Ume Sámi is the Sámi language previously spoken in Sweden and Norway . It is an endangered language - there are only 10 native speakers living in the municipalities of Arjeplug and Arvidsjaur, the Swedish county of Norrbotten .
| Ume Saami | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Lua error: expandTemplate: template "lang-sju" does not exist. |
| Country | Norway , Sweden |
| Total number of speakers | about 10 |
| Status | vanishing |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Ural family
| |
| Writing | latin |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | smi |
| ISO 639-3 | sju |
| Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| Ethnologue | |
| Linguasphere | |
| ELCat | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
The darker shading indicates municipalities (communes, communities) in which one or more Sami languages have official status
Writing
Ume Sami is one of the four Sami languages that do not have an officially accepted written form, although it was the first of them to write in. In 1755, the New Testament was published in Uma-Sami, and the first Sami Bible was published in Uma-Sami in 1811 .
Linguistic characteristic
Phonetics and Phonology
Alternating Steps
Unlike the neighboring South Saami language , in Uma-Sami there is an alternation of steps . Unlike the more northern Sami languages, it occurs in a limited way - only after long vowels and diphthongs . Consonants following short vowels do not participate in alternation.
Umlaut
An important role is played by the umlaut . Vowels in the stressed syllable (usually the first) underwent a change under the influence of / i / and / u / in the following syllable:
| + i | + u | |
|---|---|---|
| i | i | y |
| u | ü | u |
| å | ü | u |
| a | ä | å |
| ie | ii | yö |
| iei | ii | yöy |
| oi | üi | ui |
| äi | ii | öi |
| ai | äi | åi |
| ua (i) | üe, üi, üü | uu |
| uou | üw / yöy | uuw |
| ou | üw / üü | ? |
| au | äy | ou |
| eä | ii | yö (ö) |
Morphology
Negative Verbs
Negative verbs exist in Uma-Sámi, as in Finnish , other Sámi and Estonian . They conjugate in moods (indicative, imperative and optative), persons (first, second and third) and numbers (singular, dual and plural).
Example
| Transcription | Swedish translation | |
| Båtsuoj-bieŋjuv galggá báddie-gietjiesna álggiet lieratit. De tjuavrrá jiehtja viegadit ráddiesta ráddáje jah nav ájaj livva-sijiesna, guh jiehtják súhph. Die galggá daina báddie-bieŋjijne viegadit bijrra ieluon, nav júhtie biegŋja galggá vuöjdniet gúktie almatjh gelggh dahkat. Lierruo-biegŋja daggár bälij vánatallá ieluon bijrra ja ij akttak bijgŋuolissa luöjtieh. Die måddie bálliena daggár biegŋja, juhka ij leäh ållást lieratuvvama, die butsijda válldá ja dulvada. De daggár bälij tjuavrrá suv báddáje válldiet jah slåvvat. | Renhunden ska man börja lära i koppel. Då måste man själv springa från den ena kanten till den andra (av renhjorden) och så också på (renarnas) viloplats, medan de andra äter. Då ska man med den där bandhunden springa runt hjorden, så att hunden ser, hur folket gör. Lärohunden springer en sådan gång runt hjorden och låter ingen undslippa. Så finns det ofta sådana hundar, som inte har lärt sig helt, som tar någon ren och jagar iväg den. Då måste man en sådan gång sätta band på den och slå den. |
Literature
- Sammallahti, Pekka (1998). The Saami languages. An Introduction. Kárášjoka: Davvi Girji.
- Schlachter, Wolfgang (1958): Wörterbuch des Waldlappendialekts von Malå und Texte zur Ethnographie. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Links
- Korhonen, Olavi Ume Saami language . The Saami: a cultural encyclopaedia 421-422 (2005). (inaccessible link)