Europa ( dr. Greek Εὐρώπη ) - in ancient Greek mythology [4] the daughter of the Phoenician king. Her name is supposedly derived from the Phoenician " sunset " [5] , West .
| Europe | |
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| Mythology | |
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| Father | |
| Mother | |
| Brothers and sisters | , and |
| Spouse | |
| Children | , , , , and |
| In other cultures | |
Content
- 1 Personality of Europe
- 1.1 The Abduction of Europe by Zeus
- 1.2 Analysis of the myth
- 2 Image in art
- 3 In astronomy
- 4 In numismatics and bonistics
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
Personality of Europe
All versions agree that she was the sister of Cadmus , but instructions to her father diverge. According to one version, she is the daughter of the Phoenix [6] , the granddaughter of Agenor , king of Tire in Phenicia ; according to the poet Asiya, the daughter of the Phoenix and Perimedes [7] . According to another, the daughter of Agenor [8] and Telefassa ; or the daughter of Agenor and Argiope [9] . According to a rare version, the daughter of Titia [10] .
The Abduction of Europe by Zeus
According to legend, Zeus appeared to Europe, playing with friends on the seashore, in the form of a white bull and kidnapped her, taking him to Crete on his back. According to another version, he did not turn into a bull himself, but sent an animal after her [11] . On the island of Crete, Zeus took the form of a handsome young man and took possession of Europe. Minos , Radamant, and Sarpedon were born from this union [12] .
According to local myth, Zeus reclined with her under a plane tree near Gortyna [13] . According to the Prasian coins, in the branches of the plane tree itself, moreover, Zeus became a bird [14] . According to Antimach, Europe was hidden by Zeus in a cave.
According to another version, Europe was hidden in the town of Tevmess in Boeotia [15] , the Zeus-Boeotian was called the spouse of Europe [16] .
Subsequently, Europe married Asterion , king of Crete, who, dying childless, left power over the island to his adopted and raised sons of Europe from Zeus.
The story of her brother Cadmus is also connected with the myth of Europe - when Zeus abducted Europe, Agenor sent his sons to search for her, telling him not to return without her. However, the Delphic oracle of Apollo pointed to Cadmus, “so that he would not worry about Europe,” and he never found his sister and founded the city of Thebes . Yu. B. Tsirkin summarizes the attempts of the brothers of stolen Europe to find her as an attempt by the ancient Greeks to explain the process of Phoenician colonization :
The father of Europe, Agenor, was very sad about the loss of his daughter. And he decided to find her. Since Agenor himself was already old, he sent his sons to look for her. And the sons of Agenor - Phenic, Kilik , Thasos , Cadmus went in different directions in search of a sister. Phenicus visited both the islands of the Aegean Sea and Africa, he wandered near Tire. Cilicus settled in the southeast of Asia Minor, in the area, which by his name began to be called Cilicia . Thasos settled on an island that received its name from him . And after a long adventure, Cadmus, including after staying in Thrace , on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea and on some of its islands, arrived in Greece [17] .
Myth Analysis
The myth of Europe undoubtedly bears the trail of zoomorphism , like the legends about Cadmus and the Minotaur akin to it. In addition to Crete, Europe was revered in Thebes as a local deity. Herodotus rationalizes the tale of Europe and considers her the daughter of the Phoenician king, who was abducted from Tire by Cretan merchants [18] . He believes that after Crete, Europe moved to Asia Minor Lycia :
This country got its name from Tyrian Europe (it used to be nameless, like other parts of the world). But still, this woman Europe comes from Asia and never came to that land, which the Hellenes now call Europe. She arrived from Phenicia only to Crete, and from Crete to Lycia [19] .
George Monk reports that the Cretan king Taurus ( Ταύρος ) abducted Europe [20] .
A.F. Losev points to Europe as an initially chthonic deity [21] , whose name meaning "wide-eyed" (the epithet of the moon) or "broad-vowed" is a correlate of the archaic Zeus Euryopes ("broad-vowed"), dating back to the pre-Greek cults of Northern Greece and Asia Minor. Another chthonic version of Zeus associated with Europe was revered in the Epirus Dodon ; their son was considered Dodon. Revered in Boeotia, Demeter- Europe was considered the mother of Trophonius .
Lucian of Samosata points to the identity of the revered in Sidon of Europe, Selena and Astarte :
In Phenicia, there is also another great sanctuary owned by the Sidonians; as the locals say, it is dedicated to Astarte. It seems to me that Astarte is the same Selena. However, one of the Phoenician priests told me that this temple is dedicated to Europe, the sister of Cadmus and the daughter of King Agenor. After the disappearance of Europe, the Phoenicians built a temple for her; they tell a sacred legend about how the beauty of Europe aroused love in Zeus and how, turning into a bull, he abducted her and arrived with her in Crete. I heard the same from other Phoenicians. And on Sidon coins the image of Europe sitting on the bull Zeus is constantly found. Nevertheless, the Sidonians deny that their temple is dedicated to Europe [22] .
Art Image
- Europe - The protagonist of Aeschylus ’s tragedy “The Carians, or Europe” (French 99 Radt), the comedies of Eubulus and Plato.
- The Abduction of Europe - the plot of many paintings ( Titian , Veronese , Rembrandt , G. Reni , Claude Lorren , F. Boucher , G. Moreau , V. Serov , Francesco Albani , Burham , Giordano and others), and is also shown on reverse 2 coin of Greece .
- In Moscow, on the square of Europe near the Kiev railway station , the so-called fountain "Theft of Europe" [23] was built : the interweaving of pipes made of an alloy of nickel, chromium and titanium should symbolize the horns of a floating bull. According to other sources, the stainless steel pipe weave represents the head of the bull - Zeus and the girl - Europe, enclosed in its horns [24] .
- The work “ The Abduction of Europe ” was created by the Belgian avant-garde sculptor Olivier Strebel and was donated by Belgium to Moscow [25] .
- In Odessa, on the Big Fountain Road (station 9 of the Big Fountain), the Fountain of Europe abduction fountain was installed in 1994 in honor of the 200th anniversary of the city (sculptor Tokarev A.P., architect Chepelev V.N.)
- In Crete, in the city of Agios Nikolaos, a sculpture of the Bull of Zeus and Europe is installed on the waterfront.
In astronomy
In honor of Europe, the satellite of Jupiter, Europe , one of the discovered by Galileo Galilei at the beginning of the 17th century, and the asteroid (52) Europe , discovered in 1858, are named. The name of the satellite was given by Simon Marius in 1614 , and even earlier proposed by Johannes Kepler [26] [27] .
In numismatics and bonistics
- German banknotes of 5 marks of 1948 depict the scene of the abduction of Europe.
- The abduction of Europe is depicted on a Cypriot coin with a face value of 50 cents, which was in use in the 90s of the XX century.
- Also, Europe on the bull is depicted on the obverse of a 2 Euro coin issued by the Bank of Greece when the country joined the Euro zone and has been circulating to this day.
- The new Euro banknotes are marked with the watermark "Europe" from Greek mythology. The first in a new version issued a banknote of 5 euros (05/02/13), the second - 10 euros (09/23/14). The same sign is planned for the following denominations.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Lubker F. Europa // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities according to Lubker / ed. F.F. Zelinsky , L.A. Georgievsky , M.S. Kutorg , etc. - St. Petersburg. : Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy , 1885. - P. 508.
- ↑ Lubker F. Minos // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities by Lubker / Ed. F.F. Zelinsky , L.A. Georgievsky , M.S. Kutorg , etc. - St. Petersburg. : Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy , 1885. - S. 873.
- ↑ Lubker F. Rhadamanthys // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities by Lubker / Ed. F.F. Zelinsky , L.A. Georgievsky , M.S. Kutorg , etc. - St. Petersburg. : Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy , 1885. - S. 1152.
- ↑ Losev, 1987
- ↑ Tantlevsky I.R. History of Israel and Judea before the destruction of the First Temple. SPb, 2005. P.9
- ↑ Homer. Iliad XIV 321; Hesiod. The list of women, fr. 141 M.-U .; Bacchilis. Dithyrambs XVII 31; Antimach. Thebaid, fr. 3 Wyss; Mosch. Europe, Article 7
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas VII 4, 1
- ↑ Ovid. Metamorphoses II 858; Gigin. Myths 155; Lucian. Sea Talk 15, 1
- ↑ Gigin. Myths 178
- ↑ Scholia to Plato. Timaeus 24th // Losev A.F. Mythology of the Greeks and Romans. M., 1996. P.223, apparently, we are talking about another Europe
- ↑ Pseudo-Eratosthenes, 14
- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Mythological library II 5, 7 onwards
- ↑ Theophrastus. History of plants I 9, 5; Pliny the Elder. Natural History XII 11 // Losev A.F. Mythology of the Greeks and Romans. M., 1996.S. 226
- ↑ Losev A.F. Mythology of the Greeks and Romans. M., 1996.S. 216
- ↑ Pausanias. Description of Hellas IX 19, 1
- ↑ Philostratus. Letters 47 // Losev A.F. Mythology of the Greeks and Romans. M., 1996. P.211
- ↑ Tsirkin Yu.B. Myths of Phenicia and Ugarit. M., 2003.
- ↑ Herodotus. History I 2 ( Herodotus. History. Book One. Clio. )
- ↑ Herodotus . History, IV, 45
- ↑ George the Monk . Temporary . I, 13
- ↑ Europe / A.F. Losev // Myths of the World : Encycl. in 2 t / hl ed. S. A. Tokarev . - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1987. - T. 1: AK. - S. 419-420.
- ↑ Lucian of Samosata. About the Syrian goddess, 4.
- ↑ WikiMapia: “The Abduction of Europe”
- ↑ Europe Square . Optima Tours (February 21, 2009). Date of treatment February 21, 2009.
- ↑ Fountains of Moscow # Fountain "Abduction of Europe"
- ↑ Simon Marius . University of Arizona, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. Date of treatment November 28, 2013. Archived August 21, 2006.
- ↑ Simone Mario Guntzenhusano . Mundus Iovialis anno M. DC. IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici . - 1614.
Literature
- Europe, in Greek mythology // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Europa // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities / ed. F. Lubker ; Edited by members of the Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy F. Gelbke , L. Georgievsky , F. Zelinsky , V. Kansky , M. Kutorgi and P. Nikitin . - SPb. , 1885.
- Europe / A.F. Losev // Myths of the World : Encycl. in 2 t / hl ed. S. A. Tokarev . - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1987. - T. 1: AK. - S. 419-420.
- http://www.new-euro-banknotes.eu/Europa-Series/The-Myth-of-Europa