders as Depicted in Various Maps / Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 19, Issue 1, 2015; pages 97 - 107 ISSN: 1609-8498

    THE TURKISH-ARMENIAN BORDER, 1918-1921

    Following the collapse of the Tsarist regime, the Bolsheviks, by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918), gave up the entire territory of Russia had gained after the 1877-78 Russo-Ottoman War (i.e. Kars, Ardahan, Olti, Kagizman, Batum) to the Turks. By May of that year, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia had formed independent republics. The pre-1878 Russo-Ottoman border now separated Turkey, Georgia, and Armenia. The Turks immediately invaded Armenia and by the beginning of June of that year the Armenian Republic was forced to sign the Treaty of Batum (June 4, 1918), which resulted in the loss of half its former territory, including Nakhichevan, Sharur, Surmalu, and half of the Eǰmiacin and Alexandropol districts to the Turks. The end of the World War (November 1918) and the defeat of the Central Powers forced the Turks to move back to their 1914 borders and enabled Armenia not only to regain its lost territory, but to also move into the Kars Province (see map 2 ) (Bournoutian 2012: 311-312). The Treaty of Sèvres (August 10, 1920) and President Wilson's boundary for a large Armenian state, gave hope to the Armenian Republic. Ten days later, however, the Turks and the Bolsheviks made an agreement in Moscow repudiating all former treaties with the Tsarist government and refusing to accept the Sèvres treaty. Having been assured of Soviet noninterference and relying on European inaction, the Turks attacked Armenia in late September. By mid-November, the Turks had recaptured all the territory they had controlled prior to their withdrawal in November 1918. The collapse of the short-lived Armenian Republic and Sovietisation of Armenia (December 2, 1920), once again altered the borders between Turkey and Armenia. By the Treaty of Moscow (March 16, 1921), Russia and Turkey delineated the present-day borders, which were then accepted by Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the Treaty of Kars in October 13, 1921 (see map 2) (ibid. : 312-313) .5 As noted, Iranian historians argue that the Soviet Union had no right to hand the strip of land between the Upper Kara-Su and the Arax River (see B in map 2) to the Turks in the treaties of Moscow and Kars. In their opinion, the narrow corridor connecting Turkey to Nakhichevan belonged to Iran (Faraǰī 2012: 32). It is important to note that a number of 18th-century maps include the strip as being part of the governorship of Maku and not part of the Surmalu district of Yerevan. As will be seen, Iran tried to regain the strip during its negotiations for a final border with Turkey

  67. ↑ All-Union Population Census of 1926. The national composition of the population by region of the republics of the USSR. Transcaucasian SFSR / Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Rus.) , Demoscope.
  68. ↑ Nakhichevan at the junction of three civilizations ; author Alexander Svarants, Doctor of Political Science // Newspaper Noah's Ark, N 1 (136) January 2009.
  69. ↑ Exodus of Armenians from Nakhichevan ; author Artak Vardanyan, candidate of philological sciences // Journal “National Idea”, September 2008, N 6
  70. ↑ Nakhichevan (Russian) , vexillographia.ru. https://webpagetopdf.com/download/fbltcpe5a8r36ard/artm6lrss4waksng?rnd=0.1571212965465143
  71. ↑ CONSTITUTION OF THE NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC (rus.) , Official website of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.
  72. ↑ Ajemi ibn Abu Bekr. Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan. 1186 g
  73. ↑ Momine-Khatun / Mausoleum Atabek Mausoleum in Nakhchivan a monument to Azerbaijan
  74. ↑ 1 2 3 4 General Art History. Volume 2, Book Two
  75. ↑ Ronald G. Suny, James Nichol, Darrell L. Slider. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Country Studies. p 88. ISBN 0-7881-2813-2 .
  76. ↑ Art of Azerbaijan
  77. ↑ 1 2 3 4 [3]
  78. ↑ Mausoleum of Gulistan (Azerbaijan) Illustration
  79. ↑ Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  80. ↑ Armenian Heritage , [4] , [5]
  81. ↑ 1 2 Shnirelman V.A. Albanian myth // Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academic Book, 2003 .-- S. 216-222. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
  82. ↑ Argam Ayvazyan. Catalog "Monuments of Armenian architecture of Nakhichevan SSR (in Armenian)
  83. ↑ Ayvazyan, A.A. Dzhuga. Yerevan: Hayastan, 1990
  84. ↑ Ayvazyan, A.A. Historical and architectural monuments of Nakhichevan. Yerevan: Hayastan, 1978
  85. ↑ Ayvazyan, A. A. Memorial monuments and reliefs of Nakhichevan. Yerevan Hayastan 1987
  86. ↑ Ayvazyan, A. A. Monuments of Armenian architecture of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Yerevan Ayastan 1982
  87. ↑ About Astapat
  88. ↑ T.A. Izmailova. Syunik school of Armenian miniatures of the second half of the XIII - beginning of the XIV centuries. Historical and Philological Journal, 1978, No. 2. p. 182:

    In this article, we set ourselves the narrow task of localizing and, if possible, clarifying the dating of this manuscript, for which we compare it with the richly decorated, but undoubtedly related to it, Four Gospels of 1304 (M. 3722). In accordance with the memorabilia, the latter was performed by the scribe Hakob in Nakhichevan, decorated by the artist Simeon in the Astapat dakert, off the banks of the Arak River.

  89. ↑ 1 2 Castle, Stephen. “ Azerbaijan 'flattened' sacred Armenian site Archived June 15, 2006 to Wayback Machine , The Independent . April 16, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2007. " According to the International Council on Monuments and Sites (Icomos), the Azerbaijan government removed 800 khachkars in 1998. Though the destruction was halted following protests from Unesco, it resumed four years later. By January 2003 "the 1,500-year-old cemetery had completely been flattened," Icomos says ... The president of Icomos, Michael Petzet, said: “Now that all traces of this highly important historic site seem to have been extinguished all we can do is mourn the loss and protest against this totally senseless destruction ... Then, when the parliament's delegation for relations with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, asked to combine a mission to Armenia with a visit to the Djulfa archaeological site, their request was refused. " "
  90. ↑ Kat Zambon. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) // Satellite Images Show Disappearance of Armenian Artifacts in Azerbaijan . December 8, 2010. " " Our analysis of the satellite evidence is consistent with that of observers on the ground who have attested to the destruction of the khachkars and the leveling of the terrain in the Djulfa cemetery. "
  91. ↑ IWPR. CRS Issue 336, 27 Apr 06. Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes Archived April 9, 2012 on Wayback Machine . "The IWPR contributor was accompanied by two Azerbaijani security service officers and was restricted in his movements. He was unable to go right down to the River Araxes, the site of the former cemetery, as it lies in a protected border zone. However, he was able to see clearly that there was no cemetery there, merely bare ground. Nor was there, as some Armenians have claimed, a military training ground »
  92. ↑ High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
  93. ↑ 1 2 Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 1999 (Russian) , pop-stat.mashke.org.
  94. ↑ All-Union Population Census of 1926. The national composition of the population by region of the republics of the USSR Demoscope
  95. ↑ 1939 All-Union Population Census. Distribution of urban and rural population of the regions of the Union republics by nationality and gender Demoscope
  96. ↑ 1959 All-Union Census. Urban and rural population of regions of the republics of the USSR (except the RSFSR) by sex and nationality Demoscope
  97. ↑ 1970 All-Union Census. Urban and rural population of regions of the republics of the USSR (except the RSFSR) by sex and nationality Demoscope
  98. ↑ 1979 All-Union Census. Urban and rural population of regions of the republics of the USSR (except the RSFSR) by sex and nationality Demoscope
  99. ↑ 1989 All-Union Population Census. Distribution of the urban and rural population of the regions of the republics of the USSR by gender and nationality Demoscope
  100. ↑ according to the 1926 census were designated as "Türks"
  101. ↑ Error in footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> ; no text is specified for footnotes autogenerated1
  102. ↑ First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by mother tongue and counties. Russian Empire except the provinces of European Russia

Links

  • Official website of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic
  • Armenian heritage , [6] , [7]
  • Crucified Agulis
  • Djulfa Virtual Memorial and Museum - Documenting Cultural Destruction in Azerbaijan
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Republic&oldid=99881357


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