Messianic Judaism

Symbol of Messianic Judaism

At the baptism of Yeshua, according to the New Testament, thousands of Jews followed him, prepared by the prophet John the Baptist. From among the Judeo-Christians were the first Apostles . Their efforts have spread the movement to other nations. After the apostolic age, as Judaism and the persecution of the Roman Empire intensified, Judeo-Christianity began to fade. But throughout the course of history, groups of Jewish believers in Yeshua continued to exist, but did not become Christians, and lately, Messianic Judaism began to gain strength again.

In Novgorod before 1470, Christian currents close to Judaism were widespread. After the Council of 1503, they were declared the “heresy of the Judaizers.” From the 18th century in Russia, there was a current of subbotnik Christians who observed Shabbat. In 1884, I. D. Rabinovich founded the first Messianic prayer house in Chisinau ^[4] . In the USA in the 1960s, a movement emerged that is historically associated with a similar Jewish Christian movement of the late 19th century . From the associations of Jewish Christians (Hebrew-Christians) that previously existed in England and the United States, the new movement was different in that it did not at first call on Jews to convert to Christianity, but suggested them to remain Jews who believed in the Messiah.

The idea of ​​combining the foundations of the Jewish faith with Messianism was also shared by the Austro-Hungarian Rabbi I. Liechtenstein , who began to preach the New Testament . When the Synod of Rabbis of Austria-Hungary demanded that “he resigned and formally baptized, he replied that he had no intention of joining any church. He found true Judaism in the New Testament, and will remain, as before, with His community and will preach in the synagogue . ” He did so, despite the persecution and reproaches that fell upon him. In fulfilling his duties as a rabbi of the district, he continued to teach and preach from the New Testament. " ^{[5] [6]} In the Jewish environment, he was strongly criticized, he became" a stumbling block and object of persecution from most Jewish communities. " ^{[5 ] [7]}

Martin Chernov founded the first modern messianic community in Cincinnati ( Ohio ) in 1970 ^[8] .

In 1975, the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA), created in 1915, was renamed the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA ). David Rausch in his work on Messianic Judaism indicates that the name change was not just a “semantic method”, but “symbolized the development of the thinking process, as well as a religious and philosophical point of view to a deeper expression of Jewry” ^[9] .

In 1979, the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC) was created, which includes about 80 Messianic communities and groups.

Since 1986, there is the International Alliance of the Messianic Communities "IAMCS" which includes more than 140 communities from different countries.

In May 2006, the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council was established ^[10] .

The exact number of Messianic believers in the world is difficult to determine, and therefore the statistics given in the press are very contradictory. According to estimates of the movement itself, there are about 250 thousand adherents of Messianic Judaism in the world (of which about 150 thousand in the USA) ^[11] and there are more than 400 Messianic communities and synagogues ^{[12] [13] [14]} .

In Israel , according to the latest data, the number of Messianic believers by various sources is estimated at 10-15 thousand people, the number of Messianic communities and groups varies from 120-130 to 200 ^{[15] [16] [17] [18]} .

The number of Messianic Jews in the countries of the former USSR, according to Alexander Lakshin , the leader of the Magen League is “tens of thousands of people” (2001). According to the press, the largest Jewish Messianic community in the world (more than 3000 members) is in Kiev ( Kiev Jewish Messianic community ), another large community (400 members) is in Moscow ; the number of ethnic Jews in these communities is unknown ^[19] . Also messianic communities exist in Moldova, Belarus, Latvia (2 communities) ^{[20] [21] [22]} .

In the US, the number of Messianic believers according to the data for 2008 was estimated at a quarter of a million people ^{[23] [24]} .

David A. Rausch, an associate professor of church history and Jewish studies at Evangelical Theological Seminary in Ashland, Ohio, and author of the book Messianic Judaism: Its History, Theology and Polity, estimates the percentage of non-Jewish believers in the Messianic movement 40–60% ^[25] , Carol Harris-Shapiro (“Messianic Judaism,” see above) —about 50%.

There are approximately 28 messianic ministries in Germany . There are messianic communities (ministries) in Latin America (the largest of them are in Brazil, Belo Horizonte , has several hundred members), in Belgium, in Spain, in France, in the Netherlands (in Amsterdam), in Romania (4 Messianic communities) in Australia ^[26] and South Africa ^[27] .

Basics of Faith

The main ideas of Messianic Judaism are outlined in the book by David Stern "Messianic Jewish Manifesto" ^[28] . Tezisno they can be transferred as follows:

God

God created the world and man in six days. Messianic believers believe in the God of the Bible, who is omnipotent, omnipresent and eternal. Most of them believe in the trinity of God , but some do not share the doctrine of the trinity, because they (this part) believe in the unity of God, that He is the One God.

Bible

Messianic believers believe that Yeshua did not abolish the Torah, as it is written, “ Do not think that I came to break the Torah or the prophets: I did not break, but to fulfill. For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not a single joke or not a single feature will pass from the Torah until all is accomplished ”( Matt. 5: 17-18 ). And also according to 2 Timothy 3: 16-17 . "All Scripture is inspired by God and useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that God be perfect, prepared for every good work." These lines were written when the canon of the new testament has not yet been written down, and by the "Scripture" is meant the Old Testament (Tanakh).

The Fall of Man

The violation by Adam and Eve of the prohibition of “not the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil” was the cause of their expulsion from paradise and the source of the sinfulness of humanity.

People of Israel

Messianic believers believe that the people of Israel were, are and always will be the people chosen by God ( Rom. 11: 1 , 11: 28-29 ; 9: 4-5 ). The covenant was made with Abraham (Gen. 12: 1-3):

“And the Lord said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, from thy kindred, and from thy father’s house, into the land that I will show thee;

and I will make a great nation out of you, and I will bless you, and I will magnify your name, and you will be a blessing;

I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you; and in you shall all the tribes of the earth be blessed. "

Yeshua ( Jesus Christ ) Messiah

Messianic believers believe that Yeshua is the Messiah who is destined to atone for original sin through his atoning sacrifice . Most supporters of the movement also believe that Yeshua is God in the flesh and that he is “the Torah (Word) made flesh” ( John 1:14 ). ^[29]

Doomsday

Most Messianic believers believe in the “last days,” the final correction of the world (Tikun Olam), the second coming of Yeshua, the return of the Jews to Eretz Israel (Israel), the fact that the Third Temple in Jerusalem will be rebuilt, Yeshua resurrected and there will be a resurrection from the dead , into what will be the thousand-year Shabbos ( millennial kingdom ).

Liturgy in Messianic Jewish Communities

Reading Torah

Messianic Jewish communities, like orthodox synagogues, read the Old Testament ( Tanakh ) and the New Testament ( Brit Chadasha ) throughout the year, although some communities adhere to the more ancient - three-year-old Torah reading cycle (as was the case in the 1st century AD. ) Currently, many communities use the Hebrew New Testament as translated by D. Stern (translated into English in a Jewish context, so here (in the pages of this publication) is a Hebrew text column and next is an English text column; creatures We also have a parallel translation into Hebrew and into Russian).

In a number of Messianic communities there is a Torah Scroll , which is used in the services on Shabbat (Saturday).

Holidays

Messianic Jews celebrate Shabbat (Saturday) according to the fourth commandment of the Ten Commandments (Ex. 20: 2-17).

Pesach (Easter), Shavuot (Pentecost), Yom Teruah (trumpets festival), which in Jewish tradition is called Rosh-a-shana (Jewish New Year)), Yom Kippur (“Day of Atonement”, fasting day), Sukkot (Tabernacle Holiday ), as well as holidays established according to the tradition: Hanukkah (a holiday of renewal, purification, consecration), Purim , etc.

Jewish Prayer

In a number of Messianic synagogues, prayers from the Jewish Siddur are included in the liturgy, as well as prayers based on the texts of Brit Chadasha (New Testament). Messianic believers use such traditional elements of Jewish prayer as:

• Shma The main prayer-commandment of pronunciation is contained in the Torah (Deuteronomy, ch. 6, v. 4).
• Amida
• Aaron blessing
• Aleinu
• Kadish
• Kiddush
• Adon olam
• Avinu Mulcain
• Birkat Kohanim (blessing of the Cohen (priests)) and others.

Achievement of Excellence ( Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah )

In the Messianic communities, Bar Mitzvah (the “son of the commandment”) is noted for boys who have reached the age of 13 (in Judaism is considered the age of majority for boys), and Bat Mitzvah (the “daughter of the commandment”) for girls who have reached 12 years of age.

Brit Milah

In some messianic communities, the commandment of brit mil ( circumcision ) is fulfilled for Jewish children, but far from all ^[30] .

Wedding ( Hupa )

Baptism ( Twill )

Messianic Judaism accepts Jews and non-Jews. The conditions are repentance ( tshuva ) and baptism ( twill ) as the acceptance of the duty to follow the commandments of God .

Jews are those who have at least one of the parents (mother or father) is a Jew. The definition of Jewry is similar to the understanding adopted in reform Judaism ^[31]

The relationship of Messianic Judaism to the Torah and the Jewish tradition

Messianic communities differ in the degree of integration of the Christian and Judaic traditions ^[32] - ministries in some communities are more similar to Christian ones, while in others they are accepted in orthodox Judaism (including the use of Siddur (Jewish prayer book), reading weekly chapters of the Torah , etc.) d.) According to Dr. Dana Juster, “ Siddur is 80 percent either repeating the Scripture or using it creatively ” ^[33] . “ In all likelihood, Jesus in the synagogue read many of those prayers that can be seen in the siddur today. " ^[34]

The important values ​​of Messianic Judaism are Jewish concepts such as the Jewish family, parenting, tsedak , tikkun olam (“repairing the world”), bikkur-holim (visiting the sick), etc.) ^{[35] [36] [37]}

Most Messianic communities tend to respect the Jewish tradition and the laws of Judaism, although they are not considered inspired.

Attitudes toward Christian "substitution theory"

Messianic Judaism rejects Christian " substitution theory ." The Apostle Paul (Shaul), in the Epistle to the Romans, Chapter 9: 3 writes, “I would like to be excommunicated from Christ for my brethren, who are dear to me according to the flesh, ⁴ that is, the Israelites, who belong to adoption and fame, and covenants, and statutes, and divine service, and promises; ^{5 of} them, and the fathers, and from them Christ according to the flesh, who is over all, God blessed for ever, amen. "

The development of Messianic Judaism by scholars and theologians

• An Israeli Messianic theologian, Dr. David H. Stern , made a translation of the New Testament into English in a Jewish context, offering to see a Jewish book in the New Testament, and a commentary to it was written ^{[39] [40]} .
• A messianic translation of the Bible was done by Dr. Phil Goble ^[41] .
• The pastor of the Glory of Zion ministry, Dr. Robert Heidline, wrote the book The Messianic Church Is Being Restored, which details the Early Apostolic Church.
• The Israeli theologian and the Messianic Rabbi Yosef Shulyam in collaboration with Hilary Le Cornu compiled the book “Jewish roots of the Book of Acts”, “Jewish roots of the Epistle to the Romans” and “Jewish roots of the Letter to the Galatians” ^[42] .
• The Messianic rabbi, Dr. John Fisher composed the messianic sidur (prayer book) and the machzor (prayer book, chants for the holidays) ^[43] .
• One of the leaders of the messianic movement, Dr. Dan C. Juster, wrote the books “Reaching Maturity. Tutorial on Messianic Judaism "," Jewish Roots "(Jewish Roots)," Jewish and Jesus "(Jewishness and Jesus), etc.
• Dr. Michael Schiffman wrote the book “Return of the remnant: the revival of Messianic Judaism”, which tells about the history and modern development of the Messianic Jewish movement, and also deals with theological issues, attitude to the Jewish tradition, etc. ^[44]
• The Messianic Rabbi, Dr. Mark Kinzer wrote the book Postmissionary Messianic Judaism, in which the author talks about the election of Israel, which is not subject to cancellation, and the need to build bridges between Judaism and the Church ^[45] .
• Dr. Michael Brown wrote the book "Our hands are stained with blood", which "covers many moments of the history of the State of Israel , explores the causes of Christian and universal anti - Semitism ." The author examines the history of the attitude of the Church to the Jewish people and the participation of the Church in the genocide of the Jewish people, cites facts of persecution, torture and extermination of Jews ^{[46] [47]} .

Messianic Jewish Education

Currently, there are several Messianic educational institutions in the world. In the summer of 2002, the Messianic Jewish Theological Institute ( MJTI ) was established by the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, or UMJC, in Clermont, Florida . The institute has a School of Jewish Studies (SJS) and a Rabbinical Training Institute (ROI).

There is also a Messianic Jewish Bible Institute ( MJBI ) with Bible schools in Odessa ( Ukraine ), Belo Horizonte ( Brazil ), Buenos Aires ( Argentina ), and St. Petersburg ( Russia ).

The Kiev Jewish Messianic Community and the Ukrainian Evangelical Theological Seminary, with the support of the Lausanne International Movement, developed the program “Messianic Theology and Missiology” (part-time education department of UETS ).

The Haifa Theological Institute, or HTI , operates in Israel, offering correspondence education in Messiah.

Charity

The Messianic Jewish movement is actively involved in charity work, providing assistance to the poor (lunches, humanitarian aid: clothes, shoes, basic necessities, etc.) ^{[13] [48] [49]}

Messianic Jewish Music

Among the Messianic believers there are many authors who devote their works to the Messianic theme. Of these, the most prominent in the Messianic Jewish community are: Joel Chernoff and Paul Wilbur. Joel Chernoff was in the original lineup of Lamb, Paul Wilbur stands alone. Another author who gained fame in the Messianic movement is Marty Goetz. These Messianic authors were greatly influenced by Yiddish Jewish music and they often include phrases in Hebrew and Yiddish in the text of their works ^[50] .

Messianic Believers in Israel

Messianic believers have provided significant support to Israel, believing that the re-establishment of the State of Israel is the fulfillment of the ancient prophecies of the Tanakh . Members of the Messianic Jewish communities in Israel serve in the army and fulfill all civic duties.

Messianic believers in Israel are often insulted. “... most court decisions on the facts of discrimination against Messianic Jews who are citizens of the state of Israel were in favor of members of the Messianic Jewish community, who are insulted because of their faith. Such actions are contrary to the laws of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state ” ^[51] .

Aliya

Messianic Jews, whose mother is Jewish, are treated as Jews who have converted to another religion and therefore are not eligible for repatriation to Israel (Aliya) under the “ Law of Return ”.

At the same time, Messianic believers who only have a father, grandfather or spouse (a) are Jews, since they are not considered Jews according to halakha, and therefore cannot be considered as having passed into another religion ^[51] .

According to a public opinion poll conducted by the Dahaf Institute of Studies in January 1988, 78% of respondents agreed that they should be allowed to commit aliyah (repatriation) to a person “born of a Jewish mother, loyal to the state of Israel, paying the state taxes, serving in the army celebrating Jewish holidays, keeping the commandments of the Israeli tradition, feeling like a Jew and believing that Yeshua is a Messiah, but not baptized into Christianity (17% were against, the rest abstained). 77% of Orthodox Orthodox Jews agreed with this ^[52] .

Relationships with Christian Churches and Missions

Messianic communities are open for collaboration with churches and missions that show interest in the Jewish people, hold or help hold conferences and seminars explaining difficult issues of Jewish and Christian history, with the goal of promoting liberation from anti-Semitism and prejudice towards Jews. They conduct interchurch prayers, one of the central themes of which is Israel’s blessing, prayer for peace in Jerusalem , etc. ^{[53] [54]} Messianic Judaism differs from the idea of ​​Archpriest Alexander Me (1934-90) to create a Jewish Orthodox community along the lines of the Catholic community St. James in Israel, but with a large number of elements of Jewish worship ^{[55] [56] [57]} .

Relationship with the Jews for Jesus Mission

Хотя между последователями мессианского иудаизма и миссией «Евреи за Иисуса» существует согласие в вопросах веры, между ними есть и ряд различий:

• Миссия «Евреи за Иисуса» — межконфессиональная (её сотрудники являются членами различных протестантских и мессианских общин), сама она не является церковью или общиной, тогда как мессианские синагоги и общины — это именно общины со своими лидерами (раввинами, пасторами и др.), определённым порядком Богослужения и т. д.
• Задачей «Евреев за Иисуса» является миссионерская деятельность среди евреев с последующим привлечением новообращённых в одну из существующих протестантских церквей или мессианских общин ^{[25] [58]} , для мессианских общин миссионерская деятельность — это следствие , но не причина для существования.
• В отношении к еврейскому религиозному литературному наследию позиция миссии «Евреи за Иисуса» обозначена следующим образом: « Мы признаем ценность традиционной еврейской литературы, но только в тех случаях, где она подтверждается Словом Божьим. Мы ни в коем случае не считаем её обязательной для жизни или веры » ^[59] . В то время, как мессианские еврейские общины не только признают ценность еврейской религиозной литературы, но и используют богатство еврейской традиции, при условии, что она не противоречит Священному Писанию.

По словам Адама Бернея (Adam J. Bernay): « Евреи за Иисуса видят своей главной миссией распространение благой вести о Мессии Йешуа среди еврейского народа. Многие люди, связанные с Евреями за Иисуса рассматривают в качестве центра своей идентификации христианскую церковь. Таким образом, они рассматривают себя христианами еврейского происхождения. Выражение их служений и теологии уходят корнями в историческую Церковь. Мессианский иудаизм рассматривает себя прежде всего как иудаизм. Таким образом, евреи в мессианском еврейском движении определяют себя как еврейский народ, который верует в то, что Йешуа (Иисус) — это обещанный Мессия. Они проводят служения в синагогах в Шаббат (Субботу), отмечают еврейские праздники и участвуют в цикле еврейской жизни » ^[60] .

Некоторые мессианские общины выражают обеспокоенность, когда их ассоциируют с организацией «Евреи за Иисуса»:

• « Мы не Евреи за Иисуса. Мы выражаем полное согласие с их деятельностью по привлечению немессианских евреев к признанию Йешуа (Иисуса) еврейским Мессией. Вместе с тем, мы столь же твёрдо не принимаем веры/политики Евреев за Иисуса, согласно которой признание Мессии Йешуа (Иисуса Христа) евреями (или неевреями) влечёт за собой отрицание Торы (Закона)! Это противоречит и нарушает Танах и мессианское Писание, говорящее о Йешуа (Иисусе). Мы веруем, что Тора говорит о Йешуа (Иисусе) и что те, кто возлюбили Его, соответствуют Его заповедям » ^[61] .
• Адам Берней (Adam J. Bernay, Beit Tefillah Messianic Fellowship): « Мы НЕ Евреи за Иисуса! Евреи за Иисуса — в первую очередь баптистская миссионерская группа, чья цель обращение евреев в христианство. Они не являются частью Мессианского движения и никогда не были сторонниками мессианских общин! Мы не поддерживаем их теологию и их методы! » ^[62]
• Эллен Каванауг (Ellen Kavanaugh, Light of Mashiach! Torah Observant Messianic Judaism): « Разрешите начать с заявления, что этот сайт не аффилирован с „Евреями за Иисуса“. Мы по всей видимости должны определить, что мы понимаем под мессианством, так как многие полагают, что „Евреи за Иисуса“ — мессианская организация. Я считаю „Евреев за Иисуса“ христианской организацией. Мойше Розен, основатель „Евреев за Иисуса“, является христианским миссионером, обученным в обычном библейском колледже, а не на раввина. „Евреи за Иисуса“ провели тщательную работу, проповедуя Иисуса неверующим евреям, но то, что они проповедуют — это христианство, а не мессианский иудаизм (несмотря на их усилия превратить эти термины в синонимы) » ^[63] .

Со своей стороны, миссия «Евреи за Иисуса», по словам её исполнительного директора Давида Брикнера, « …не только не отвергает общение с мессианскими общинами, но и строит самые дружеские отношения с ними ». " …"Евреи за Иисуса" всецело поддерживают развитие мессианских общин. Во-первых, за последние десять лет наша миссия сама основала четыре мессианские общины, которые существуют и по сей день. Во-вторых, многие сотрудники нашей миссии, в том числе и я сам, являются членами мессианских общин. В-третьих, после каждой кампании мы предлагаем мессианским общинам включиться в совместную работу с евреями, которые оставили нам свои адреса для последующего общения ." ^[64]

Взаимоотношения с еврейскими организациями

Представители иудаизма относятся к мессианскому движению как к разновидности христианства и протестуют против любой миссионерской деятельности в еврейской среде. По мнению этих людей и организаций, «выделение евреев как объектов для миссионерской деятельности указывает на дискриминационное отношение к последним, как к подлежащим исправлению путём обращения в христианство, и к иудаизму как к менее достойной конфессии по сравнению с христианством ^[65] . Миссионерская деятельность рассматривается как направленная на духовное уничтожение еврейского народа, особенно неприемлемая с моральных позиций в свете исторической попытки физического уничтожения евреев в середине XX века (см Холокост )» ^{[66] [67] [68]} .

Реформистский раввин и историк Дан Кон-Шербок ( Dan Cohn-Sherbok ), автор социоисторического исследования «Мессианский иудаизм», рассматривает мессианский иудаизм в качестве одного из направлений иудаизма ^[69] . Женщина- реконструктивистский раввин Кэрол Хэррис-Шапиро ( Carol Harris-Shapiro ) в своей книге «Мессианский иудаизм» также призывает рассматривать мессианский иудаизм разновидностью как христианства, так и иудаизма.

• Иудаизм и христианство
• Ересь жидовствующих
• Saturday cleaning

• Сообщество «МЕССИАНСКИЕ ЕВРЕИ»
• МЕССИАНСКИЕ ВЕРУЮЩИЕ, КТО ОНИ?
• Становление и рост мессианского иудаизма
• Еврейское мессианское движение
• Мессианский иудаизм
• Мессианский иудаизм и традиция
• О мессианском иудаизме

Сайты мессианских организаций

• Киевская еврейская мессианская община
• Еврейская мессианская община «Возвращенные на Сион» (Хайфа, Израиль)
• Мессианский портал ОРЭНУ (Израиль)
• Еврейский мессианский портал Ieshua.org
• Мессианский иудаизм
• Еврейский Новый Завет
• Еврейский Новый Завет (Текст и Аудио)
• Мессианский еврейский манифест

• ОБЩИНА ЦАРСТВА
• The Messianic Jewish Alliance of America
• Chosen People Ministries
• Association of Messianic Congregations
• Messianic Jewish Theological Institute (MJTI)
• Messianic Jewish Bible Institute
• Мессианский Портал Германии (на русском языке)
• Еврейская мессианская община «Брит Хадаша» (Республика Беларусь, г. Минск)
• Хайфский Теологический Институт
• Интернациональный Альянс Мессианских общин и синагог
• Мессианский центр «АЛИЯ»
• Сайт Танах ру

Видео о жизни мессианских евреев в Израиле

• МЕССИАНСКИЕ ЕВРЕИ В ИЗРАИЛЕ

Мессианские еврейские СМИ

Мессианские газеты

• «The Messianic Times» (англ.)
• Мессианская израильская газета"Оазис" http://oasis-magazine.com/
• Мессианская газета"Коль Хесед" http://kolhesed.ru/
• Мессианская газета (нем.)"Kol Hesed" http://kolhesed.de/

Мессианские журналы

• «Виноградник» (Австралия)
• «Менора»
• «Jewish Voice Today» (англ.)

Radio and TV

• МЕССИАНСКОЕ РАДИО ОРЭНУ (рус.)
• MBI Radio from Messianic Bureau International (англ.)
• Оазис-Медиа — Мессианский Видеопортал (рус. англ. ивр.)

Сайты противников миссионерской деятельности

• Jews for Judaism (англ.)
• Лига «МАГЕН»
• «Еврейский ответ миссионерам»
• «Еврейский ответ миссионерам»
• Outreach Judaism (англ.)
• (недоступная ссылка) Сайт организации «Яд леахим»
• Антидиффамационная лига: ADL to Southern Baptist Convention: Stop Efforts To Convert Jews (англ.)
• Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus Aish.com
• Can a Jew believe in Jesus? chabad.org

Сайты, отвечающие на аргументы анти-миссионеров

• Chazak! Counter-Anti-missionary Organization (англ.)

Другие сайты

• Киевская Еврейская Мессианская Община
• «СЛУШАЙ, ИЗРАИЛЬ! Свидетельства евреев, которые нашли Мессию Йешуа (Иисуса)»
• «Они задумались о себе» Сид Рот.
• JMG «Beit Hesed» eV Еврейская Мессианская Община Düsseldorf