Rakhine [1] [2] , Arakan [3] ( Burm. ရခိုင် ) is a state in Myanmar , as well as a historical region. From the south it faces the sea, from the north it borders on the state of Chin , from the east it borders on the districts of Magway , Pegu and Irrawaddy , to the west is the Bay of Bengal and Chittagong district in Bangladesh . The administrative center is Situe , another big city is Tandue . The population in 2012 is 3,132,651 people. The population density is 85.18 people / km².
| Burm ရခိုင် Rakhine State ( MLCTS : rahkuing pranynai) | |
 | |
| Capital | Sittwe (Akyab) |
| Region | West Coast |
| Square | 36,778 km² |
| Population | 3,132,651 (2012) |
| Peoples | Arakans , Burmese , Rohingya , ranks |
| Religions | Buddhism , Christianity , Islam |
   | |
Content
Title
The name Rakhine comes from the Pali Rakhkhapura ( Sanskrit of Raksapura ) [4] , which means “ Rakshas country” [5] .
On the other hand, the Pali and Sanskrit names can mean “Country of Arakans”, who are proud of the preservation of high national culture and high Buddhist morality and ethics. Presumably, the mention of Arakan is in ancient Roman and Greek sources.
History
Dhanyavadi
| Kingdom of dhanyavadi | 3325 BC er - 326 AD uh | Founder |
| First period | 3325 - 1483 BC. er | King Marayu |
| Second period | 1483 - 580 BC. er | King Kanrazagreeya |
| Third period | 580 BC er - 326 AD uh | Tsar Chandra Surya |
There is a legend that the Buddha Gautama personally visited Dhanyavadi , and during this period the Great Statue of Mahamuni was made, after which Arakan became a stronghold of Buddhism. There was a monetary system of monetary circulation.
Weights (Vaishali)
| Kingdom Vesali | 327 - 818 | Capital |
| First period | 327 - 818 | Vesali (Zhauk Kle Ha) |
The founder of the dynasty is King Dwan Chandra.
Lemro
| Kingdom of Lemro | 818 - 1430 | Capital |
| First period | 285 years old | Sam-Ba-Wa and Pyin-Sa |
| Second period | 20 years | Da-rin 1 |
| Third period | 127 years old | Da-Rin 2 and Khereik |
| The fourth period | 127 years old | Laung Krat |
The founder of the dynasty is King Nga Toun Moon. The Lemro period was the era of the heyday of the civilization of the Bay of Bengal, at that time there was active trade with Western countries. In the XI - XIII centuries, the northern areas of Arakan were vassal to Pagan .
Miau-U
| Kingdom of Miau-U | 1430 - 1784 |
| First period | 1430 - 1531 |
| Second period | 1531 - 1638 |
| Third period | 1638 - 1784 |
Under the ruler of Minbin 1531 - 1553 , the period of flourishing and territorial expansion of Arakan began. A significant role in the country's economy was played by maritime trade and piracy, which were mainly in the hands of Portuguese adventurers. After defeat in the war with the Mogul empire (1666), Arakan weakened, losing Chittagong and considerable territory, and feudal strife and the struggle for the throne, which began in 1731 , facilitated the seizure of Arakan by the Burmese ruler Bodopaya and his accession to Burma in 1785.
Under the rule of the Burmese
| Mrauk-U | 1784 - 1826 ] |
| The fourth period | 1784 - 1826 |
In 1784, the king of Burma, Bodopaya, invaded Arakan and occupied the country. The national relic - Mahamuni Buddha - was taken in the form of a trophy and shipped to Mandalay . The attacks of Burmese Arakan refugees in the area of British Bengal prompted the British to start the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 - 1826 , according to the peace agreement in Yandabo 1826 Arakan withdrew to Britain.
English colony
1826 - 1948 , the capital of Akyab
Japanese occupation
1942 - 1945 , the capital of Akyab
Burmese Union
C 1948 , the capital of Akyab .
Fight for independence
From 1950 a growing movement for independence and the restoration of Arakan statehood rose. As a concession in 1974, Burmese leader Ne Win recognized Arakan for the status of a national district instead of an administrative district, as it was before. The independence movement was weakened, the Burmese government was able to play on the contradictions of local Buddhists and Muslims. The current Myanmar authorities do not recognize the Rohingya as the indigenous population of Arakan and demand the deportation of representatives of this nation to Bangladesh on the grounds that they are allegedly descendants of Muslim Bengali who illegally crossed the Myanmar-Bangladeshi border.
On January 30, 2015, the deep-sea oil port was officially opened on Island. Oil from the reservoirs of the CNPC oil terminal enters China via the trunk pipeline (MNP). The MNP runs parallel to the previously constructed trunk gas pipeline, through which gas from the Shwe block off the coast of Rakhine State enters China [6] .
Population and religion
The population is divided into two main ethnic groups - Arakans (Burmese subethnos) and Rohingya (Bengali subethnos). In addition, in the territory of Arakan live MRO , Khumi , Kamantsy , Dineta , Marmagri and other small ethnic groups. The majority of the population profess Buddhism , moreover, Islam is popular among Rohingya.
Until the X century , Hinduism was common.
Buddhism existed on the territory of Arakan from early times, according to tradition, they are considered the adoption of Buddhism. II century BC. er .
Islam appeared in the X - XII centuries .
According to the 2014 census, the population was 3,188,807, of which 2,098,087 were rewritten, 1,090,000 were not rewritten. In Rakhine, the unemployment rate for the population is 10%. Only 30% of the population live in good sanitary conditions. A fairly low level of fertility is 2.24. The 300,000 population came from outside the state (of which over 100,000 came from abroad, mainly Thailand and Malaysia). The state has a high level of migrants from Bangladesh (not included in the census) [7] .
Administrative division
The state consists of four districts, which are divided into 17 districts, which include 1164 villages and villages.
County
- Sittwe (12,504 km²; 1,099,568 people)
- Maungdaw (3,538 km²; 763,844 people)
- Chauphiu (Kyaukpyu) (9,984 km²; 458,244 people)
- Thandwe (10,753 km²; 296,736 people)
- Total: 36,778 km²; 2,915,000 people (2002)
Areas
- Ann (Ann) [8]
- Buthidaung
- Gwa (Gwa)
- Kyauktaw
- Chauphiu (Kyaukpyu)
- Maungdaw
- Minbya (Minbya)
- Mrauk -U
- Munaung
- Myenbon (Myebon)
- Pauktaw (Pauktaw)
- Ponnagyun
- Ramree (Ramree)
- Rathedaung
- Sittwe (Sittwe)
- Thandwe ( Thandwe )
- Toungup (Toungup)
Notes
- ↑ Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand // Peace Atlas / comp. and prepare. to ed. PKO "Cartography" in 2009; Ch. ed. G. V. Pozdnyak . - M .: PKO "Cartography": Onyx, 2010. - p. 132-113. - ISBN 978-5-85120-295-7 (Cartography). - ISBN 978-5-488-02609-4 (Onyx).
- ↑ Rakhine // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / resp. ed. A.M. Komkov . - 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M .: Nedra , 1986. - 459 p.
- ↑ Rakhine // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / resp. ed. A.M. Komkov . - 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M .: Nedra , 1986. - P. 23.
- ↑ Egreteau R. Wooing the generals: India's new Burma policy (Eng.) . - Authorspress, 2003. - p. 7. - ISBN 9788172731731 .
- ↑ Burma Research Society , Myanmar Book Center (Firm). Journal of the Burma Research Society (English) . - The Society, 1923. - p. 103.
- ↑ The port of Maday Island, the starting point of the Sino-Myanmar oil pipeline, was officially put into operation.
- ↑ Census Report in Arakan in 2014 english
- "Myanmar States / Divisions & Townships Overview Map" Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)
Links
- Arakan // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Rakhapura - international Arakan information server
- photo gallery
- Where is she Shabbat?