Uyghur Kaganate, Uygur-Orkhon Kaganate (Toguz-Oguz State ) is a state entity of the 8th — 9th centuries AD e., which replaced the East Turkic Kaganate . Ibn Khordadbeh mentions the lands of the Uyghurs (Tokuz-Oguzes): “Their region is the largest of the Turkic countries, they border China , Tibet and Karluks ” [3] .
| Kaganate | |
| Uyghur Kaganate | |
|---|---|
 | |
745 - 847 | |
| Capital | Hara Balgas |
| Languages) | Orkhon-Yenisei (runic) |
| Area | 3,000,000 km² [1] [2] |
| Population | ancient Uighurs or dinlins , etc. |
| Form of government | |
| Continuity | |
← Second East Turkic Khanate ← Seyanto Haganate ← Basmyl Khaganate | |
Kyrgyz Haganate → Kuchar idikutstvo → Uyghur Turfan idykutstvo → Uyghur Gansu state → Karakhanid state → Liao (Dynasty) → | |
Its historical predecessors were early state nomadic formations:
- the first, the earliest kaganate , which was created in Hangai in 323 and lasted about 200 years;
- the second Khaganate appeared in 523 and lasted a little more than 80 years, was destroyed by the Turkic Khaganate in 603 .
After 140 years, the third Uyghur Khaganate appeared in the territories of the former East Turkic Kaganate. In 840, this state was destroyed after a twenty-year war by the Yenisei Kyrgyz . Under the onslaught of the Kyrgyz, the Uigurs migrated south to East Turkestan . The centers of their statehood continued to exist in the west of Gansu and in the Turfan oasis.
Initially, part of the Uyghurs in the amount of up to 500 people [4] moved to the territory of the Shiwei tribe on lands up to the middle reaches of the Amur and to the lands of the Tatab (Chi) tribe in the territory of modern Inner Mongolia , however, in 847, the Kyrgyz made a campaign on the Amur against the Uyghurs and the Shiwei tribe , and the Chinese - against the Chi tribe, after which this part of the Uigurs also fled to East Turkestan [5] .
The name common to all was adopted - the Uyghurs. The third Uyghur Kaganate was a feudal state with the first signs of settled Uyghurs. Cattle breeding , agriculture , and also crafts and crafts were developed there, and the construction of cities and fortresses developed. As in the case of the previous Turkic Khaganates, the capital functions were performed by the Orkhon Valley (the cities of Khara-Balgas and Beshbalyk ). Despite the fact that the material culture of the Uyghurs has deep Central Asian roots, it was the Uyghurs who began to seriously plant a settled civilization in the Central Asian steppes [6] .
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 First references
- 1.2 Customs
- 1.3 War with the Turks
- 1.4 Under the rule of Tang
- 2 Khagans of the 3rd Uyghur Kaganate
- 3 Decayed Kaganate 847 - approx. 856 year
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
History
First Mention
Uigurs ( Chinese р . 回鹘 , pinyin : huihu , pall .: Huihu, more often Hoihu ) were first mentioned in the annals of the Northern Wei era (354–386). It was believed that they came from the Huns . They were also called the whale. ex. 高 車 , pinyin : gaoju , pall. : Gaoju - literally “tall carts”, for their custom of riding carts with high wheels. They were part of a tribal union called the whale. ex. 敕 勒 , pinyin : chilei , pall. : Chilei . Chinese historians considered this name correct, unlike the whale. exercise 鐵勒 , pinyin : tiele , pall. : Tele - Tele (see Dinlins , Teleuts , Telengits ). In the days of Sui, they began to call them Wuhu (烏 護), also Uhe (烏 紇), Weihe (韋 紇). They lived in Dzungaria and Khalkha and were divided into 15 Uigur tribes, as well as allied Basmal and Karluk tribes:
1. Yuanhe (袁 紇)
2. Syuyanto (sometimes Seyyanto, sire ) (薛延陀)
3. Qiyuy (契 羽 or 契 亦, kibi ) Roam northwest of Harashar along the Insochuan River (鷹 娑 川, Khury-hara-usu (?)), But south of Dolang. Their elder Gelen (哥 楞) proclaimed himself Yuzhenmokhekehan (易 勿 真 莫 賀 可汗). He and his younger brother Mohedotalei (莫 賀 咄 特勒), both were very brave. After the death of Helen, his son Halishannyu (何 力 尚 紐), together with the tribe, entered into Chinese citizenship in 632. North of Liangzhou, and Ganzhou, they allotted land called Yusizhou (榆 溪州). In 653 it was renamed into the Helan of Dudufu (賀蘭 都督府) and transferred to the management of Yanzhan Spirit (燕 然 都 護, en: Protectorate General to Pacify the North ). Heli faithfully served China in peace and war. In 827, their lands were annexed to Zhenw (振武)
4. Oak- Tuvans (都 播, 都 波) lived near Lake Xiaohai (小 海, probably Khubsugul ), in the west they bordered with Khakasses , and in the south with other Uyghurs. They were divided into three aimaks , each with its own elder. They fed mainly on hunting and gathering, lived in huts, did not know the calendar. They collected plant roots, fished, hunted animals and birds. The rich wore clothes from the skins of sables and deer, the poor of bird feathers. As a gift at weddings, the rich gave horses, and the poor deer skins and roots. The deceased were put in coffins and taken to the mountain or tied to trees. They did not know the laws, the thief caught reimbursed the cost of the stolen doubly. In 647, ambassadors were first sent to China and later occasionally visited.
5. Guligan- Kurykany (骨 利 幹). Wandered north of Lake Baikal (瀚海). About 5,000 warriors. In their country, a lot of baihe grows ( их , sarana), breed tall, strong and hardy horses. The Chinese believed that their land stretched to the ocean and wrote about short nights and long days in the lands of the Guligans. When they sent ambassadors to Emperor Tang, the Chinese sent Yun Hoy Jiangjun (雲 麾 將軍, accompanying third highest rank, honorary military rank) Kang Sumi (康蘇 蜜) to their lands. Their lands were transformed into Xuanque County (玄 闕 州). Elder Syjin (俟 斤) gave the Chinese many horses, 10 of them the emperor selected for himself and gave them names. In 662, their lands were renamed Yuyu County (余 吾 州) and subordinated to Baikal governorate (瀚海 都督府).
6. Dolange - Telengits (多 覽 葛) or Dolan (多 濫) wander east of Sueyanto along the Tunlo River (同 羅 水). About 10,000 troops. In 646, after the defeat of Xueyanto, the dolange was led by Elder Syjin Dolange (俟 斤 多 濫 葛). Their lands were transformed into yujan dudufu (為 燕 然 都督府, governor general of yanzhan), the elder led the dudufat and received the rank of Yu Wei da Zangjun (右衛 大 將軍, Commander-in-Chief of the Right Guards, the main 3rd rank). He was succeeded by Dolange Sayfu (多 濫 葛塞 匐).
7. Pugu or Bugu (仆 骨, 仆 固) Wandered east of Dolang, this is the northernmost Uyghur tribe. Persistent, courageous, indomitable. There were 30,000 yurts and about 10,000 warriors. In the beginning, they joined the Turkic Kaganate, then to Sueyanto. When the Sueyanthos were subjugated by the Tang empire in 645/646, the Pugian elder Tsusofu Sılif Gaelan Bayan (酋 娑 匐 俟 利 發 歌 濫 拔 延) entered into Chinese citizenship. The Pugu lands were transformed into Jinweizhou County (金 微 州), and the elder was appointed Yuweiwei and Janjun em (右 武衛 大 將軍, Commander-in-Chief of the right-wing militant guard, 3rd main rank) and took the post of “dudu” (都督, approximately: general Governor) of his area. In 713, some kind of rebellion occurred in the lands of the pugu and the elder died, and his killer surrendered to the Chinese authorities and was executed. The son of the murdered elder, Huai En (懷恩), was appointed Shofansky Zedushi (朔方 節度使) in 756–758, and his biography has been preserved.
8. Baegu- Bayirku (拔 野 古, 古 野 固, 固 曳 固) They lived north of the Gobi, east of the pugu, but west of the mohe . 60,000 yurts with 10,000 troops. In their country, beautiful herbs, excellent horses and there is the production of iron . The Kangan River (康 幹 河) flows in their lands, into which pine trees were thrown for 3 years and their wood, called Kangan stone (康 幹 石) (cf. bog oak ), was taken out . Baegu love hunting and know how to hunt deer on the ice of lakes, chasing them on skis. Customs are like those of the body , but adverbs are somewhat different. In 629 they sent, along with other clans, ambassadors to China. In 647, Elder Sılif Qülishi (俟 利 發 屈 利 失) obeyed the Tang Dynasty. The lands were annexed to dudufat (都督府, roughly: governor-general ) Yulin (幽 陵), the elder received the rank of jujuwei da zanjun (右 武衛 大 將軍, commander in chief of the right-wing militant guard, 3rd main rank). In the years 656-660 they rebelled along with other tribes. They were crushed by Zheng Zhentai (鄭仁泰), the commander in chief of the left warlike guard (左 武衛 大 將軍), the elder was killed. In 742, they wanted to restore Tang citizenship.
9. Tunlo-Tongra (同 羅) Roam north of Xueyanto and east of Dolanga. Able to expose 30,000 warriors. In 728 they sent an ambassador to China. Many years later, they asked for Chinese citizenship. Their lands were transformed into the “Guilin Duduf ” (龜 林 都督府, similar to the Governor-General), Elder Sılif Shijiancho (俟 利 發 時 健 啜) was appointed zolinjun dajjunjun (左 領軍 大 將軍, the army commander, 3 th main rank). During the An Lushan rebellion, the Tulloites were enlisted in his army, under the name of the Yelohe (曳 落 河) troops.
10. Hun (渾) The southernmost tribe. In 630, after the overthrow of the Turks, migrated to the borders of the Tang Empire, their elder was Sılif Atanzhi (俟 利 發 阿 貪 支). After the defeat of Xueyanto in 646, the Hun elder Sılif Hunwan (俟 利 發 渾 汪) moved to China, along with the tribe. Their lands were divided into one, then two Gaolan dudufu (臯蘭 都督府). The hun had two elders, Atanzhi and Hunwan. The emperor bowed to the support of the more noble Atanzhi, Hunwan prudently refused the post. Atanzhi has been appointed Yulinjunwei Datsanjun (右 領軍 衛 大 將軍, commander in chief of the right-wing army leading, 3rd main rank) and head of the district (刺史) Gaolanzhou (臯 蘭州). Hunwang received the rank of Yonghui Jianjun (雲 麾 將軍, commander of the regional banner, honorary position without authority, 3rd accompanying top rank). Atanzhi was succeeded by his son Dashou (大壽), followed by Shizhi (釋 之). Shizhi was an outstanding warrior, serving with Geshu Han (哥舒翰, en: Geshu Han ), he distinguished himself in the capture of the Tibetan fortress Shipuchen (石堡 城). For courage, he received the post of Yuvuwei da Jangjun (右 武衛 大 將軍, Commander-in-Chief of the right warlike guard, 3rd main rank) and the princely dignity of Ronganjun gun (汝南 郡公, gun of the Rongan province, 2nd accompanying rank, feeding 2,000 yards, 35 mines of land for eternal use). Serving with Li Guangbi (李光弼, en: Li Guangbi ) during the defense of Heyang (河陽), received the title of Ninshoujun Wang (寧朔 Ван, Wang of the Ningshou Province, accompanying 1st rank, 5000 nursing homes, 50 property land cins) and took the post of Shofan zedushi (朔方 節度). Pugu Huaien (仆固懷恩, en: Pugu Huai'en , rebel general An Lushan) fled to Shofan. Shizhi did not think to let him in, but his sister's son, Zhang Shao (張 韶), persuaded his uncle to let in Pugu. Then Pug ordered Zhang Shao to kill his uncle and captured Shofan. Soon Pugu said to Zhang Shao: “Uncle betrayed me, how can you serve me?” Pugu ordered Zhang to be broken and imprisoned. Xian (瑊), the son of Shizhi, served Tang and a biography was created for him.
11. In Ada-Ediza (阿 跌) or Hade (訶 咥). In 629, ambassadors were sent to China along with other tribes. Their lands were called Jityan County (雞 田 州). Somewhere between 713 and 741, they left the Türkic subordination and transferred to Tansk citizenship. The well-deserved military of Guangjin (光 進) and Guanyan (光 顏) come from this tribe.
12. Baysi (白 霫). Occupied the former Syanbi lands between Tunlo and Pugu. Wanting to avoid subjugation of the syueyantoo, they settled down along the Aochzhi River (奧 支 水) and near the Lenshin Mountains (冷 陘 山), so that their lands were conveniently protected by mountains from all sides. In the south, the Khitan became their neighbors. Could gather up to 10,000 soldiers. They were fed, the clothes were trimmed with red leather, the women wore copper bracelets, the floors of the clothes were hung with bells. They were divided into three aimaks : Juian (居延), Uzhomei (無 若 沒), Huangshui (潢 水). Their elders were called “syjin” (俟 斤) and were faithful vassals of Kat Il-khan Bagadur-shad . Twice they sent ambassadors to Tan Tai-zong . Later, two of their aimaks became the Chinese Ninyan District (寘 顏 州), and the other Jiuyan (居延 州), the elders became the heads of the districts - chishi (刺史). In 660, Elder Li Hanzhu (李 含 珠) led Juian. He was succeeded by Brother Juedu (厥 都).
13. Galolu (葛邏祿, Karluks ). Came from the Turks . They wandered west of the Altai Mountains , along the Puguchen River (仆 固 振 水, probably refers to Tarbagatai in the upper Irtysh), from the lands of the mountains stretch with ridges from north to south. Cheby (車 鼻) live in the neighborhood. The tribe consists of three genera: Mouluo (謀 落) or Mouza (謀刺), Chisa (熾 俟) or Pofu (婆 匐), Tashili (踏實 力). In 650, when Gao Kan fought, with the Cheby Khan, they entered into Chinese citizenship. In 657, their lands were divided into 3 districts, corresponding to the clans: Yinshan dudufu (陰山 都督府), Damo dudufu (大漠 都督府), Xuanchi dudufu (玄 池 都督府). The elders began to dudu their districts. Jinfu County (金 附 州) was later allocated from Dami. It seems that the position of Gallol was unstable, since they several times succumbed to the Turks, then overthrew their rule. Later they began to organize campaigns to the south, calling their horde: "Ehu of the three genera (三姓 葉 護)." They gathered a very strong army and defeated the Turks. After 713, ambassadors were sent to China twice. In 742, they teamed up with the Basim and Hoyhu for the war with Omysh-tegin-khan . After the gallu, they made a heihu against their former Basimi allies and forced their khan to flee to China. In 744, they supported the election of the first kagan of Uyghur Kutlug . However, there was no unity between gallol and other clans chose independent princes. Many years later, the Helolonian elder Ehu-dong-pig (葉 護 頓 毗 伽) seized the Turkic elder Abusa (阿布思) and took him to China, for which he received the title of Jinshan-junwan (金山 郡王). In the years 742–755, ambassadors were sent to Tan five times. In 756, a war with other Uyghurs broke out at Gallulu and captured a couple of cities. All contacts with Tang were interrupted.
14. Basimi (拔 悉 蜜, Basmaly ). In 649, they sent ambassadors to the Tang court. In 742, the Basimi and the Uyghur Union destroyed the Turkic Omysh-tegin-khan . Basimi considered themselves independent of the Turks and elected Elder Hal-piga-kekhanem (賀 臘 毗 伽 可汗, Turk. Bilge Khan), sent ambassadors with gifts to the Tang court. Tang Xuan-zong endowed them with purple embroidered robes, gold stilettos, belts, shagreen sidebars (魚 袋, or waist bags for credentials). Three years later, the Basmal kaganate was defeated by the alliance of Uyghurs and Karluk-gallolu, as a result of which the Basmal Bilge Khan fled to Beitin, the Chinese governor, and entered the Tan service and received the rank of zo wu wei jiangjun (左 武衛 將軍, left-wing military guard commander, 3rd escort).
15. Husue (斛 薛). Roam north of Dolanga. About 10,000 warriors.
16. Sytse (思 結). They roam the lands formerly occupied by Syuyanto .
17. Shijie (奚 結). Roam north of Tunlo. Together with Sytsze 20,000 warriors.
There were also small clans / tribes that did not have political significance. Ulokhun (烏羅, 烏洛 侯, 烏羅 護) on the right bank of Argun is similar in customs to the mohe. Wuhan (烏丸) or Guwan (古 丸) and Ju (鞠) or Jie (祴) lived northeast of Baegu. Deer were bred (鹿), clothes were sewn from their skins, they lived in common low log houses. Yuyuzhe (有 俞 折) are similar to Baegu. Few horses and sheep, but many sables . Boma (駁 馬) or beat (弊 剌) and elozhi (遏 羅 支) lived in the north of the Turks. Plowing the land, about 30,000 soldiers. They fought with the Yenisei Kyrgyz Hagas. They shaved their heads baldly and wore birch bark hats. They made houses from tree trunks by linking them with birch bark. Managed by individual elders. Dahan (大漢) - strong and tall people raised sheep and horses on Jianhai Lake (劍 海). In the years 627–655, the Chinese had a brief communication with these tribes when they brought horses and sables.
Customs
Initially, the political organization of the Uyghurs was not developed. Each family wandered separately, the power of the elders was weak. The Uighurs were famous as excellent archers, but prone to robberies. Many Uighurs served the Türkic Kaganate as warriors and “the Türks by their forces heroed the deserts of the north” (突厥 資 其 財力 雄 北 荒).
War with the Turks
In 606, several hundred Uigur elders were executed by the Türks.Uigurs left the kaganate and rallied around the Khan clan Yaologe - 藥 羅葛 , according to the reconstruction of Hamilton: Jaglakar [7] . The Horde Headquarters was placed by the Selenga River . The Uighurs had 50,000 combat soldiers, 100,000 families in total. They raised sheep.
Ханская власть была не очень крепкой. Первым ханом стал Шыгянь Сыгиня (не из рода Яологэ). Когда он умер, ему наследовал сын Яошы Пуса, который стал править совместно с вдовствующей ханшей Улохунь. В 628 Кат Иль-хан Багадур-шад послал 100 000 тюрок во главе с Толис-хан Шибоби против уйгуров. У горы Мацзуншань произошла битва между 100 000 тюрок и 5 000 уйгуров пусы. К Яошы Пусе присоединился род сеяньто и Пуса перенёс ставку на реку Дуло. В 629 уйгуры отправили посольство с подарками к китайскому двору.
После смерти Пусы в 629 уйгурами стал править Хулу Сылифа Тумиду. Он разгромил сеяньто и пересёкши Хуанхэ в Ордосе, отправил посла в Тан к Ли Шиминю с просьбой принять его в подданство. Император согласился. Ко двору Тан стали прибывать телеские старейшины говоря, что с падением тюрок в степи воцарилось безвластие и будет лучше признать власть Тан.
Под властью Тан
Решением Тай-цзуна Ли Шиминя Уйгуров приписали к губернаторству Ханьхай (瀚海). Другие племена также были поделены между губернаторствами. Чиновниками этих губернаторств были назначены старейшины. Они получили титулы дуду [8] (都督), цыши [9] (刺史), чжанши [10] (長史)、 сыма [11] (司馬). Управление северными землями было передано Яньжань Духуфу [12] (燕然都護府). Ли Су (李素) был назначен управляющим присоединёнными землями — Яньжань Духу [13] По приказу императора в присоединённых землях были построены 68 постоялых дворов со сменными лошадьми, едой и питьём. Хан Хулу Сылифа Тумиду продолжал править уйгурами. Угэ, племянник Тумиду, решил совместно с ханшей и некоторыми другими родичами, свергнуть Тумиду и присоединиться к Ильчур Кюбэ-хану . Собрав воинов, Угэ ночью напал на Тумиду и убил его. Юань Личэнь, помощник Ли Су, объявил Угэ, что император сделает его своим наместником на севере. Обрадованный Угэ приехал к Юань Личэню, который отрубил хану голову. Цуй Дунли, глава военной палаты, был отправлен в северные земли для усмирения кочевников. Тумиду был с почестями похоронен, а на его место назначен сын Пожунь.
Когда Халлыг Ышбара-Джагбу хан захватил Бэйтин (северное наместничество, точное местоположение неизвестно), 50 000 уйгуров во главе с Пожунем отбили его. В долине Или (река) уйгуры совместно с китайцами разгромили армию Ашина Хэлу . Вскоре Пожунь был повышен в чинах и отправлен на войну с Кореей . Пожуню наследовал его сын Били (比栗). Его правление было спокойным, зафиксированы некоторые территориальные изменения в уйгурских землях.
После его смерти стал править его сын Дуцзечжи (獨解支). Когда Капаган каган стал возвращать себе утраченные тюрками земли, часть уйгур переселилась в Ордос , там их зачислили в имперскую армию.
После Дуцзечжи, стал править его сын Фудифу (伏帝匐) стал ханом. Уйгуры вели войну с тюрками и продолжали переселяться в Ордос. Чэньцзун (承宗), сын Фумиду, стал править после смерти отца. По доносу Ван Гюньчо, губернатора Ляньчжоу, Чэньцзун был лишён чинов и умер в ссылке.
Уйгурский князь Хушу (護輸), в чине сыма , поднял восстание. Ван Гюньчо отправился на запад, на войну с тибетцами, Хушу с уйгурами подстерёг и убил его в 727. Хушу не смог удержать власть и бежал к тюркам.
Сын Хушу, Гули Пэйло (骨力裴羅) стал править Уйгурами. Он объявил себя независимым правителем и объединившись с карлуками и басмалами разгромил Усу-хана. В 744 Пэйло напал на басмальского Цзедеиши кагана (頡跌伊施可汗) и обезглавил его. В 745 он объявил себя Гудулупигацюэкэханем (骨咄祿毗伽闕可汗). Император признал его и наградил титулом И-ван (義王).
Каганы 3-го Уйгурского каганата
| Name | Years of rule | Тронное имя на китайском | Личное имя на китайском | Титул на китайском | Имя на тюркском [14] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Правящий род Яглакар , 745 — 795 гг. | |||||
| Чэн-цзун Хошу | |||||
| Кутлуг I Бильге Пэйло | 744 — 747 | кит. упр. 怀仁可汗 , пиньинь : huarenkehan , палл. : Хуажэнь-кэхань | кит. упр. 骨力裴罗 , пиньинь : gulupeiluo , палл. : Гули Пэйло | кит. упр. 骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗 , пиньинь : gudulupigaquekehan , палл. : Гудулупигацюэкэхань | Qutluğ—Bilgä Kül Qağan |
| Моян-чур | 747 — 759 | кит. упр. 英武可汗 , пиньинь : yingwukehan , палл. : Инъу-кэхань | кит. упр. 磨延啜立 , пиньинь : moyanchuo , палл. : Мояньчо | кит. упр. 葛勒可汗 , пиньинь : geleikehan , палл. : Гэлэйкэхань , | Bilgä Kül Qağan |
| Идигянь | 759 — 780 | кит. упр. 牟羽可汗 , пиньинь : moyukehan , палл. : Моюйкэхань | кит. упр. 移地健 , пиньинь : yidijian , палл. : Идицзянь | no | Tängri Qağan |
| Дуньмага | 780 — 789 | кит. упр. 长寿天亲可汗 , пиньинь : changshoutianqingkehan , палл. : Чаншоутяньцинкэхань | кит. упр. 移地健 , пиньинь : dunmohedagan , палл. : Дуньмохэдагань | no | Alp Qutluğ Bilgä Qağan |
| Паньгуань | 789 — 790 | кит. упр. 泮官特勒 , пиньинь : panguantelei , палл. : Паньгуаньтэлэй | кит. упр. 多邏斯 , пиньинь : duoluosi , палл. : Долосы | no | Külüg Bilgä Qağan |
| Ачжо-хан | 790 — 795 | кит. упр. 奉诚可汗 , пиньинь : fengchengkehan , палл. : Фэнчэнкэхань | кит. упр. 阿啜 , пиньинь : achuo , палл. : Ачо | no | Qutluğ— Bilgä Qağan |
| Правящий род Эдизов , 795 — 840 гг. | |||||
| Кутлуг II | 795 — 805 | кит. упр. 懷信可汗 , пиньинь : huaixinkehan , палл. : Хуайсинькэхань | кит. упр. 骨咄禄 , пиньинь : guduolu , палл. : Гудулу | кит. упр. 爱腾里逻羽录没密施合禄胡毗伽可汗 , пиньинь : aitengliluoyulumeimishiheluhupigakehan , палл. : Айтэнлилоюйлумеймишихэлехупигакэхань | Ay Tängridä Ülüg Bulmıš Alp Qutluğ Uluğ Bilgä Qağan |
| Кюлюг-Бильге-хан | 805 — 808 | кит. упр. 滕里可汗 , пиньинь : tenglikehan , палл. : Тэнликэхань | кит. упр. 俱錄毗伽 , пиньинь : julupiga , палл. : Цзюйлу Пига | Тэнлиехэцзюйлупигакэхань (滕裏野合俱錄毗伽可汗) | Ay Tängridä Qut Bulmıš Külüg Bilgä Qağan |
| Бо-и-хан | 808 — 821 | кит. упр. 保義可汗 , пиньинь : baoyikehan , палл. : Баоикэхань | кит. упр. 李孝誠 , пиньинь : li xiao cheng , палл. : Ли Сяочен | кит. упр. 爱登里罗汩密施合毗伽可汗 , пиньинь : aidengliluogumishihepigakehan , палл. : Айденлилогумишихэпигакэхань | Ay Tängri-dä Qut Bulmıš Alp Bilgä Qağan |
| Чин-дэ-хан | 821 — 824 | кит. упр. 崇德可汗 , пиньинь : chongdekehan , палл. : Чундэкэхань | is unknown | кит. упр. 登啰羽錄沒蜜施句主毗伽崇德可汗 , пиньинь : dengluoyumeimishijuzhupigachongdekehan , палл. : Дэнлоюмеймишицзючжупигачундэкэхань | Kün Tängridä Ülüg Bulmıš Alp Küčlüg Bilgä Qağan |
| Чжаоли-хан | 824 — 832 | кит. упр. 昭禮可汗 , пиньинь : zhaolikehan , палл. : Чжаоликэхань | Хэса Телей (曷薩特勒) | кит. упр. 愛登裏羅汨沒密施合毗伽昭禮可 , пиньинь : aidengliluomimeimishihepigazhaolikehan , палл. : Айдэнлиломимэймишихэпига Чжаоли-кэхань | Ay Tängridä Qut Bulmıš Alp Bilgä Qağan |
| Кюлюг-бег-хан | 832 — 839 | кит. упр. 彰信可汗 , пиньинь : zhangxinkehan , палл. : Чжан Синь-кэхань | Ху Телэй (胡特勒) | кит. упр. 為愛登裏羅汨沒蜜施合句錄毗伽彰信可汗 , пиньинь : aidengliluomimeimishihejulupigazhangxinkehan , палл. : Айдэнлиломимэймишихэцзюлупига Чжан Синь-кэхань | Ay Tängridä Qut Bulmıš Alp Külüg Bilgä Qağan |
| Кут-тегин Междуцарствие Хэса Тэлей ( jp:コウソウ特勤 ) [15] | 839 — 840 | no | no | no | no |
| Вновь правители из рода Яглакар , 840 — 847 гг. | |||||
| Уге-хан | 840 — 846 | кит. упр. 乌介可汗 , пиньинь : wujiekehan , палл. : Узце-кэхань | кит. упр. 乌介 , пиньинь : wujie , палл. : Узце | no | Öge |
| Энянь дэлэ-хан | 846 — 848 | кит. упр. 遏捻可汗 , пиньинь : eniankehan , палл. : Энянь-кэхань | кит. упр. 遏捻特勒 , пиньинь : enian telei , палл. : Энянь Тэлэй | no | is unknown |
Распавшийся каганат 847 — ок. 856 год
In 847, the last kagan, Enyan dele khan, took his wife, son, and 9 soldiers with him, and left for the west. They didn’t see him again. The noble Uighurs who took refuge with him from the Tatars became Tatar prisoners, but soon 70,000 Kyrgyz Khan Abo forced them to give all the prisoners to the Kyrgyz.
Having lost the leader, the Uighurs "hid in the mountains and forests" from the Kyrgyz. Uyghur elder Pan Tore (Chinese Pantelei - 厖特勒, zh: 怀 建 可汗 ), who was taking refuge in Karluks , declared himself a kagan and reigned in the city of Ganzhou (甘州, now the Ganzhou district (甘州区) in Zhangye , Gansu ) . Tang Xuanzong sent envoys to him. In response, the Uighurs sent their ambassadors and received letters from the emperor in the name of Valu-denlilo-meimishihe-jiulu-piga-Huai Juan-khehan (嗢 祿 登 裏 邏 汨 沒 蜜 施 合 俱 錄 毗 伽 懷 建 可汗), i.e. foreign policy recognition. For the next ten years he sent gifts to the emperor.
Between 860 and 873, Elder Pugu Zun (仆固俊) from Beitin - Beshbalyk (near Urumqi ) waged a war with the Tibetan empire - the whale. Tubo Tufan, Chib. bod chen po. He defeated the Tibetan general, captured Harashar and Bugur. His ambassador Dagan Mihuayu (達 幹 米 懷玉) asked the emperor of the Hagan title for Pugu. The emperor agreed in 874, but the sudden war between Pugu and Togon led to the defeat of the Uigurs. The Tang dynasty weakened and ceased to support its foreign allies.
While visiting Fengxian (鳳翔 in Baoji ), Tang Zhao-zong (888–904) learned from Han Shun (韓遜) that the Uighurs were ready to help the emperor with troops. But academician (翰林 學士) Han Wo (韓 偓) reminded the emperor of the horrors that the Uyghurs invading China were doing and the emperor did not hire them.
Tang's ties with the Uighurs declined; sometimes they came to the border of China and sold horses and jusai .
See also
- Turkic Kaganate
- East Turkic Haganate
- West Turkic Kaganate
- Kyrgyz Haganate
- Kimak Haganate
- Khazar Khaganate
- Avar Kaganate
- Great Bulgaria
- Uigur Gansu State
- Uyghur Turf idyk
- Kuchar Idicut
Notes
- ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M .; Hall, Thomas D. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires (Neopr.) // Journal of world-systems research. - 2006. - December ( t. 12 , No. 2 ). - S. 219—229 . Archived February 22, 2007.
- ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia." International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.
- ↑ Klyashtorny S.G. States and peoples of the Eurasian steppes. - 2009 .-- S. 139.
- ↑ P.P. Azbelev. The ancient Kyrgyz. Essays on history and archeology .. Chapter V. The era, which was not:
- ↑ History of Khakassia: from ancient times to 1917. Section II. Khakassia in the era of feudalism. (VI - the first half of the XIX century.). Chapter 3. The ancient Khakass state (VI — XIII centuries). Political history. 4. The ancient Khakass state in the IX-XII centuries. . - Moscow: Publishing company "Oriental literature", 1993. - S. 68.
- ↑ D.I. Tikhonov. The economy and social structure of the Uyghur state of the 10-14 centuries. - M. - L. , 1966.p. 29.
- ↑ Hamilton. Les Ouighours a l'epoque des cing dynasties, pp. 3-4. For the name of the birth, see: Pulleblank. Same remarks an the Toqur-oghur problem.
- ↑ Military rank. Roughly means "military governor"
- ↑ District Chief
- ↑ Head of administration
- ↑ Literally, “chief of horses”. Actually Head of Special Army Affairs
- ↑ Verbatim Governance of a common patron. The name of the administrative region inhabited by barbarians and under the control of the military.
- ↑ Literally General patron. Treat as Governor-General.
- ↑ Turkish spelling
- ↑ Young, not approved by the princes and emperor of China. Sometimes not considered kagan
Literature
- Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Turks . - SPb. : SZKEO, Crystal Publishing House, 2002. - P. 576. - ISBN 5-9503-0031-9 .